Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响

以辣根为材料,研究叶面喷洒Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响,结果表明,5 mg·l-1和60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)均能增加膜脂饱和脂肪酸的百分含量,而降低不饱和脂肪酸含量,尤其是亚麻酸,但5mg·l-1 Tb)(Ⅲ)未能改变不饱和度指数,60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)使不饱和度指数显著降低,同时,Tb(Ⅲ)使辣根叶片HRP活性降低,膜脂发生过氧化,表现为MDA含量增加,因此,Tb(Ⅲ)处理下膜脂脂肪酸的变化与Tb(Ⅲ)诱导的自由基升高有关,且在所有脂肪酸中,亚麻酸在稀土对膜脂脂肪酸影响中贡献最大.     

水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

以黄瓜幼苗为材料,研究了外源水杨酸对铅胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:水杨酸使铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,可溶性蛋白质含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低;在0~1 mmol.L-1范围内的外源SA对铅胁迫的黄瓜幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量下降量和超氧化物歧化酶活性增加量与水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,与外源水杨酸处理浓度呈正相关,而过氧化物酶活性增加量与外源水杨酸浓度呈负相关。外源水杨酸的作用可能是通过提高黄瓜叶片对膜脂过氧化的抗性来提高黄瓜幼苗对铅毒害的耐受力。     

不同静电场处理方式对大豆生物学效应的比较研究

分别研究了静电场预处理种子、静电场处理幼苗以及种子和幼苗累积静电场处理3种电场处理方式对大豆叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chla)荧光动力学参数和根系活力的影响.结果表明,3种静电场处理方式均能对大豆产生明显的生物学效应.其中,静电场处理种子对大豆的影响相对较小,静电场处理幼苗对大豆的影响较大,而对种子和幼苗累积静电场处理对大豆的影响最为显著.图2表1参11     

多不饱和脂肪酸与粘红酵母低温适应性的关系

以一株粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)YM25079为研究对象,分析其低温生长适应性与细胞膜流动性、膜脂脂肪酸含量的变化以及多不饱和脂肪酸合成关键基因——Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因mRNA转录水平的关系.结果显示,YM25079在5-30℃温度条件下均能生长,最适生长温度为15℃.在15℃培养条件下,YM25079细胞膜流动性没有明显降低,但是多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高,由25℃时29.4%增加到15℃时的55.39%,而且15℃时Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因mRNA转录水平提高了5倍.这些研究结果表明,粘红酵母YM25079的低温生长适应性可能是通过提高多不饱和脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达水平,增加膜脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量,维持低温条件下细胞膜的流动性来形成的.     

UV-C辐射增强对绿化树种膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

采用叶片试验法研究了模拟紫外辐射(UV-C)胁迫对3种绿化树种叶片膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶产生的影响。实验结果表明:UV-C辐射处理使连翘ForsythiasuspensaVahl和垂柳Salixbabylonica叶片的叶绿素质量分数增加,但使水蜡树FraxinuschinesisRoxb.叶片的叶绿素质量分数降低。UV-C辐射处理增加连翘和垂柳叶片的SOD活性,而水蜡的SOD活性则表现为先升高随后降低的变化趋势;辐射处理对水蜡树和垂柳POD活性影响不大,但使连翘POD活性先升高随后降低;辐射处理明显降低水蜡树和连翘的CAT活性,而垂柳的则先升高后降低。辐射处理导致MDA含量增加。     

模拟酸雨对龙眼叶绿体的伤害效应

龙眼叶绿体超氧化的歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD)活性，谷胱甘肽（GSH）和抗坏血酸含量（AsA)含量随酸雨的pH值下降而降低，膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量则随酸雨的pH下降而增加。pH3.0的酸雨胁迫2h，SOD和AsA-POD活性，GSH和AsA含量有所增加，并随胁迫时间的延长而下降。pH3．5的酸雨处理使类整体膜崩解，叶绿体基粒片层结构混乱；pH3.0的酸雨处理的叶绿体片层结构伤害更为严重。图5图版2参21     

