西宁市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

在西宁市7个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明:扬尘、煤烟尘和土壤风沙尘是造成该市TSP和PM10污染的主要源类。扬尘是造成该市颗粒物污染的首要因素,控制城市扬尘污染是城市环境空气颗粒物达标的关键。     

泸州市主城区2019年3月至2020年2月大气颗粒物污染特征及防治对策研究

为了解泸州市主城区颗粒物污染变化特征及成因,选取2019年3月至2020年2月空气自动监测数据,运用Origin2017等技术手段对PM2.5与PM10的时间变化特征、污染来源方向以及污染物之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:PM2.5与PM10在不同季节的变化趋势均具有较好的一致性,不同站点污染物相关性特征明显。分析表明:泸州市主城区颗粒物污染成因为工业企业排放、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧、燃煤、扬尘以及不利气象条件等,建议对6类污染排放进行管控。     

池州市环境空气中PM10产生的原因及防治对策

正PM10是指环境空气中小于等于10微米的颗粒物,也称可吸入颗粒物。PM10是大气颗粒物中对人体健康威胁最大的一类。同时,PM10还大量吸收可见光使大气能见度降低,对温度和酸雨都有一定的影响。国外学者从20世纪60年代就从不同方面对PM10展开了研究,我国学者从90年代起开始关注PM10。2000年起,我国重点城市陆续开展PM10的日报和预报工作。2003年起,池州市开展主城区环境空气质     

长沙市城区典型交通路口PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染特征研究

利用车载环境空气质量监测系统对长沙市城区典型交通路口的近地面空气质量进行了实时监测。结果表明,在监测时段(14∶00~20∶00)内,该监测点环境空气中PM10的小时质量浓度范围在0.097~0.222mg/m3之间,平均值0.163mg/m3;PM2.5的小时质量浓度范围在0.050~0.158mg/m3之间,平均值0.103mg/m3。PM2.5/PM10比值在48.1%~76.6%之间,平均值62.4%。PM10与PM2.5质量浓度在星期一相对较低,星期二有所升高,星期三至周末总体上保持基本稳定。在监测时段PM10与PM2.5小时质量浓度呈现先降后升的变化规律,即14∶00~15∶00,PM10与PM2.5质量浓度相对较高,16∶00左右降至最低,从17∶00开始逐渐升高,20∶00达到峰值。PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度变化与车流量和车速密切相关,温度、相对湿度和风速等气象因素对PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化影响也较显著。     

2015-2018年衡阳市城区环境空气污染特征分析

本文利用2015~2018年衡阳市城区空气质量监测数据,分析环境空气污染特征及变化趋势。研究结果表明:2015~2018年衡阳市城区环境空气以PM2.5、PM10、O3污染为主,其中PM2.5和PM10年均值浓度呈下降趋势,O3年均值浓度呈不规则波动变化;年内时空变化上,O3呈现夏、秋季浓度高和冬、春季浓度低的特点,PM2.5和PM10呈现出夏季浓度低、冬季浓度高的特点。针对衡阳市空气污染物特征,提出了衡阳市城区空气质量改善的对策建议。     

控制灰霾的关键不在于推出PM2.5标准

只有在国家制定了很清晰的PM2.5的空气质量测量标准,以及在未来制定了合理的PM2.5环境空气质量标准,并且每个城市的监察测量网和监控系统的技术已经非常完善的情况下,公布出来的PM2.5监测值才有更多的可比性,才有更多的科学价值。近期我们更应该关注的不是引入新的标准,因为即使没有PM2.5的标准和数据,PM10的浓度也可以反映大气颗粒物的污染程度。现在的问题是怎样采取措施把目前的PM10污染尽快地降低下来,将已有的PM10空气质量标准调整到与世界卫生组织指导值更接近的水平。在这个基础上,进一步引进PM2.5的环境空气质量标准才有意义。     

