石油石化企业面临的低碳发展挑战和机遇

在简要介绍低碳经济的概念和内涵的基础上,指出了低碳经济对我国经济发展的意义。从石油天然气勘探开发、炼油与化工和油气储运三个方面,简要分析了我国石油石化企业的碳足迹,列举了石油石化企业温室气体主要排放源。结合石油石化行业的特点和当前国内外形势,从多个方面分析、阐述了石油石化企业面临的低碳经济挑战和机遇。最后,从低碳经济发展时机、发展规划、与环境保护工作的关系、科技投入、能力建设、发展重点等方面,对石油石化企业低碳经济的发展提出了看法和建议。     

油气田温室气体清单编制的作法

从温室气体统计边界确定、活动水平数据收集、排放量统计到编制形成石油企业需要的温室气体清单,介绍了石油企业温室气体清单编制中,做好编制工作的一些做法,为石油企业实现温室气体减排和控制工作奠定基础。     

我国石油行业低碳发展技术选择＊

文章围绕我国石油行业低碳发展现状、制约条件和技术方向展开论述。通过统计我国"十一五"能源需求形势和石油行业能源使用情况,总结石油行业温室气体排放特征,预测了"十二五"油气能源需求和石油行业温室气体排放趋势。在此基础上,对石油行业低碳技术进行系统的梳理和评估,并提出我国石油行业分阶段低碳技术选择建议。     

石油石化行业温室气体清单编制研究进展

石油化工生产企业是高耗能企业,也是温室气体排放主要来源之一,温室气体排放统计、计算与监测可为参与碳交易提供基础信息,促进石油化工生产企业可持续发展并实现减排目标。文章介绍了国内外认知度较高的温室气体核算标准,并对目前国内外已发布实施的石油石化行业清单编制标准进行归纳和比较。在此基础上提出了石油石化行业完善温室气体清单编制标准、加强温室气体排放核查工作、建立温室气体统计和管理体系等建议措施。     

我国首批11项温室气体管理国家标准发布

<正>日前,国家标准委批准发布了首批包括《工业企业温室气体排放核算和报告通则》以及发电、钢铁、民航、化工、水泥等10个重点行业温室气体排放管理的11项国家标准。标准对企业温室气体排放"算什么""怎么算"提出统一要求,将为降低企业碳减排成本、建立全国统一的碳排放交易市场提供技术支撑。新标准将于明年6月1日起实施。     

云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

典型炼油装置碳排放监测方法研究

石油炼制行业作为我国能源供给的重要支柱行业之一，面临巨大的温室气体减排压力。充分了解生产中的典型炼油装置排放特征对摸清企业碳排放水平，确定优先减排项与制定切实有效的减排策略尤为重要。目前尚未发布典型炼油装置碳排放监测技术指南，企业开展碳排放监测无章可循。文章分别针对碳排放源识别与分类、碳排放监测技术比对、监测标准方法调研、监测方案制定等方面，研究所选的5套碳排放贡献较大的典型炼油装置碳排放监测方法，旨在为企业开展切实有效的碳排放监测提供技术支撑，同时也为推动企业温室气体与污染物排放的协同监测提供可能。     

温室气体排放税费的若干法律问题（下）

五、温室气体排放税费的征收环节与征收对象问题（一）征收环节问题碳税、温室气体排放税（费）的征收应该针对碳能源的生产、温室气体排放的产业或环节。碳能源目前主要涉及到石油、煤炭、天然气等,涉及的行业主要有火电、化工业、工业等燃烧传统化石燃料的行业。至于在哪个具体的环节征收，目前存在从传统化石燃料的生产环节、将化石燃料转化为二次含碳燃料的生产环节征收及传统化石燃料与二次含碳燃料的消费环节征收两种观点。     

有色金属行业CO2排放估算方法研究

通过对国内外有色金属行业温室气体排放估算方法研究现状的分析,将联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体排放清单指南、国际有色行业协会和环境科学研究中的一些常用算法,总结归纳应用于有色金属行业温室气体的排放量估算,从估算方法和结果上分析各种方法的优缺点和使用条件。以原铝生产CO2排放估算为例,对有色金属温室气体排放进行实证分析,为有色金属行业温室气体排放估算提供参选方法,促进有色金属工业的节能减排。     

陆上石油天然气开采中VOCs与CH4的协同控制

《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》未将温室气体纳入大气污染物,而是规定VOCs与温室气体 实施协同控制。陆上石油天然气开采工业中VOCs和CH4具有同根、同源性,VOCs是其主要的大气污染物,同时也会产生CH4排放。GB39728—2020《陆上石油天然气开采工业大气污染物排放标准》要求协同控制CH4。文章从协同控制的必要性、排放源分析、VOCs与CH4协同控制、标准实施的建议等方面进行了论述,对该标准主要内容进行解读,以期为标准的落地实施提供指导。     