TMV或宁南霉素处理对烟草叶片及类囊体膜蛋白组成的影响

对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)侵染、宁南霉素钝化处理的烟草叶片进行了叶片全蛋白多肽组分、类囊体膜蛋白组成的分析.结果表明,TMV侵染或钝化实验的烟草叶片中均出现TMV衣壳蛋白;但是与对照相比,TMV侵染叶片中Rubisco大亚基减少、小亚基增加,类囊体膜蛋白中PsaA、PsaB和Mr=33×103蛋白含量减少.表明TMV侵染要同时影响叶片细胞核基因组和叶绿体基因组的基因表达,从而影响光合作用碳代谢和类囊体膜光系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ.宁南霉素对TMV病毒短时间内具有钝化作用,而较长时间的作用效果不同,10 min钝化样品的蛋白组分保持较为完整,而30 min钝化样品的多肽缺失较为严重.图5表1参11     

模拟酸雨对木兰科树种叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

酸雨对森林、水体和农田等生态系统造成的危害受到许多研究者的重视,并已取得一些成果,但关于木本园林植物的伤害机理及抗性机制没有得到澄清,尤其是对抗氧化系统的影响研究较少。采用盆栽法,以木兰科(Magnoliaceae)树种抗酸性强的阔瓣含笑(Michelia platypetala)和抗酸性弱的红花木莲(Manglieta insignis)为试材,研究了不同pH值模拟酸雨处理对叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着酸雨pH值的下降,两树种叶片抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量分数下降;抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化趋势不一致,阔瓣含笑一直呈上升趋势,红花木莲则先上升后下降。此外,超氧阴离子(O2?·)产生速率上升,丙二醛(MDA)含量和膜透性增加;相关性分析表明,O2?·产生速率与MDA和膜透性呈显著正相关,与抗氧化酶SOD,GR和抗氧化剂ASA质量分数呈显著负相关,说明酸雨降低了植物体防御活性氧伤害有关的酶系统和非酶系统抗性能力,提高了体内活性氧含量,膜脂过氧化加剧。与红花木莲相比,阔瓣含笑具有较强的抗氧化能力。本研究结果从自由基的产生及清除的角度,探讨木本园林植物的伤害机理以及抗性机制,也为该类园林树种在江南城市中的选择提供一些科学参考依据。     

甜菜碱和水杨酸对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期生理特性的影响

以云椒2号为材料,研究外源甜菜碱(glycine betaine,GB,100 mmol/L)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA,200 mg/L)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期生理特性的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,外源GB,SA处理能有效缓解辣椒叶片相对含水量的下降,抑制丙二醛含量的增加,同时,提高辣椒叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸的含量,提高过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性;外源SA处理使辣椒叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降。利用模糊隶属函数法对渗透调节物质、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性多项指标进行综合评价,GB,SA、干旱处理综合评价值分别为0.521 9,0.495 0,0.475 1。GB,SA处理均能提高辣椒的抗旱性,其中GB处理的辣椒抗旱性更好。     

Cd2+胁迫对竹叶眼子菜的毒理学效应分析

以不同浓度Cd2 处理5 d的竹叶眼子菜为实验材料,分析了叶片的光合色素、抗氧化系统、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等生理生化指标的应答反应,并用透射电镜观察了叶细胞超微结构的变化.随着Cd2 处理浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,而MDA和可溶性糖含量上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗坏血酸(ASA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量分别在2 mg L-1和4 mg L-1时达到峰值;可溶性蛋白含量下降,相对分子质量(Mr)为52.1×103、42.9×103、27.4×103和14.1×103的多肽合成量逐渐减少,但Mr为18.1×103的多肽的合成量增加;叶绿体膨大、解体;线粒体嵴突肿胀、空泡化;核仁分散、核膜断裂、核质散出.结果表明: Cd2 对竹叶眼子菜的光合结构、细胞保护系统以及细胞结构的完整性等都产生明显破坏作用,最终将导致植物死亡.其中SOD、叶绿素和蛋白生物合成各指标的反应较灵敏,可作为水体Cd2 污染的监测指标. Cd2 对竹叶眼子菜的半效应浓度为2.97 mg L-1.图8参27     

Role of temperature on lipid/fatty acid composition in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) eggs and unfed larvae

