镉胁迫下磁场对绿豆幼苗根茎叶显微结构的影响

以绿豆(Vigna radiata)为实验材料,比较研究了不同剂量磁场处理绿豆种子对种子电导率、幼苗生长和叶绿素含量的影响以及镉胁迫绿豆幼苗根、茎、叶显微结构的影响.结果表明:1)与对照相比,400mT、600mT、800mT、1000mT磁场均显著提高了种子电导率,且随着磁场强度的增加电导率显著增大;2)400mT、600mT、800mT磁场均能显著提高绿豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和幼苗发育,比较而言600mT效果最好,1000mT处理则显著降低了叶片叶绿素含量,抑制了幼苗发育;3)与对照组相比,5μmol·L-1镉胁迫绿豆幼苗栅栏组织和海面组织细胞排列紧密,厚度变薄,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,厚度接近对照组.对于茎和根而言,镉胁迫抑制了形成层细胞分裂,维管束体积缩小,而种子经过600mT磁场预处理后再进行镉胁迫,其维管束体积增大接近对照组.表明,600mT磁场预处理种子可改善镉胁迫对幼苗的伤害.     

UV-B增加与酸雨复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：UV-B辐射增加对大豆种子的萌发没有影响，酸雨处理降低了大豆种子的发芽率。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨的复合处理，降低了幼苗的株高、绿叶数、叶面积、干质量、叶绿素和蒸腾速率，复合胁迫的下降幅度明显高于单一因子胁迫，并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度与酸雨pH的影响。UV-B辐射增加与酸雨处理在抑制幼苗生长上具有协同作用。     

模拟氮沉降对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响

氮沉降是当今倍受关注的全球性环境问题.采用大田试验和室内培养的方法,研究大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长对氮沉降的响应.实验设4组处理(CK、T1、T2、T3),所施氮肥为NH4NO3,在室内培养实验中,4组处理的浓度分别为0、0.08、0.16、0.24mol/L.大田实验中,4组处理的氮施入量分别为0,50,100,150 kg·hm-2·a-1.结果表明:过量氮沉降对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,降低了种子的发芽速度和发芽率;抑制了幼苗的生长速度,降低了植株的株高、叶面积和生物量,并减小了根冠比;随着氮施入量的增加幼苗的蒸腾速率逐渐降低,但叶片叶绿素含量逐渐增加.     

特定静电场长期作用下作物叶绿体膜组分及膜流动性的变化

研究了0.3kV/cm静电场长期作用下,大豆、黄瓜与油青菜心叶片光合细胞中叶绿体膜脂肪酸组分和膜流动性的影响.结果表明,静电场处理使叶绿体膜不饱和脂肪酸相对含量增加,饱和脂肪酸相对含量减少,膜脂肪酸的不饱和度指数和膜流动性提高.进一步研究发现,静电场处理使叶片细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,表明静电场的作用提高了作物光合细胞抗氧化保护酶系统的功能,使光合细胞中叶绿体膜流动性增加.图3表1参16     

花椒叶浸提液对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了不同浓度的花椒叶浸提液(5、10、20、40、80 g L-1)对3个大豆品种种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明:花椒对大豆化感效应的总体趋势为浸提液浓度越高,对大豆生长的抑制作用越强;高于40 g L-1的浓度处理,主要形态和生化指标都表明大豆生长受到显著抑制或破坏;在小于20 g L-1的浓度范围内,化感作用能够提高低活力种子的萌发率,但降低了种子发芽指数和发芽速度,且化感作用受受体品种差异和自身种子活力的影响而表现不一致;随着化感物质浓度增高,SOD酶活显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量持续增高.大豆幼苗各器官或组织受花椒化感作用的影响大小依次为根生物量>地上部生物量>株高>根长.图2表3参12     

不同电场对大豆种子萌发的影响

分别对大豆种子进行低压电场长期处理和高压电场短时处理 ,测定了不同电场处理后种子发芽势、浕 -淀粉酶和过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量以及种子超弱发光的变化 .发现低压长期处理 (± 0 .2～ 1.0kV/cm ,每天 8h)对大豆种子的萌发没有明显影响 ,高压短时处理 (2～ 6kV/cm ,30min)能促进种子萌发 ,显著提高种子的发芽势、浕 -淀粉酶、过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量 ,高压短时处理吸胀种子比处理干种子的效果更为明显 .短时高压电场处理后 ,种子的超弱发光明显增强 ,并且种子超弱发光的变化与生理生化指标的变化具有显著相关性 ,提示超弱发光有可能成为一种准确、快捷、灵敏筛选种子最佳电场处理剂量的物理指标 .图 1表 3参 17     

