上海市道路灰尘中铂族元素(PGEs)富集特征

分析了上海市道路灰尘铂族元素(PGEs)累积水平和分布特征,并探讨了来源变化.样品经王水消解后由ICP-MS测定.研究结果表明,上海市道路灰尘Rh,Pd,Pt浓度分别达到:27.68(61.05-4.50)ng·g~(-1),107.72(12.98-241.4)ng·g~(-1)和34.89(0.36-108.6)ng·g~(-1),分别是参照点的18.33倍、11.12倍和65.83倍,高出地壳丰度值两个数量级以上,与国际其他城市道路灰尘PGEs水平相比,Pt含量较低,Pd和Rh含量处于中间水平;内环-中环区间的道路灰尘PGEs含基最高,从此区域分别往城区内和城区外,PGEs含鼍逐渐降低,至郊区道路,灰尘PGEs含量达到最低,车流量及道路是否限行高污染车辆是主要致因;不同类型道路PGEs浓度水平表现为:快速路(包括环线)>主干道>次干道>高速公路>郊区公路,道路类型会对PGEs分布产生较大的影响,但并没有对其产生决定性作用;PGEs间相关性很好,汽车催化转化器(VECs)排放是道路灰尘PGEs主要来源,Pd含量远高于Pt和Rh,不同于大多数文献的研究结果,VECs类型发生变化是主要原因;同为交通污染排放的元素,Cr与PGEs的相关性很好,Cu与PGEs之间有一定相关性,Zn只与Pt有相关性,而Ph与PGEs没有相关性,Pb和Zn为汽车催化剂毒物是主要原因.     

广州市农业土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留特征

采集了广州市农业土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品118个,采用气相色谱方法对土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)进行分析,初步揭示了广州市土壤中有机氯农药的分布及残留情况,并做出潜在生态风险评价.研究结果表明:HCHs的检出率为95.8%,残留范围在ND～17.96 ng·g-1之间,平均值2.10 ng·g-1,DDT的检出率为92.4%,残留范围在ND～327.87 ng·g-1之间,平均值为1 8.97 ng·g-1.HCHs的4种异构体中,β-HCH质量分数最高,平均质量分数为0.86 ng·g-1,而p,p'-DDT是4种DDTs异构体中质量分数最高的,平均质量分数为11.89 ng·g-1.不同土壤利用类型中,耕地土壤中的有机氯农药残留量明显高于林地和果园地.与国内外部分地方和我国土壤环境质量标准相比,广州市农业土壤中DDTs和HCHs污染程度较低.     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定乳制品的无机砷及其它砷形态

采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定了乳制品中的无机砷及其它砷形态,各种砷形态的方法检出限(以砷计)分别为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)2.0ng·g-1,五价砷As(Ⅴ)3.0ng·g-1,一甲基胂MMA2.0 ng·g-1,二甲基胂DMA 1.0 ng·g-1,甜菜碱As B 1.0 ng·g-1,根据加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,无机砷的加标回收率为89.9%-98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.09%-3.21%(n=6),根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的部分鲜奶、酸奶和奶粉样品,其中无机砷的含量均未超出国家标准限量.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定塑料中的铅、镉、汞、铬、砷

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱同时测定各种塑料中的铅、镉、汞、铬、砷等元素的方法.对仪器的参数设置、进样系统的选择、测试稳定性等方面进行了系统研究,并对塑料标准样品中上述元素分析的前处理条件如消解体系、酸用量、消解温度及时间等进行了优化.方法检出限为0.7-6.5 ng·g-1,加标回收率为89.8%-103.5%,相对标准偏差为0.8%-11.3%.     

太湖沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

采用气相色谱质谱法测定了太湖沉积物柱状样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量,探讨了沉积柱中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源.研究结果表明:沉积柱中OCPs浓度为0.88—4.73 ng·g-1(干重),平均值为2.17 ng·g-1;DDTs、HCHs、六氯苯的残留量均较高,其中DDTs为0.10—1.32 ng·g-1,平均值为0.57 ng·g-1;HCHs的浓度为0.25—1.99 ng·g-1,平均值为0.65 ng·g-1;六氯苯为0.50—1.35 ng·g-1,平均值为0.92 ng·g-1.3个湖湾的沉积柱表层DDTs含量最高,有明显的表面富集现象,成分分析表明,太湖可能着存在着DDTs类物质的输入.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定长江三角洲农田土壤中的合成麝香