During early development, oviparous fish species must use finite lipid and fatty acid (FA) reserves for both catabolism and structural components. In cold environments, developing fish have the additional constraint of maintaining membrane fluidity for metabolic efficiency (homeoviscous adaptation), resulting in further demand on lower melting point FAs like n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To examine whether marine fish embryos physiologically adapt to changing temperature environments, we incubated Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) eggs at 5 temperatures (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 °C) in the laboratory and sampled them repeatedly during development to measure changes in lipid/FA composition. Pacific cod embryos increased n-3 PUFA content during the egg stage in all temperature treatments, with the possible exception of 0 °C, where poor survival and hatch success limited our ability for continued sampling. At the beginning of the hatch cycle, free-swimming embryos shifted from lipogenesis to lipid catabolism. The rates of lipogenesis and catabolism were temperature dependent, and the distinct increase in unsaturated fatty acids at temperatures <8 °C was consistent with homeoviscous adaptation theory. However, with the possible exception of embryos at 0 °C, the relative amounts of essential fatty acids (e.g., EPA, DHA, AA) were conserved in a similar manner across incubation temperatures. Collectively, these data suggest Pacific cod are capable of homeoviscous adaptation but cannot tolerate temperatures approaching 0 °C despite their possible ability to biosynthesize PUFAs from other energetic sources.     

Changes in phospholipase A2 activity and lipid content during early development of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

During early development in fish, phospholipase A₂ (EC 3.1.1.4) regulates membrane lipid modifications, which relates to changes in environmental conditions and provision of fatty acids required for metabolic energy substrates and prostaglandin biosynthesis. A method to analyze phospholipase A₂ in rat tissues has been modified to measure its activity in embryonic Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Egg and embryo samples were collected during the 1994 spawning season. Enzyme activity was undetectable at fertilization but in 10-d embryos was 230 pmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹ (at 20 °C) and increased by ∼120% at hatch (17-d). Significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of important phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), were also observed. The content of some critical polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, declined significantly over development. Acyl-chain restructuring mediated through the activity of phospholipase A₂, coupled with other observed lipid changes (significant increases in the PC/PE ratio and cholesterol content), would produce a decreased fluidity of membranes during embryonic development, coinciding with the predicted upward movement of larvae in the water column. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) removed from PE could serve as a precursor for biosynthesis of 2-series prostaglandins, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) from PC is a likely source for other prostaglandin types. Despite removal of polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was an overall increase in lipid and fatty acid concentration, which can be attributed to amino acid catabolism during early developmental stages. Received: 9 September 1996 / Accepted: 8 September 1997     

溶液化学特性对谷氨酸菌在聚砜膜上吸附行为的影响

研究了溶液化学特性（包括pH值，离子强度和给溶液浓度）对谷氨酸 在疏水性聚砜膜上吸附行为的影响。结果表明：谷氨酸菌在聚砜膜上的吸附符合静电作用机理；菌体在等电点时发生絮凝，是影响吸附量的重要原因；pH值愈高，谷氨酸菌的吸附量愈小；离子强度降低相同电荷物质之间的静电排斥，增加吸附，同时也降低相反物质电荷之间的静电吸附，从而降低吸附；谷氨酸菌浓度愈大，平衡吸附量也愈大。     

模拟酸雨对葡萄叶片和花粉的影响

以巨峰葡萄为试材,研究了模拟酸雨对叶片和花粉的影响,结果表明：（１） 经ｐＨ２ ．５ 和ｐＨ２ ．０ 的酸雨处理后叶片在短期内均出现不同程度的可见性受害伤斑,叶绿素含量和净光合速率下降．（２） 酸雨使叶片ＳＯＤ活性及不饱和脂肪酸指数（ＩＵＦＡ）下降,膜脂过氧化产物ＭＤＡ 含量及细胞膜透性显著增加,并且这些指标的变化与酸雨ｐＨ值有显著的相关性．（３）叶片对酸雨处理引起的生理伤害有一定的自我修复功能．（４） 酸雨对叶片的生长和花粉发芽有明显的抑制作用     

Metabolism of palmitic,linoleic, and linolenic acids in adult oysters,Crassostrea virginica