环保部拟发布6项新标准规范PM2.5监测

<正>新的环境空气质量标准已颁布,一些重点城市也已经开始发布PM2.5的监测信息,但与之配套的监测方法标准、规范却无法满足要求。环保部表示,主要问题在于缺乏仪器适用性检测技术要求。环保部近日同时公开了6项国家环境保护标准,以规范包括PM2.5在内的监测工作。这6项标准包括《环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法(试行)》(以下简称检测方     

塔城市大气环境质量现状调查及污染防治对策探讨

对塔城市大气环境质量状况及3项大气污染物变化趋势进行调查分析,结果表明:塔城市大气污染物中TSP(PM10)浓度呈下降趋势,SO2呈略微上升趋势,NOX无显著变化。TSP(PM10)浓度在冬季采暖期和夏季秋季(10月)较高,为防治塔城市空气质量变劣,需要采取积极有效的预防措施,切实保护好人类赖以生存的生态环境。     

PM2.5引发的空气质量标准思考

【案情】 监测数值表明,2010年北京市大气中PM2.5的年平均浓度为60～70微克/立方米,广州市为45～50微克/立方米,与世界卫生组织环境空气质量指导值（10微克/立方米）相比,北京市PM2.5的年平均浓度超标6～7倍,广州市超标4.5～5倍。即便与世界卫生组织环境空气质量第一阶段目标值（35微克／立方米）相比，     

气象因素对长沙市PM_(2.5)周期性变化规律的影响分析

以长沙市10个城市环境空气自动监测站点2013年的历史监测数据为基础,分析了PM2.5质量浓度的周期性变化规律,并采用非参数分析(Pearson相关性)法,研究了气象因素对长沙市PM2.5质量浓度周期性变化的影响。结果表明,PM2.5日均质量浓度在不同季节的绝对值和变化周期都相差很大。总体上,PM2.5在冬季的浓度高于夏季;PM2.5质量浓度的变化周期在3~8d。在2013年4个典型月份内,温度和风速与PM2.5质量浓度负相关,而湿度和气压与PM2.5质量浓度正相关,相关系数分别为-0.573、-0.395、0.519和0.440。PM2.5周期性变化与区域内大气环境容量相关,而大风、降雨等强对流天气是终结PM2.5变化周期的主要环境因素。     

Assessment and management of air quality for an opencast coal mining area

A study for the assessment and management of the air quality was carried out at Lakhanpur area of Ib Valley Coalfield in Orissa state in India. The 24-h average concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP) matter, respirable particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were monitored during 1 year period. Samplings were done at a regular interval through out the year at 13 monitoring stations in the residential areas and four monitoring stations in the mining/industrial areas. The 24-hr average TSP and PM10 concentrations ranged from 338.8 to 799.8 microg m(-3) and 102.5-425.6 microg m(-3) for industrial area, and 72.3-497.1 microg m(-3) and 40.8-171.9 microg m(-3) for residential area, respectively. During the study period 24-hr and annual average TSP and PM10 concentrations exceeded the respective standards set in the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) protocol at most residential and industrial areas. However, 24-hr and annual average concentrations of SO2 and NOx were well within the prescribed limit of NAAQS both in the residential and industrial areas. The annual and 24-hr average concentrations varied from 23.3 to 36.8 microg m(-3) and 16.0-55.2 microg m(-3) for SO2 and 23.9-41.9 microg m(-3) and 19.0-58.1 microg m(-3) for NOx, respectively. The temporal variations of TSP and PM10 fitted polynomial trend with an average correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.77 (+/-0.17) for TSP and 0.85 (+/-0.10) for PM10. On average the PM10 in the ambient air of the mining area constituted 31.94 (+/-1.76)% of the TSP. The linear regression correlation coefficient (R2) between TSP with PM10 and NOx with SO2 was 0.86 (+/-0.12) and 0.57 (+/-0.20), respectively. Maximal concentrations of TSP and PM10 occurred within the mining site based on the kriging technique. A management strategy is formulated for effective control of air pollution at source and other mitigative measures recommended including implementation of green belts around the sensitive areas where the concentration of air pollutants exceeded the standard limit.     

Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan

Spatial variations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated for distribution of metals and particle size fractions in the urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan. The metals Na, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co, and the particle fractions <2.5, 2.5-10, 10-100 and >100 microm were included in the study. TSP samples were trapped on glass fibre filters using high volume samplers and quantification of metals was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry employing HNO(3) based wet digestion. At the urban site, Na was dominant at 2.384 microg/m(3) followed by K, Fe and Zn with 0.778, 0.667 and 0.567 microg/m(3) as mean concentrations, respectively. The metal levels for the rural site ranged from 0.002 microg/m(3) for Cd to 1.077 microg/m(3) for Na. However, compared with the urban site, mean Pb concentration showed an almost two-fold enhancement, i.e., 0.163 Vs. 0.327 microg/m(3). Metals and particle size source identification was done using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Five sources were traced out for the urban site: industrial, soil, automobile emissions, metallurgical industries and excavation activities. For the rural site, four sources were recorded: agricultural, automotive emissions, excavation activities and metallurgical units. Collectively, for both the sites, PM(10-100) emerged as a major contributor to TSP, followed by PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5) and PM(>100) in that order. The metals showed in general positive relationship with fine particulate fractions (PM(2.5-10), PM(<2.5)), and negative correlation with coarse fractions (PM(10-100), PM(>100)). Comparison with the corresponding data from various Asian sites revealed that the levels of Na, K, Fe, Mn, Co and Ni for the present study were lower than those reported for grossly polluted cities of the world.     

Air quality impact assessment of multiple open pit coal mines in northern Colombia

The coal mining region in northern Colombia is one of the largest open pit mining regions of the world. In 2009, there were 8 mining companies in operation with an approximate coal production of ～70 Mtons/year. Since 2007, the Colombian air quality monitoring network has reported readings that exceed the daily and annual air quality standards for total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and particles with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM??) in nearby villages. This paper describes work carried out in order to establish an appropriate clean air program for this region, based on the Colombian national environmental authority requirement for modeling of TSP and PM(10) dispersion. A TSP and PM?? emission inventory was initially developed, and topographic and meteorological information for the region was collected and analyzed. Using this information, the dispersion of TSP was modeled in ISC3 and AERMOD using meteorological data collected by 3 local stations during 2008 and 2009. The results obtained were compared to actual values measured by the air quality monitoring network. High correlation coefficients (>0.73) were obtained, indicating that the models accurately described the main factors affecting particle dispersion in the region. The model was then used to forecast concentrations of particulate matter for 2010. Based on results from the model, areas within the modeling region were identified as highly, fairly, moderately and marginally polluted according to local regulations. Additionally, the contribution particulate matter to the pollution at each village was estimated. Using these predicted values, the Colombian environmental authority imposed new decontamination measures on the mining companies operating in the region. These measures included the relocation of three villages financed by the mine companies based on forecasted pollution levels.     

Particulate matter concentration and air quality affected by windblown dust in the Columbia plateau

The USEPA has proposed to regulate PM(coarse) (particulate matter 2.5 to 10 microm in diameter). Exceedance of the proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM(coarse) is expected within the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest United States based on the high frequency of dust storms and the large contribution of crustal material to fugitive dust in the region. The objective of this study was to explore the implication of the proposed NAAQS for PM(coarse) on air quality. Concurrent observations of both PM10 (particulate matter 相似文献   