模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

薇甘菊是入侵性杂草,已在我国华南地区及云南部分地区造成严重危害。我国华南地区同时也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值的模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子及幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。测定了不同pH值下薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。结果表明,薇甘菊种子具有较强的耐酸能力,pH≥3．5时均能正常萌发,pH≤3．0时不能萌发。不同pH值模拟酸雨对薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量影响不显著。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,超氧阴离子产生速率上升,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降。pH3．5时,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性均达最大值;pH4．0时超氧化物歧化酶活性达最大值。结果表明薇甘菊对华南地区酸雨胁迫表现出适应。     

萘乙酸和Zn对大豆Cd胁迫伤害的缓解效应

为探讨植物生长调节剂对大豆Cd胁迫伤害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养试验方法,研究了喷施萘乙酸(NAA)和加Zn处理对3个Cd胁迫大豆幼苗的影响.结果表明,加Zn和喷施NAA均可降低Cd胁迫大豆幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(PRO)含量,可减轻膜脂的过氧化作用及蛋白质的水解;喷施NAA还可降低Cd胁迫大豆幼苗POD活性,提高硝酸还原酶(NR)活性;加Zn对Cd胁迫大豆幼苗NR活性的降低缺乏抑制作用,但降低沔1101叶片中POD活性,提高湘04-6和特早熟毛豆的POD活性,品种之间表现明显的差异性.     

锌对汞胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

通过沙基培养方法研究不同浓度锌(Zn)对汞(Hg)胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、丙二醛(MDA)与脯氨酸的积累及抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明:单独Hg(10 mg L-1)胁迫下,小麦幼苗叶绿素含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性受到抑制,MDA与脯氨酸含量升高.加入10 mg L-1Zn后,叶绿素含量比Hg单独胁迫升高了5.6%,MDA含量降低了32.4%,表明该浓度Zn在一定程度上缓解了Hg对小麦幼苗的毒害;Zn浓度高于10 mg L-1的处理中,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,MDA则呈升高趋势,表明随Zn浓度升高,Zn对Hg毒害的缓解作用逐渐降低.低浓度Zn(10~20 mg L-1)提高了Hg胁迫下小麦幼苗SOD与CAT活性,其活性随Zn浓度升高逐渐增加,20mg L-1Zn处理下,两种酶活性比Hg单独胁迫分别升高了103.3%与71.0%,高浓度Zn(50~100 mg L-1)处理下,两种酶活性则呈下降趋势,表明Zn对Hg胁迫下两种酶活性的促进作用逐渐减弱.在试验设置的Zn浓度范围内,脯氨酸含量均低于Hg单独胁迫,并且低于对照,说明外加Zn抑制了脯氨酸的生成.综上所述,10~20 mg L-1的Zn可以在一定程度上缓解10 mg L-1Hg对小麦幼苗造成的毒害.     

Pb污染对白菜的生态毒理效应研究（Ecotoxicological Effects of Pb on Brassice rapa）

采用水培方法研究了白菜种子和幼苗对Pb的富集能力与耐受性.实验设6个处理浓度,分别为0.2mg·L-1、0.4mg·L-1、0.8mg·L-1、1.6mg·L-1、3.2mg·L-1及对照,共培养7d,然后测定种子萌发抑制率、茎生长抑制率、根的耐性指数、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量与铅的富集量.研究表明白菜幼苗对高浓度的Pb具有富集能力,根是主要的富集器官,根的最高富集量为75.46mg·L-1.Pb抑制白菜幼苗的营养生长,抑制白菜根的伸长.0.2mg·L-1处理浓度下,Pb促进白菜茎的生长,高浓度的Pb抑制白菜茎的生长.Pb抑制白菜体内叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量.铅影响白菜幼苗的正常生长,白菜对铅具有一定耐受性.     

硒对汞胁迫小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

通过沙基培养研究不同ρ（Se）对Hg胁迫下小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）幼苗苗高、叶绿素相对含量（SPDA）、丙二醛（MDA）含量及抗氧化酶活性等的变化,探讨外加Se对Hg胁迫下小麦幼苗生理活性的影响。结果表明：单独ρ（Hg）=2.5 mg.L-1处理下,小麦幼苗叶绿素含量降低,SOD与CAT活性受到抑制降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量升高。ρ（Se）=5 mg.L-1和ρ（Hg）=2.5 mg.L-1共同处理下,叶绿素含量比Hg单独处理升高了7.6%,比对照升高了3.5%,MDA含量降低了38.8%,低于对照20.0%;外加ρ（Se）高于10 mg.L-1的处理中,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,MDA则呈升高趋势。ρ（Hg）=2.5 mg.L-1胁迫下低ρ（Se）=5~10 mg.L-1促进了SOD与CAT活性,其活性随Se质量浓度升高逐渐增强;ρ（Se）=10 mg.L-1和ρ（Hg）=2.5 mg.L-1共同处理下,两种酶活性比Hg单独处理分别升高了21.8%与32.8%,高ρ（Se）=15~20 mg.L-1处理下,两种酶活性则呈下降趋势。这些结果表明,不同ρ（Se）对Hg胁迫下小麦幼苗各生理指标具有显著影响,Se一定程度上缓解了Hg对小麦幼苗的毒害。     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。     

