椒江口水体和生物体中典型有机污染物的浓度水平及来源初探

研究了椒江口海水、沉积物和生物体中苯胺、硝基苯、多氯联苯、多环芳烃的浓度水平及来源,评价了各种有机污染物在沉积物和生物体内的富集情况.结果表明,椒江口海水中苯胺、硝基苯、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度范围分别为9.3-105.1μg·l-1,46.2-268.5μg·l-1,57.5-519.3ng·l-1和356.9-1021.4 ng·l-1;沉积物中苯胺、多氯联苯、多环芳烃的浓度(干重)范围分别为0.76-1.12μg·g-1,5.78-10.42 ng·g-1,77.5-165.4 ng·g-1;生物体中PCBs、PAHs的浓度(湿重)范围分别为19.51-20.62 ng·g-1,0.11-1.03 ng·g-1.生物体内PCBs的富集倍数高于PAHs,而沉积物中PAHs的富集倍数高于PCBs.海水、沉积物中的苯胺和硝基苯主要来自源于椒江口化工废水的排放,PAHs主要来源于台州火力发电厂的燃烧污染,PCBs主要来源于废旧电器拆解业污染物的排放迁移.     

响应面法建立不同经口介质中邻苯二甲酸酯生物有效性预测模型及相关因素

运用响应面法对不同消化基质下邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)生物有效性的相关因素进行筛选建立预测模型,并对主要因素设定值进行分析.研究表明,3种模型中因变量与自变量之间的相关性较好(土壤:R2=0.959;农作物及植物:R2=0.973;脂肪:R2=0.862),模型拟合度较高.通过多次试验模拟,初步认为在土壤消化基质中,设置人体摄入PAEs经口摄入浓度为10μg·g-1,基质质量为0.4g,pH值约为7时,生物吸收量最高.在植物源基质下,污染物浓度在10—11μg·g-1,消化时间在6—7h,基质质量为0.4g为生物吸收量最高.脂肪源中,基质质量在0.4g,污染物浓度在10μg·g-1,脂肪量在10%—11%时,PAEs生物吸收量最高.研究通过重复试验,充分体现了该模型的准确性,及设定条件的可靠性.但本研究仅考虑摄入介质相对单一,污染物化合形态等未在考虑范围内,在后期研究中将补充试验.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定有机肥中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的方法.采用超声提取,以正己烷提取样品中的PAEs,提取液经0.45μm滤膜过滤后进仪器测定.实验表明,8种PAEs的平均回收率为78.1%—104.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.2%—4.8%,方法检出限为10—40μg·kg~(-1).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可用于有机肥中增塑剂的测定.     

土壤中痕量氯代苯胺的MAE-SPME-GC/QQQ测定

建立了微波辅助萃取-固相微萃取-气相色谱/三重四极质谱法(MAE-SPME-GC/QQQ)同时测定土壤中多种氯代苯胺的方法.优化了多反应监测(MRM)的仪器条件,研究了微波萃取温度、保持时间、溶剂体积对萃取效果的影响,确定最佳实验条件为4 g土壤样品加入30 m L水,在100℃下微波萃取5 min.各目标物的线性范围为0.005—20μg·L-1,方法检出限为0.003—0.4 ng·g-1.测定0.5 ng·g-1和5 ng·g-1加标土壤样品,回收率为38.6%—116.4%和24.8%—82.0%,相对标准偏差为3.2%—27.7%和12.5%—22.7%(n=7).方法综合了MAE快速高效、SPME富集浓缩以及GC/QQQ抗干扰强的优势,适合于非高有机质含量土壤中氯代苯胺类残留的快速痕量分析.     

甘肃某县窖水水质分析及健康风险评价

本文以甘肃某县为代表,对区域内冬、夏两季窖水的常规指标、17种全氟化合物和15种邻苯二甲酸酯类进行了检测,对污染来源进行了探讨,并评估了两类新污染物的健康风险.结果表明:该县窖水pH普遍偏高,夏季雨期窖水浊度显著高于冬季.新污染的检测中,共检出13种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)和14种全氟化合物(PFCs).冬季窖水中PAEs总浓度范围为2.65—3.71μg·L^-1,总浓度平均值3.12μg·L^-1.夏季窖水中PAEs总浓度范围为1.85—9.26μg·L^-1,总浓度平均值为4.56μg·L^-1.两季窖水中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯是含量最高的成分,两种物质分别占窖水PAEs总浓度的47.8%和48.5%,窖水中PAEs没有致癌和非致癌风险.冬季窖水中PFCs的总浓度为143.93—246.47 ng·L^-1,夏季为275.90—405.51 ng·L^-1.检测出的PFCs包括全氟羧酸(PFCAs)和全氟磺酸(PFSAs)两大类,PFCAs占窖...     