有色金属行业CO2排放估算方法研究

通过对国内外有色金属行业温室气体排放估算方法研究现状的分析，将联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）温室气体排放清单指南、国际有色行业协会和环境科学研究中的一些常用算法，总结归纳应用于有色金属行业温室气体的排放量估算，从估算方法和结果上分析各种方法的优缺点和使用条件。以原铝生产CO2排放估算为例，对有色金属温室气体排放进行实证分析，为有色金属行业温室气体排放估算提供参选方法，促进有色金属工业的节能减排。     

油气田挥发性有机物管控源项及排放系数研究

对美国油气田挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控要求、排放系数、可行技术及相关治理费用进行梳理总结,为我国油气田VOCs排放标准、排污许可申请技术规范、污染源核算技术指南等制定以及油气田企业VOCs治理提供借鉴。美国新建污染源控制标准主要对油气田油气井完井、储存、气动阀、气动泵、压缩机、设备泄漏、无组织逸散等VOCs污染源提出管控要求。参照我国当前石油化学工业VOCs管控理念,可将上述污染源归为设备和管道组件密封点、物料转移和输送、工艺无组织、储存4个源项进行管控。     

Techno-Economic Study of CO2 Capture from an Existing Cement Plant Using MEA Scrubbing

Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Man-made CO₂ emissions contribute approximately 63% of greenhouse gases and the cement industry is responsible for approximately 5% of CO₂ emissions emitting nearly 900 kg of CO₂ per 1000 kg of cement. CO₂ from a cement plant was captured and purified to 98% using the monoethanolamine (MEA) based absorption process. The capture cost was $51 per tonne of CO₂ captured, representing approximately 90% of total cost. Steam was the main operating cost representing 39% of the total capture cost. Switching from coal to natural gas reduces CO₂ emissions by about 18%. At normal load, about 36 MW of waste heat is available for recovery to satisfy the parasitic heat requirements of MEA process; however, it is very difficult to recover.     

美国油气行业国家温室气体清单和报送体系

甲烷是由人类活动造成的仅次于二氧化碳的第二大温室气体,大幅度减少甲烷排放有助于降低近期温升,是实现巴黎协定目标的必要手段,也是中国实现“碳中和”目标的重要抓手。相比其他排放源,油气行业的甲烷减排最快、最有经济性。而有效的减排政策和监管必须建立在完整、准确的甲烷排放清单基础上。文章以甲烷为重点,概述了美国国家温室气体清单和油气行业的报送制度,介绍了两个报送体系的覆盖范围、要求等相关差异,说明了设施界定、排放因子和活动水平来源、监测方法以及有待改进之处,并针对中国油气行业甲烷排放数据的质量改善提出了建议。     

石油石化行业环保科技发展面临的形势和任务

文章介绍了石油石化行业规模增长和生产上的新变化给企业环保工作带来的压力,国家环保监管力度的加大和新要求;阐述了石油石化行业当前应当重点发展的环境保护技术,以满足国家有关政策法规标准和污染减排约束性指标要求、控制环境风险和减轻事故后果。     

Greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and Japan: sector-specific estimates and managerial and economic implications

Many firms generate large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases when they burn fossil fuels in their production processes. In addition, production of raw materials and other inputs the firms procure for their operations also generates greenhouse gases indirectly. These direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions occur in many sectors of our economies. In this paper, we first present sector-specific estimates for such greenhouse gas emissions. We then show that estimates for such sector-specific greenhouse gas emissions are often required for various types of corporate as well as public policy analyses in both domestic and international contexts. Measuring greenhouse gas emissions resulting from firms' multi-stage production processes in a multi-sector context is relevant for policies related to the Kyoto protocol, an international agreement to limit global greenhouse gas emissions. For example, since the protocol allows firms to engage in trading and offsetting of their greenhouse gas emissions across national borders, provided that emissions are correctly measured, the firms can take advantage of such trading schemes by placing their energy-intensive production facilities globally and strategically. We present several case studies which illustrate the importance of this and other aspects of greenhouse gas emissions in firms' environmental management. We also argue that our modeling and estimation methods based on input-output analyses are suitable for the types of research goals we have in this paper. Our methods are applied to data for Canada and Japan in a variety of environmental management circumstances.     

Energy and environment scenarios for Senegal

In this paper, the energy and environmental dimensions of several proposed energy strategies for Senegal are explored. An analytical framework to compare the energy and measurable environmental impacts of a set of scenarios is developed, and the limitations of the quantitative approach are discussed. It is found that policies to promote substitution of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) for charcoal use in households may actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while also improving more important near-term environmental problems. Substitution of LPG for charcoal would not necessarily lead to a significant increase in Senegal's oil import bill, since other petroleum product usage will continue to dominate. Despite past industrial sector initiatives, considerable potential for energy efficiency investment remains, and presents additional opportunities for minimizing environmental impacts.     

Greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation nexus in the Economic Commission of West African States

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non-significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions’ effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions’ negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty.