六方水钠锰矿对罗丹明B的去除效果及机理

六方水钠锰矿作为环境中一种具有较强氧化与吸附能力的氧化锰矿物,对环境中的有机染料有着一定的去除作用。采用常压回流法一步合成纳米六方水钠锰矿,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-AES)、BET氮气吸附法、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对其矿物晶体结构、化学组成、比表面积、孔径分布和微观形貌进行表征,选用罗丹明(RB)作为目标有机染料,研究反应条件对纳米六方水钠锰矿对RB的去除效果的影响(包括pH值、六方水钠锰矿浓度、染料浓度和温度)。进而研究六方水钠锰矿对RB的去除机制,通过在反应后的溶液中加入盐酸羟胺,使矿物溶解,吸附在矿物上的染料重新释放到溶液中,以区分吸附去除率和氧化去除率。结果表明,降低反应pH、增加六方水钠锰矿浓度、减小染料浓度以及提高温度均有利于六方水钠锰矿对罗丹明B(RB)的去除。其中影响最大的pH,反应体系pH为2.87时,RB的去除率达到99.9%,而pH为10.29时,RB的去除率仅为8.33%。通过去除机制实验结果表明,在pH为4.5时,RB的氧化去除率是36.3%,吸附去除率为4.6%,六方水钠锰矿去除RB以氧化去除为主。纳米六方水钠锰矿材料的重复利用效果很好,重复使用3次去除率,RB的去除率仅从90.6%降至85.9%。合成的纳米六方水钠锰矿有着很好的去除有机染料的效果,并且有一定的重复利用性,机制的研究也有利于提升对有机染料的去除效果。     

Electricity-driven ammonia oxidation and acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis systems

• MES was constructed for simultaneous ammonia removal and acetate production. • Energy consumption was different for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen removal. • Energy consumption for acetate production was about 0.04 kWh/g. • Nitrate accumulation explained the difference of energy consumption. • Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging technology for producing chemicals, and coupling MES to anodic waste oxidation can simultaneously increase the competitiveness and allow additional functions to be explored. In this study, MES was used for the simultaneous removal of ammonia from synthetic urine and production of acetate from CO₂. Using graphite anode, 83.2%±5.3% ammonia removal and 28.4%±9.9% total nitrogen removal was achieved, with an energy consumption of 1.32 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.45 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.044 kWh/g for acetate production. Using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, 70.9%±12.1% ammonia removal and 51.5%±11.8% total nitrogen removal was obtained, with an energy consumption of 0.84 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.61 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.043 kWh/g for acetate production. A difference in nitrate accumulation explained the difference of total nitrogen removal efficiencies. Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance of MES. These results are important for the development of novel electricity-driven technologies for chemical production and pollution removal.     

三种生物除磷工艺的比较

比较了Ａ／Ｏ法、Ａ＾２／Ｏ法和ＳＢＲ法生物除磷工艺。结果表明，它们的除磷效果好；污染含磷量达６％以上、除磷系数达０．０４左右，是常规好氧生物处理的３倍。在系统除磷系数相同的条件下，Ａ＾２／Ｏ法取好，是常规好氧法的３倍；ＳＢＲ法次之，高速率Ａ／Ｏ法因不能经反硝化作用脱氮，去氮效果与常规好氧法相同。     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

修复植物生物解吸脱除重金属实验研究

以天津市公路绿化带大叶黄杨为修复植物,采用生物解吸法及火焰原子吸收分光光度法,研究了标准筛筛径、浸泡温度、浸泡时间、真空度和减压时间对脱除材料内重金属Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的脱除作用。结果表明,真空度、浸泡时间对Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的脱除作用较明显,减压时间对Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的相对脱除率最为显著。Zn和Cu的迁移性较高,调节各操作参数对脱除Zn、Cu的作用较明显,其平均脱除值和平均脱除率均较高。本底值高低对脱除Zn、Cu和Cr、Pb影响较大。Cr和Pb对筛径和减压时间敏感性较强,对浸泡温度、浸泡时间及真空度敏感性较差。认为基于生物解吸法通过选择适宜的操作参数对脱除修复植物内部分重金属有积极的作用。     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by eight strains of microalgae and their growth characteristics in Penaeus vannamei sewage北大核心CSCD

Microalgae are the most important primary productive forces in shrimp aquaculture systems. Microalgae not only provide oxygen and natural food for aquaculture objects, but they also absorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to reduce water eutrophication. However, there are great differences in N and P absorption among different strains of microalgae. To maintain the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture, the growth performances of eight microalgal strains in Penaeus vannamei sewage and N and P removal rates were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the eight microalgal strains could reduce the N and P content in P. vannamei sewage to some extent. Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and Chlorella pyrenoidosa grew very well, with average growth rates of 0.309 3, 0.246 9, and 0.215 5, respectively. There were significant differences in the removal efficiency among the different strains. The removal rates of total N by M. aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and C. pyrenoidosa were 74%, 69%, and 60%, respectively, at the end of the experiment, which were higher than the other species. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had better total P removal efficiency than those of the other microalgal strains and removal rates were greater than 60%, and the second highest total P removal efficiency was by C. pyrenoidosa. Different types of microalgal strains had different absorption rates of different morphological nitrogen. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had the highest nitrate nitrogen removal rate (approximately 70%). Chlamydomonas sp. had a fast and persistent removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, with the removal rate being as high as 100%. The removal efficiency of M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa were a little slower, and those of Scenedesmus obliquus, Synedra sp., and Navicula graciloides were the slowest. After 16 d, the removal rate reached more than 90%. Cryptomonas obovate and C. pyrenoidosa displayed the best removal rate of nitrite nitrogen, and the removal rate reached 80% on day 8, and the removal rate of C. obovata was more persistent. These results can provide scientific reference for the orientation and use of microalgae to remove pollutants in tailings water from shrimp aquaculture systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Electro-conductive crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanofiltration membrane for electro-enhanced removal of bisphenol A

● A crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane was fabricated. ● Electro-assistance enhanced the removal rate of the NF membrane for bisphenol A. ● Intermittent voltage-assistance can achieve nearly 100% removal of bisphenol A. ● Membrane adsorption–electro-oxidation process is feasible for micropollutant removal. Nanofiltration (NF) has attracted increasing attention for wastewater treatment and potable water purification. However, the high-efficiency removal of micropollutants by NF membranes is a critical challenge. Owing to the adsorption and subsequent diffusion, some weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can pass through NF membranes, resulting in low removal rates. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to enhance the BPA removal efficiency of a crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane by coupling the membrane with electro-assistance. The membrane exhibited a 31.9% removal rate for 5 mg/L BPA with a permeance of 6.8 L/(m²·h·bar), while the removal rate was significantly improved to 98.1% after applying a voltage of 2.0 V to the membrane. Furthermore, when BPA coexisted with humic acid, the membrane maintained 94% removal of total organic carbon and nearly 100% removal of BPA at 2.0 V over the entire filtration period. Compared to continuous voltage applied to the membrane, an intermittent voltage (2.0 V for 0.5 h with an interval of 3.5 h) could achieve comparable BPA removal efficiency, because of the combined effect of membrane adsorption and subsequent electrochemical oxidation. Density functional theory calculations and BPA oxidation process analyses suggested that BPA was adsorbed by two main interactions: π–π and hydrogen-bond interactions. The adsorbed BPA was further electro-degraded into small organic acids or mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. This work demonstrates that NF membranes coupled with electro-assistance are feasible for improving the removal of weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants.     

Effect of iron addition on the performance of anoxic-oxic membrane process and biological phosphorus removal北大核心CSCD

In order to solve the problem of poor treatment of phosphorus in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long sludge retention time (SRT), a ferric salt was added to enhance phosphorus removal; FeCl36H2O (Fe/P = 2.0) was added to the reactor. The removal efficiency of nitrogen, organic matters, and phosphorus in the MBR was investigated systematically. Moreover, this study focused on the membrane performance, the change of active sludge flora, and the effect of adding a ferric salt on membrane fouling before and after the addition. It was seen that adding the ferric salt could not affect the removal of COD and NH4 +-N and the removal rate of COD and NH4 +-N reached over 90%. However, the average removal rate of phosphorus was 52%, while the removal rate increased by nearly 40% after adding the ferric salt. The effects of adding ferric salts on the dominant bacteria and biological phosphorus removal of activated sludge were further studied. The results showed that the addition of ferric salt (Fe/P = 2.0) decreased the diversity of active sludge flora and relative abundance of some phosphorusaccumulating organisms and had a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. The analysis of transmembrane pressure difference (TMP) recording revealed that the concentration of iron salts did not exacerbate membrane fouling. The results showed that the concentration of iron salts entering the membrane bioreactor would reduce the relative abundance and phosphorus removal efficiency of the activated sludge in the system to a certain extent, but it had no obvious effect on membrane fouling. It allowed the effluent to attain acceptable standards, especially with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

复合生态处理系统颗粒构成差异及其效应分析

研究了复合生态处理系统中不同单元颗粒物的构成差异，探讨了颗粒构成对其去除机制、粒径分布和去除规律的影响．结果表明，水环境对系统后端颗粒构成产生的影响明显高于对系统前端的影响．颗粒构的成差异决定无机颗粒沉降，有机颗粒分解、藻类被捕食、颗粒截滤依次在颗粒物的去除中占主导地位．不同水环境中，颗粒构成和去除机制的差异导致不同单元颗粒物去除规律的相应变化．     

两级人工湿地用于村镇污水脱氮的长期运行特性研究

对沙田人工湿地稳定运行后的情况进行了长达6 a的监测,探讨了不同流态的两级潜流人工湿地长期运行的脱氮效能、不同形态氮的空间转化规律和几种主要影响因素。研究表明,在整个运行期间人工湿地的脱氮能力呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,这个过程的发生和湿地内部堵塞物的累积关联密切。在华南地区,季节变化对湿地脱氮的影响依然十分强烈：一方面,体现为季节温差对脱氮效果的明显影响,低温月份采用低负荷方式运行,TN去除率也仅有36.0%～47.6%,而高温期采用高负荷的运行方式,大多数月份TN去除率也能达到45.4%以上;另一方面,季节性雨量的不同会引起进水质量浓度的变化,导致湿地系统TN负荷率的改变,进而显著影响脱氮效果。有机氮、NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N在湿地内部存在明显的转化迹象,沿流程随着有机物的大量消耗,NO3--N去除能力逐渐下降并在湿地的末端出现了累积现象。通常情况下,由于采用了跌水曝气等措施,DO在湿地内的大部分区域都维持了较高水平,未对脱氮效果产生明显不利影响。     

Effects of La3+, Ce3+ on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH₄ ⁺-N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1 mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%–15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

铝矿赤泥强化聚合氯化铝混凝除磷试验研究

对聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加赤泥前后的除磷效果及絮体进行了研究.结果表明,赤泥对PO3-4有吸附作用;投加一定量赤泥,提高了实验室模拟废水和实际污水中磷的去除率;与单用PAC相比,赤泥的加入增强了絮体的持磷性,增加了絮体的密实度,缩小了底泥的体积,强化了PAC的除磷性能.     

Performance of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on different types of wastewater treatment

Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) has a wide application in Turkey having suitable climatic conditions. In this study, the growth of duckweed was assessed in laboratory scale experiments. They were fed with municipal and industrial wastewater at constant temprature. COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ortho-phosphate (OP) removal efficiencies of the reactors were monitored by sampling influent and effluent of the system. Removal efficiency in this study reflects optimal results: 73-84% COD removal, 83-87% TN removal, 70-85% TP removal and 83-95% OP removal. The results show that the duckweed-based wastewater treatment is capable of treating the laboratory wastewater.     

Effects of La,Ce on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH⁺₄―N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH⁺₄―N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%―15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants in and around Shanghai

Six wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） were investigated to evaluate the occurrence and removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine （NDMA）, NDMA formation potential （FP） and four specific NDMA precursors, dimethylamine （DMA）, trimethylamine （TMA）, dimethyl- formamide （DMFA） and dimethylaminobenzene （DMAB）. DMA and tertiary amines with DMA functional group commonly existed in municipal wastewater. Chemically enhanced primary process （CEPP） had no effect on removal of either NDMA or NDMA FP. In WWTPs with secondary treatment processes, considerable variability was observed in the removal of NDMA （19%-85%） and NDMA FP （16%-76%）, moreover, there was no definite relationship between the removal of NDMA and NDMA FP. DMA was well removed in all the six surveyed WWTPs; its removal efficiency was greater than 97%. For the removal of tertiary amines, biologic treatment processes with nitrification and denitrification had better removal efficiency than conventional activated sludge process. The best removal efficiencies for TMA, DMFA and DMAB were 95%, 68% and 72%, respectively. CEPP could remove 73% of TMA, 23% of DMFA and 36% of DMAB. After UV disinfection, only 17% of NDMA was removed due to low dosage of UV was applied in WWTP. Although chlorination could reduce NDMA precursors, NDMA concentration was actually increased after chlorination.     

Egg removal and intraspecific brood parasitism in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Summary From 1983 to 1986 we monitored 284 European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nests in New Jersey for evidence of intraspecific brood parasitism and egg removal during the laying period. Egg removal occurred significantly more often at nests where intraspecific brood parasitism was detected (12 of 35 nests, 34%) than at unparasitized nests (23 of 249 nests, 9%). Brood parasitism (92% of parasitized nests) and egg removal (74% of nests with egg removal) were most common at nests where egg laying began in April of each year (i.e., early nests). Egg removal occurred at 26 (19%) and brood parasitism at 32 (23%) of 138 early nests. Both brood parasitism and egg removal were concentrated during the first four days in the laying period when brood parasitism is most likely to be successful and when host nests are most vulnerable to parasitism (Romagnano 1987). Both parasitism and removal usually involved a single egg at each nest. We detected brood parasitism and egg removal on the same day at five of 12 nests (42%) where both were observed. Because starlings do not remove foreign eggs from their nests once they begin laying (Stouffer et al. 1987) we hypothesize that parasite females sometimes removed host eggs while parasitizing nests.     

MnO2/H2SO4溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验

采用MnO2/H2SO4溶液作为吸收液,以Fe3+作为催化剂在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,主要考察MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、pH值、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、氧含量、烟气流量等因素对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,MnO2浓度、Fe3+浓度、烟气流量、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度对脱硝率影响显著,pH值、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大.在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98%以上,脱硝效率最高达到70.9%.     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)^?1, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)^?1. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)^?1. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)^?1. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS.     

腐殖质对二氧化锰引起的五氯酚转化反应的影响

研究了在二氧化锰催化引起的五氯酚的转化反应中,腐殖质前身化合物的加入对五氯酚去除率的影响,并以p-coumaricacid为代表研究了体系pH值、反应时间、二氧化锰的质量浓度以及腐殖质前生物的浓度和分子结构对去除率的影响。结果表明,反应的最佳pH值范围是4～4.70,去除率在80%左右。五氯酚在24h内去除速率较快,去除率达到75%左右;反应到168h,去除速率趋于0,去除率达到80%左右。相同条件下,无p-coumaricacid的对照体系中,对应的反应时间内去除率仅分别为20%和25%左右。五氯酚的去除率还随二氧化锰质量浓度和p-coumaricacid浓度的增加而增大。当二氧化锰的质量浓度由0增加到100g·L-1时,去除率由0增大为95%;而当p-coumaricacid的浓度由0增加到1mmol·L-1时,去除率由25%增大到100%左右。此外,不同腐殖质前身物的分子结构和浓度对去除率分别起到了提高、不明显改变和降低的作用。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂对 Hg2+的捕集及性能

以含Hg^2 废水作为处理对象,研究了几个影响高分子重金属絮凝剂去除水中Hg^2 的因素,实验表明：(1)pH值对Hg^2 的去除率影响不大;(2)水中某些二价离子的存在不仅不会消耗高分子重金属絮凝剂的用量,而且会促进螯合体MHM-Hg^2 絮凝沉淀,Hg^2 的去除率在99％以上,而一价金属离子对处理效果影响不大;(3)Hg^2 和致浊物质会互相促进彼此的去除,浊度的去除率在98％以上,Hg^2 的去除率在99％以上;(4)高分子重金属絮凝剂对重金属离子具有选择性,可将部分重金属离子从其它离子中分离开、回收再利用．