Phytotoxicity of thiourea application on soybean seedlings北大核心CSCD

For a precise evaluation of environmental and eco-toxicology effect of nitrification inhibitor on agroecosystem, the phytotoxicity of nitrification inhibitor should be fully understand. This paper aimed to study the phytotoxicity of thiourea and urea application on soybean seedlings. Effects of thiourea on the biomass, content of metal ions and chlorophyll level were studied in the leaves of soybean, and the effects of thiourea on anti-oxidative system (SOD, POD, and CAT) and content of MDA in the leaves of soybean were also investigated. The results showed that thiourea had great impact on the growth of soybean. Low concentration (1.0 mmol kg-1) of thiourea could slightly inhibit the growth of seedlings, and increase the activities of SOD, POD, CAT. Thiourea treatment of different concentrations had no effect on the content of Cu and Zn ion in soybean seedlings, but could obviously change the content of Mn and Fe ions in soybean seedlings. The content of Mn ion increased with the concentration of thiourea, from 18.58 mg kg-1 in the control to 45.45 mg kg-1 with 5 mmol kg-1 thiourea treatment. On the other hand, the content of Fe ion decreased with the concentration of thiourea, from 20.77 mg kg-1 in the control to 17.63 with 5 mmol kg-1 thiourea treatment. Heave inhibition effects and phytotoxic symptom were found in thriourea treatment of 5.0 mmol kg-1. The growth of seedlings was obviously inhibited; the content of chlorophyll in leaves of soybean decreased to 2.11 mg kg-1 compared to 3.56 mg kg-1 in that of the control. Simultaneously, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the content of MDA increased dramatically when thiourea reached 5.0 mmol kg-1. The heave inhibition effects and phytotoxic symptom in the soybean seedling indicated that thiourea could induce environmental stress in the seedlings.     

硅促进水稻种子萌发及缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应研究

通过As~(Ⅲ)胁迫下水稻种子的发芽试验和幼苗毒性试验,研究了外源硅对水稻种子发芽率、幼苗生长的影响及其缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应。外源硅的2种处理方式为种子萌发时添加外源硅(Si1)和采用硅处理液浸种(Si2)。结果表明,发芽时介质中As浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时显著抑制水稻种子萌发(P0.05),发芽率仅为80%,但是Si1和Si2处理下发芽率则提高到97%和100%,这说明外源硅可促进砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发;砷浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,Si1和Si2处理均可提高水稻的相对幼苗高度和根耐性指数,提高幅度分别为6.00%~16.8%和57.9%~77.0%、7.10%~23.5%和54.2%~61.2%,并且降低了水稻幼苗砷含量,降低幅度分别为17.8%~21.4%和31.0%~49.1%。这说明外源硅处理可促进砷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长;不同砷浓度处理与水稻芽长、根长及幼苗干重之间存在"S"型的剂量-效应关系,且外源硅显著提高了相应的EC50,缓解了砷对水稻幼苗生长的毒性。综上所述,砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发时添加外源硅或采用硅处理液浸种均可促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长,并降低了幼苗砷累积和缓解砷对水稻幼苗的毒性。     

Diurnal variation in chlorophyll fluorescence of Thalassia testudinum seedlings in response to controlled salinity and light conditions

Diurnal variability in chlorophyll fluorescence caused by dynamic irradiance conditions is an important issue when using pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry to measure physiological conditions of plants at the landscape scale. We examined the use of slopes and y-intercepts of diurnal effective photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (ΔF/F _m′) versus photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) regressions in addition to direct measurements of maximum photochemical efficiencies of PSII (F _v/F _m) values to assess physiological status of Thalassia testudinum seedlings in a controlled mesocosm study. Seedlings were exposed to two light treatments (full sun and 50–70 % light reduction) and three salinity treatments (20, 35, and 50). Measurements were taken at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 hours in order to assess the diurnal variation in photochemical efficiency of PSII and PAR, with measurements at 2100 providing F _v/F _m. Results indicated significant effects of light and salinity on regression y-intercepts and measured F _v/F _m values. Shaded seedlings had higher values for both parameters, suggesting low-light acclimation. The highest salinity treatment resulted in significant reductions for both parameters, suggesting stress. Stress was also indicated by significant reductions in both seedling leaf growth and mean differences between seedling leaves and media osmolalities in the hypersaline treatments (152.0 ± 26.4 vs. 630 ± 40.2 mmol kg^?1 for the control treatments). Slopes of ΔF/F _m′ versus PAR significantly differed with varying light treatments, with full sun seedlings exhibiting shallower slopes than shaded seedlings, indicating higher efficiency of dissipation of excess energy (photoprotection). These experimental results confirm field data suggesting that diurnal ΔF/F _m′ versus PAR regressions are responsive to changes in the physiological status of T. testudinum and that the y-intercepts of diurnal regressions may be used as a proxy for F _v/F _m.     