Near-field dust exposure from cotton field tilling and harvesting

The frequency and intensities of dust exposures in and near farm fields, which potentially contribute to high intensity human exposure events, are undocumented due to the transient nature of local dust plumes and the difficulties of making accurate concentration measurements. The objective of this study is to measure near-field spatial concentrations of the dust plumes emitted during tilling and harvesting of an irrigated cotton field outside of Las Cruces, NM (soil class: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Calciargid). A comparison of remote lidar measurements of plumes emitted from cotton field operations with in situ samplers shows a strong agreement between the two techniques: r2 = 0.79 for total suspended particulates (TSP) and r2 = 0.61 for particulate matter with diameter less than or equal to 10 microm (PM10). Plume movement was dependent on the short-term wind field and atmospheric stability. Horizontal spread rate of the plumes, determined from lidar measured Gaussian dispersion parameters, was less than expected by a factor of 7. Thus, in-plume downwind concentrations were higher than expected. Vertical dispersion was dependent on the rise of "cells" of warm air convecting off the soil surface. On a windy day, discing the field showed TSP and PM10 concentrations at the source itself of up to 176 microg m(-3) and 120 microg m(-3), respectively. These resulted in in-plume peak TSP concentrations of about 1.22 microg m(-3) at 10 m downwind and 0.33 microg m(-3) at 100 m downwind. The measured concentrations highlight a potential exposure risk to people in and around farming operations.     

我国城市大气污染现状与特点

中国城市化和工业化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加，给中国城市带来了很多空气污染问题。20世纪70年代期间，煤烟型污染排放成为中国工业城市的特点；80年代，许多南方城市遭受严重的酸雨危害；近年来，汽车尾气排放的NOx、CO及随后形成的光化学烟雾，使得许多大城市的空气质量恶化。城市空气污染影响着城市居民的健康和城市的发展。为控制空气污染和保护大气环境质量，我国政府已经实施了许多规划。本文概述了当前中国城市特别是重点城市的空气质量状况，描述一些主要城市空气污染物包括总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2．5、SO2、酸雨、NOx/NO2的特点。尽管采取了很多应对措施，但目前我国城市的空气质量依然不容乐观，文中还讨论了未来城市空气污染控制面临的问题。     

Particulates and carbon monoxide pollution on production floor of steel recycling plant

For this study, particulates or particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels were monitored at different sections on the production floor of a scrap metal recycling factory. A Met‐One GT331 dust monitor and A Toxi‐Rae gas monitor were used to measure PM and CO concentrations, respectively. The 24‐hr averaging period concentrations of particulate matter having diameters of 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter having diameters of 10 microns or less in diameter (PM₁₀), and total suspended particulates (TSP) within the plant ranged between 8.3 and 50.4 μg/m³, 12.0 and 151.3 μg/m³, and 30.0 and 285.0 μg/m³, respectively, while the maximum 8‐hr concentration of CO within the plant was 20.5 parts per million (ppm). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) limits for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and CO were exceeded only in the area around the furnace. Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank statutory limit for TSP were also exceeded in the area around the furnace. Toxicity potentials (TP) of the investigated pollutants were greater than 1.0 around the furnace, indicating that work spaces in proximity to the furnace could expose workers to adverse health conditions.     

公路隧道中可吸入颗粒物化学组分特征研究

为了解公路隧道中可吸入颗粒物污染水平及化学组分特征，笔者于2006年9月1日在交通繁忙的石黄隧道中间及入口处进行了可吸入颗粒物（PM10）同步采样，并对样品进行了化学成分分析。根据PM10质量浓度监测以及样品的元素、OC＼EC及离子成分分析结果，对隧道口及隧道中的PM10的污染状况和化学成分特征进行了对比分析。PM10浓度监测和化学成分分析结果表明：石黄隧道环境空气中PM10质量浓度明显高于隧道外的浓度，隧道内PM10污染比较严重；隧道内PM10的离子浓度明显低于隧道外，而OC、EC浓度则又明显高于隧道外，另外其元素中Ca、Al、Si等浓度也明显高于隧道外，这些化学成分特征显示，隧道内的PM10主要来源于机动车尾气及道路扬尘。