北京市场大米和小麦面粉中砷的含量及其形态分析

以湖南省某污染区大米为对照,分析了北京市场大米、小麦面粉中总砷的含量水平和部分米中砷的形态.北京市场大米总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.218μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.097μg·g-1.湖南省某污染区大米总砷的含量范围为0.157-2.885μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.415μg·g-1,4例湖南省某污染区大米以无机砷为主,平均含量为0.341μg·g-1.北京市场面粉总砷的含量范围从未检出至0.057μg·g-1,算术平均值为0.006μg·g-1.有17例面粉样品未检出砷,占总样品的45%.与《食品中砷限量指标》(GB2762-2005)的限量值(大米无机砷0.15μg·g-1,面粉无机砷0.1μg·g-1)相比,北京市场的大米和面粉均未超标.湖南省某污染区4例大米无机砷含量全部超过限量标准,为标准的1.2-4.8倍.以WHO最大日允许无机砷摄入量2.1μg·kg-1 bw·d-1为参照标准,普通成人每日通过北京市场大米和面粉摄入的无机砷相当于WHO最大日允许摄入无机砷量(MTDI)的13%和0.5%,通过湖南省某污染区大米摄入的无机砷则相当于MTDI的57%.     

骆马湖邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及健康风险评价

为调查骆马湖邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)分布特征,2016年4月,在骆马湖设置水质采样点22个,沉积物采样点6个,鱼样6个。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了骆马湖水体、沉积物、鱼体内11种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量。结果显示,水体、沉积物、鱼体中检出2种邻苯二甲酸酯,为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(Di BP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)。湖水ρ(PAEs)为0.05~186.8μg·L~(-1)(平均值为52.94μg·L~(-1));沉积物w(PAEs)为786.5~1 138μg·kg~(-1)(平均值为952.4μg·kg~(-1)),是水体浓度的18.0倍;鱼体中w(PAEs)为1 078~1 996μg·kg~(-1)(平均值为1 533μg·kg~(-1)),是水体浓度的29.0倍,即PAEs的生物富集系数(BCF)均值为29.0。这表明邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物在沉积物和鱼体内富集性较强。与国内其他水源地相比,骆马湖PAEs污染水平较低。健康风险评价结果表明,骆马湖周边居民PAEs暴露量不会构成急性毒性。但是因PAEs具有蓄积性,长期的慢性毒性值得关注,儿童的暴露风险较高,应引起重视。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定乳制品的无机砷及其它砷形态

采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定了乳制品中的无机砷及其它砷形态,各种砷形态的方法检出限(以砷计)分别为:三价砷As(Ⅲ)2.0ng·g-1,五价砷As(Ⅴ)3.0ng·g-1,一甲基胂MMA2.0 ng·g-1,二甲基胂DMA 1.0 ng·g-1,甜菜碱As B 1.0 ng·g-1,根据加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,无机砷的加标回收率为89.9%-98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.09%-3.21%(n=6),根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的部分鲜奶、酸奶和奶粉样品,其中无机砷的含量均未超出国家标准限量.     

汾河流域邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征及生态风险评价

本文以汾河流域作为研究对象,系统研究了水相及沉积物中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的含量、组成和空间分布,同时对汾河流域水体和沉积物中PAEs进行生态风险评价.研究表明,汾河流域丰水期水相中PAEs总量为2.79—206.33μg·L~(-1),平均浓度按DEHP(邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯)DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)BBP(邻苯二甲酸丁基节基酯)DEP(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)DMP(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)DNOP(邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯)的顺序递减.其空间分布结果表现为,干流PAEs浓度低于支流,从上游到下游干流PAEs浓度呈现先升后降的趋势.依据国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)对DBP、DEHP标准限值的规定,丰水期有60%的站点超过3μg·L~(-1)和8μg·L~(-1)的限值.丰水期沉积物中PAEs浓度范围为0.064—3.551μg·L~(-1),平均浓度按DEHPDBPDMPDEPBBP的顺序递减,干流PAEs高于支流,中下游PAEs含量高于上游,其中中游的太原段沉积相中PAEs污染相对严重.生态风险评价结果表明,汾河流域水相中PAEs的生态风险大小排序依次为DBPDEHPDEPDMP,DBP和DEHP在大部分采样点存在一定的潜在生态风险,DMP和DEP的生态风险在可接受范围;沉积物PAEs中所有种类的平均含量未超过风险评价的低值(ERL),对生物的潜在危害较小.     

江苏省不同地区设施菜地土壤-蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征

在江苏省设施菜地共采集50个表层土壤样品和50个蔬菜样品,采用加速溶剂萃取-气质联用仪技术,对土壤-蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量进行分析,并对其污染分布和污染程度进行评价。结果显示:江苏省设施菜地土壤样品中6种w(PAEs)范围为42.46~276.76μg·kg~(-1),平均值为116.7μg·kg~(-1),检出率为100%,以邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为主,分别占w(PAEs)的64.49%和23.92%;4个产区土壤中w(PAEs)平均值从大到小依次为苏州、淮安、盐城和宿迁,与美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准相比,w(DBP)超过控制标准,超标率为24%。蔬菜样品中w(PAEs)范围为38.31~241.87μg·kg~(-1),平均含量为104.25μg·kg~(-1),检出率为100%,以DEHP和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(Dn OP)为主,分别占w(PAEs)的25.34%和24.59%,不同产区蔬菜中w(PAEs)平均值从大到小依次为苏州、盐城、淮安和宿迁,蔬菜中PAEs含量及各组分含量均低于美国和欧洲的建议摄入标准。土壤-蔬菜中w(PAEs)、w(DBP)和w(DEHP)存在显著正相关,不同蔬菜对土壤中6种PAEs化合物的富集能力存在明显差异,对PAEs的富集系数约为1。因此,在设施菜地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视蔬菜自身特性对PAEs吸收和富集的影响。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.