不同形态磷对黑藻生长和生理特性的影响

研究了Hoagkand培养液中分别以磷酸二氢钾、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钠、ATP-Na为磷源时黑藻的生长及生理活性变化.获得了不同形态磷培养黑藻的干重、根系生长以及叶绿素含量、光合、呼吸、磷含量等指标.研究结果表明,磷酸二氢钾对黑藻的生长及生理活性影响最显著,是黑藻吸收的最佳磷形态;有机磷不利于根系生长,叶绿素a/b较高;六偏磷酸钠和焦磷酸钠促进根系早发,光合生产力低于磷酸二氢钾,叶绿素a/b高于磷酸二氢钾试验组.ATP-Na试验组黑藻呼吸率最高,甘油磷酸钠试验组黑藻光合生产力最高.各实验组黑藻磷含量均增加,黑藻对各形态磷均能吸收利用.图5表4参24     

钒胁迫对水稻幼苗生理生化和富集特性的影响

水稻（Oryza.sativa L.）是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻产量占粮食总产量的一半以上,一旦水稻受到重金属污染,将会影响水稻植株的正常生长和生理特性。目前关于钒胁迫对水稻植株生理特性指标的影响方面报道较少。通过水培实验,研究了不同钒（V）质量浓度（0、4、8、12、16、20 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗（Oryza.sativa L）生理生化和富集特性的影响。结果表明：随着V胁迫浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等均呈现先上升、后下降的变化趋势。当ρ（V）≤12 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和酶活性增大了135.3%、104.2%、77.8%（CAT）、84.5%（POD）和273.2%（SOD）;当ρ（V）〉12 mg·L-1,则分别降低37.2%、39.4%、41.1%、24.1%和24.5%。随着 V 胁迫浓度的增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性逐渐增大,与对照相比,分别增加了38.5%~289.3%、21.2%~303.2%,根系活力下降了10.9%~82.2%。可见,低ρ（V）（≤12 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗的生长有一定的刺激作用,水稻幼苗自身保护酶表现出较强的自我调节能力;高ρ（V）（〉12 mg·L-1）明显抑制叶绿素和蛋白合成、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,伤害了细胞质膜系统,影响水稻幼苗的生长发育。不同V浓度胁迫下,水稻幼苗累积的V含量为：根〉茎叶。随着V胁迫浓度增加,水稻幼苗各器官V含量增大,其中根部增幅远大于茎叶,当ρ（V）从5 mg·L-1增加到40 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,根部增加了0.98~25.3倍,茎叶部增加了0.26~4.74倍。生物富集系数（BF）先增加后降低,最大值为2.8408;迁移系数（TF）下降,最低值为0.1170,说明水稻对V有较强的富集能力,但迁移能力较低,积累的V主要富集在根部,可减轻V对地上部植物的危害。     

The effect of selection treatments on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus edulis</Emphasis>, modifications of genetic and physiological characteristics

This study examined the effects of two selection treatments (elevated water temperature and air exposure) on the genetic and physiological characteristics of the juvenile marine mussel, Mytilus edulis (<10 mm). Genetic effects were measured on five allozymes and fitness assessed using physiological tests to estimate energy balance (scope for growth) as well as size, growth and survival. The in vitro treatments resulted in 48% mortality from an air exposure of 11 h at 27°C and 76% mortality from a 6-h exposure to 33°C water. Survivors (n = 1,152) of each treatment along with controls (n = 2,304) were measured and randomly placed in compartmentalized cages. Mussels were deployed to three bays in Prince Edward Island, Canada and monitored over a 10-month period. Initially, both of the treatments had an effect on mussel size and increased the heterozygosity of the surviving mussels. Physiological analyses after 3 months in the field showed that the two treated mussels showed lower metabolic rate that the control group. After 10 months in the field, the treated mussels were larger and had lower mortality than the untreated control mussels. Unexplained environmental interaction in each of the bays had an effect on allelic frequencies and heterozygosity. Overall, the results demonstrate that simple husbandry techniques can be used to increase the productivity of mussel seed and heterozygosity measures can be used to assess fitness. However, more field data is needed to determine the consistency of the increased productivity and if the increased productivity justifies the costs of a selective treatment. Furthermore, because the level of heterozygosity in juvenile mussel populations can vary considerably, both spatially and temporally, it may be effective as a warning of future natural mass mortality when overall heterozygosity levels are found to be low.