This study investigated incorporation and metabolism of saturated [(1-¹⁴C) 16:0] and unsaturated [(1-¹⁴C) 18:26 and (1-¹⁴C) 18:33] fatty acids in adult eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (spawned from parents obtained in 1986 from Mobjack Bay, Virginia, USA), and the influence of temperature on these processes. InC. virginica, incorporation of injected palmitic (16:0) and linolenic (18:33) acids was increased when oysters which had been grown in warm water (22 to 23°C) were transfered to cold water (5 to 7°C) for 8 to 18 d. Incorporation of linoleic acid (18:26) was unchanged under these conditions. The changes in concentration may have been linked to depression of metabolism in these oysters, in particular that of 16:0, which was reduced by 90%. Oxidation of incorporated fatty acids was much higher in warm than in cold water. Cold-temperature conditioning ofC. virginica altered the distribution of fatty acids among the neutral and polar lipid fractions. Long-term exposure to cold water increased the proportion of fatty acids in the polar fraction, which may be related to maintenance of membrane fluidity. Short-term exposure to cold water had the opposite effect, which may be due to increased energy requirements as the oyster adapts to new conditions. Reutilization of¹⁴C-acyl groups demonstrated de novo synthesis of 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids. Only limited elongation and no desaturation of the administered fatty acids was observed.     

High occurrences of brominated lipid fatty acids in boreal sponges of the order Halichondrida

Sponges of warm- and temperate- but also cold-waters are known to synthesize structurally diverse primary and secondary metabolites. These compounds fulfill a variety of functions including adaptations of the cell membranes to environmental conditions. We show here that boreal sponges of the order Halichondrida are rich sources of brominated lipid fatty acids. The comparison of lipid compositions of halichondrid Demospongiae from boreal and warmer waters indicates an accumulation of brominated fatty acids in sponges from colder settings. Moreover, the spatial distribution of brominated fatty acids in the sponge tissue of one widely distributed sponge of the North-East Atlantic (Phakellia ventilabrum) hints to a function related to membrane fluidity and permeability rather than to defense against predation. However, brominated fatty acids are diagnostic for the presence of bromoperoxidases in sponges and may therefore be potentially useful as markers in a chemical screening for secondary metabolites of pharmacological interest.     

Ecological significance of salp fecal pellets collected by sediment traps in the eastern North Pacific

Five sediment traps were moored at depths of 740, 940, 1 440, 3 440 and 4 240 m for 7 d in December 1982 at Station 5 in the eastern North Pacific about 400 km from San Francisco. Dark green sinking particles enclosed in tough membrane consisted of mostly coccolithophores with some diatoms, dinoflagellates and chrysophytes. The average size of the particles was 10x5x2 mm. These characteristics indicate that the particles were fecal pellets of salp inhabiting the surface waters. Vertical fluxes of the organic carbon and nitrogen through sinking of the salp fecal pellets ranged from 6.7 to 23 mgC m^-2 d^-1 and from 0.88 to 3.2 mgN m^-2 d^-1, respectively. These values were several times higher than those determined in other oceanic areas by sediment trap experiments. Hydrocarbons consisting of short-chain n-alkanes (n-C₁₅-C₂₀) with n-C₁₇, the most predominant component, heneicosa-hexaene (n-C_21:6), br-C₂₅ alkenes and long-chain n-alkanes (n-C₂₁-C₃₀), without any odd or even carbon number predominance, were found from five depths. The presence of short-chain n-alkanes and n-C_21:6 indicated that phytoplankton in the surface waters was a primary source of organic matter in the sinking particles. Two isomers of br-C_25:3 and br-C_25:4 alkenes found in these particles also indicated that br-C₂₅ alkenes were the important biological marker of fecal pellet of zooplankton. The distribution pattern of the long-chain n-alkanes suggested that the sinking particles may be affected by bacteria to some extent. Fatty acids of the sinking particles were separated into free, triglyceride and wax ester fractions consisting of mono- and poly-unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, with a range from C₁₄ to C₃₀. Concentrations of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids decreased more rapidly toward the deep than those of saturated fatty acids, which cause low ratios of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids. This indicates that unsaturated fatty acids were more rapidly decayed by marine microbes than saturated fatty acids in the deep water, despite the fact that a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids still remained in the sinking particles collected from the deep waters. Our results revealed that the salp fecal pellet plays an important role in supplying foods to organisms in intermediate and deep seas.     