采用索氏提取、硅胶/氧化铝复合层析柱的样品前处理方法及气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定长江三角洲农田土壤样品中7种合成麝香(莎利麝香、粉檀麝香、特拉斯、佳乐麝香、吐纳麝香、二甲苯麝香、酮麝香)的含量,对其污染水平和分布状况进行了研究.结果表明,实际检出的3种合成麝香(佳乐麝香、吐纳麝香、酮麝香)含量分别0.96—16.98 ng·g-1、LOD—14.13 ng·g-1和LOD—0.84 ng·g-1;土壤样品中合成麝香的加标回收率为88.8%—109.3%,精密度为5.8%—9.6%;仪器检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.03—0.33 ng·g-1、0.10—1.10 ng·g-1.长江三角洲农田土壤样品中普遍含有合成麝香,虽然其总浓度较低,但因其具有的生物富集性会在农产品中富集,故应做好相关的食品安全风险评价.     

超声萃取气相色谱法测定植物样中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了二氯甲烷超声萃取、氧化铝柱层析分离、带电子捕获毛细管气相色谱测定植物样品中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.方法具有较好的精密度(RSD≤10%)、较低的检测限(MDLDBP=0.4ng·g-1,MDLDEHP=0.5ng·g-1)和较高的回收率(RDBP=87.3%,RDEHP=92.1%).用该法测定了太湖沉水植物中的PAEs含量,其中DBP在0.009-0.013μg·g-1,DEHP在0.026-0.106μg·g-1.     

土壤样品中四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷的测定

建立了LC-MS/MS法同时测定土壤样品中四溴双酚A(Tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)和六溴环十二烷(Hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)的分析方法.样品经索氏抽提后,采用去活化硅胶柱进行净化.TBBPA、α-HBCD、β-HBCD和γ-HBCD的方法检出限分别为0.0315 ng.g-1、0.767 ng.g-1、0.197 ng.g-1和0.163 ng.g-1,方法加标回收率为59.0%—69.4%,可用于土壤样品中痕量TBBPA和HBCDs的测定.经过严格的质量控制,采用本方法对某郊区土壤样品进行了测定,其TBBPA和HBCDs的含量均在pg.g-1量级.     

上海市不同类型道路灰尘铂族元素（PGEs）空间分布特征

车辆行驶特征对PGEs排放影响很大,而不同类型道路,其车辆行驶特征会有很大差别。基于此,对上海市5条不同类型的道路进行灰尘PGEs空间分布规律的探讨。灰尘样品用王水消解制样,ICP-MS测定。结果表明：道路灰尘Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量在主干道为24.50、96.40、29.04 ng·g-1,次干道为23.18、76.92、37.21 ng·g-1,快速路为41.73、188.05、57.21 ng·g-1,郊区高速公路为13.35、63.34、18.01 ng·g-1,郊区公路为7.49、22.76、0.97 ng·g-1,除次干道Pt含量高于主干道外,5种类型道路的PGEs含量均表现为：快速路﹥主干道﹥次干道﹥郊区高速公路﹥郊区公路,郊区高速公路及郊区公路虽然车流量大,但PGEs含量并不高,车流中许多车辆因未安装VECs而不排放PGEs是主要原因。如以1.5-1.6 km道路（两端为路口）为长度单位,主干道、次干道及快速路灰尘PGEs的分布呈波浪型;郊区公路灰尘PGEs的分布呈半圆弧型;郊区高速公路（仅有一端为收费口）灰尘PGEs分布呈先高后低再趋于平稳的折线型,车辆行驶特征的差异是造成不同类型道路灰尘PGEs分布模式差异的主要原因。郊区高速公路及郊区公路的路口（或收费口）,PGEs含量往往很高;而主干道、次干道及快速路的路口,PGEs含量不一定很高,频繁的怠速和加减速使得上述三种道路远离路口的地方也常出现怠速是主要原因。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化妆品中八种有害金属元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定化妆品中砷、铅、汞、铬、铍、镉、锑、铊等八种有害金属元素的方法.根据化妆品种类的不同,考察了不同的消解条件对上述元素的影响,选择适当的样品前处理方法.方法检出限为0.03-6.0 ng·g-1,加标回收率为91.2%-110.8%.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.