Lipid class and fatty acid composition of brain lipids from Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) at different stages of development

Little is known about the changes in composition of brain lipids and fatty acids at different stages of development in fish. Wild Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) were collected from Loch Linnhe and the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, from August 1990 to March 1991. Lipid class and fatty acid compositions of brain lipids were studied at four different stages of development: larvae at the end of the yolk sac stage, two juvenile stages and sexually mature adults. The total lipid content in brains increased during development, and larval brains contained higher proportions of neutral lipids and lower proportions of polar lipids than the brains of juvenile or adult herring. Increased proportions of polar lipids in juvenile and adult herring brains were mainly due to increased percentages of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cerebrosides and sulphatides. The increase in the proportions of the glycolipid classes suggested increasing levels of myelination with development. In total lipids, saturated fatty acids generally decreased and monounsaturated fatty acids and dimethyl acetals (derived from PE-plasmalogen) increased from larvae to adults. However, the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in individual phosphoglycerides were generally highest in juvenile stages, due mainly to increased 22:6n-3, and were lowest in adult fish. Relatively high percentages of 24:1 isomers were found in all the phosphoglycerides, but primarily PC, and these increased during development from larvae to adult. Fatty acids were distributed between individual phosphoglycerides with a characteristic pattern that did not change with development, although the relative amounts of individual fatty acids were altered. The variations and roles of the different lipid components of herring brain are discussed with respect to lipid compositions and functions in brains of other fishes and vertebrates.     

Antidiabetic effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder in a rat model

Free radical production and oxidative stress are known to increase in liver during diabetes and may contribute to oxidative damage. In this study, the effect of oral feeding of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder (TSP) has been studied on blood glucose, membrane-linked ATPases, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin content and membrane fluidity in livers of a diabetic rat. Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan monohydrate. Hyperglycemia during diabetes has been shown to entail free radical generation, with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin content, inhibition of membrane-linked ATPases, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased membrane fluidity. TSP treatment reverses the changes to near normal levels thereby ameliorating the management of diabetic complications.     

Mating expenditures reduced via female sex pheromone modulation in the primitively eusocial halictine bee, Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

The present paper reports on behavioral experiments and gas chromatographic analysis of chemical communication in the mating biology of the primitively eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurum. In a dual-choice experiment, a female made odorless was significantly less attractive than an untreated one. Attraction in L. (Evylaeus) malachurum is therefore mediated by a female-produced sex pheromone. Further bioassays showed that unmated gynes are more attractive to males than mated ones. Males are able to differentiate between the two groups of females as little as 3 h after mating. Biotests with different samples obtained from attractive gynes showed surface extracts to be most attractive. Behavioral tests with synthetic copies of the compounds identified as cuticular constituents of virgin gynes were highly attractive to males; the volatile bouquets consisting of n-alkanes, n-alkenes and iso- pentenyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids were the most attractive samples. Isopentenyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids were the key compounds in inducing male inspections as well as stimulating pounces and copulatory attempts. Virgin and nesting gynes differed clearly in the relative and absolute amounts of the volatiles on the cuticle. The total amount of volatiles was significantly higher in virgin gynes and decreased in breeding queens. Hydrocarbons were the dominant group of compounds in both groups of females. The relative amounts of the wax-type ester, hexadecyl oleate, iso- pentenyl esters, and a hitherto unidentified steroid were higher in attractive virgin gynes, while the relative proportions of hydrocarbons and lactones dominated in nesting queens. The site of sex pheromone production in attractive young L. (Evylaeus) malachurum gynes remains unknown. Head glands or Dufour's gland secretions may be involved. Another possible source of the `active principle' found among the cuticular lipids could be glandular cells of the epidermis. The significance of modulation of female sex pheromone composition is discussed in terms of a reduction in mating expenditures. Received: 30 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 24 July 1998