废荧光灯的环境污染对策探讨

废荧光灯管中的有害物质如果处置不当,会对人体健康和环境造成危害。目前国内大部分废荧光灯管未得到无害化处置,主要在指定的法规、有效的政策以及完善的运营机制方面存在很多弊端,应引起社会各界的关注和政府部门的重视。本文结合国内外废荧光灯管回收处置现状,针对存在的问题,提出源头控制、分类收集、多渠道回收、建立资金及资金补贴机制以及技术手段措施,为从根本上解决废旧灯管回收难的问题,并探索社会源危险废物的管理提供对策建议。     

浅谈另类生活垃圾的处理问题

随着社会文明的高速发展，越来越多的高科技新兴产品渗入人们的生活，带给人们更多的方便和享受，从而也使城市生活垃圾结构发生了很大的改变，废电池、废电冰箱、废电脑等家用电器及其废物的另类生活垃圾成为今天新的环境问题。另类生活垃圾成份复杂，对环境产生的影响大、影响时间长、回收价值高，在发达国家已建立了较完善的管理和处置系统，我国在这方面的工作刚刚起步。本文就国外另类生活垃圾的处理及我省的处理处置情况及规划设想进行了介绍。     

无害化前提下的低成本化是生活垃圾管理的核心目标

正我国需建立基于"四化"目标的生活垃圾管理新模式,通过调整责任部门、强制源头分类与计量收费、市场化改革、信息公开等改革走上垃圾分类、物质循环的可持续发展之路。我国垃圾分类收效甚微,城市生活垃圾清运量从2004年的1.55亿吨增长至2015年的1.91亿吨,年均增速2%,城市发展落入大量生产、大量消费、大量焚烧和填埋、污染环境的陷阱,生活垃圾管理社会成本高昂。因此,除了传统的无害化、减量化、     

基于结构方程的大学生垃圾分类行为研究

以我国某城市高校大学生为问卷调查对象,采用结构方程模型分析法探讨了大学生生活垃圾源头分类行为的影响因素。结果表明,主观规范、政策宣传、情景因素是对大学生垃圾分类行为影响最大的3个潜变量,社会责任、公众宣传、政策规范是影响大学生生活垃圾源头分类最显著的因素。为推动高校垃圾分类工作的实施与发展,对社会和高校提出了加强培育大学生社会责任感,推进法规政策建设与宣传,完善垃圾分类配套设施等建议。     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。     

我国垃圾分类管理法律制度的完善

我国每年产生的垃圾居世界前列,尽管出台了一系列相关的法律法规,也开展了生活垃圾分类试点工作,但成效甚微。我国城市垃圾分类存在的主要问题在于法律法规体系不健全、垃圾分类主体责任不明确、忽视末端分类治理、垃圾分类意识不强等。完善垃圾分类管理,应当完善法律法规体系、明确垃圾分类主体责任、构建垃圾分类处理完整链条、加强宣传教育等,以此进一步推行垃圾分类制度。     

我国生活垃圾无害化向减量化处理处置转换路径探析

对比发达国家与发展中国家生活垃圾减量化处理处置经验，本文运用制度分析、统计分析等手段探究我国即将经历的生活垃圾减量化处理处置阶段转换问题。研究发现：①以政府公共投资和无害化处理处置为主要特征的生活垃圾处理处置I阶段解决垃圾围城的方式行将结束，减量化程度逐渐提高和社会资本的进入是II阶段的主要表现形式。②从我国生活垃圾处理处置的发展脉络看，促使I阶段向II阶段转化的主导因素包括城市化速度的加快、国家供给侧结构性改革促使源头减量和公共财政投入向市场投入转化等。③考虑到我国各地生活垃圾处理处置和经济发展实际，应改变现有生活垃圾处理处置管理体系，确立企业的源头减量主体地位；提高生活垃圾分类回收比例，改善中端减量化效率；以无废城市建设为契机，推进生活垃圾全域减量；重塑经济与发展的联系，借助市场化力量推进资源与经济增长联系从数量关系向强价格关系转化。     

全国范围内普遍推行垃圾分类制度的思考

普遍推行垃圾分类制度关系人民群众生活环境改善和美丽中国建设。先分析了我国垃圾分类现状,指出我国现在全面推行垃圾分类制度所面临的问题,最后提出了相应的对策建议:强化生活垃圾分类顶层设计、加强垃圾分类体系和资源回收体系的协调管理、建立多层次激励约束机制,做强源头分类、完善垃圾分类管理系统、完善法律法规标准体系等5个方面,以加快构建适合我国国情的现代化生活垃圾分类和资源回收体系。     

我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。     

垃圾分类新政下的环境教育案例研究与思考

<正>本文以环境教育方式的有效性研究为切入点,结合近年来国内外垃圾分类政策推进中的环境教育典型案例,探索解决公众普遍存在的实际行动与认知程度差异问题。2016年6月,国家发展改革委、住建部向社会发布《垃圾强制分类制度方案(征求意见稿)》并于2017年正式出台《生活垃圾分类实施方案》,提出垃圾强制分类的目标、任务和要求,表明我国政府大力推进垃圾分类的决心。随着工作的深入推进,垃圾分类的可操作性、受众心理接受情况等成为舆论热议焦点,本文通过梳理国内外环境教育案     

Waste Management in Guangdong Cities: The Waste Management Literacy and Waste Reduction Preferences of Domestic Waste Generators

A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2002 on 1365 households in two prefectural-level cities in the Pearl River Delta, Jiangmen and Zhongshan. Three groups of issues are covered in this paper: 1) waste management literacy, concerns, and public participation; 2) waste recycling practices and the potential for waste avoidance; and 3) public environmental literacy. This study confirms findings from previous surveys and provides new information on important issues such as imposing monetary charges on waste and environmental activities, littering, source separation programs (SSPs), and public participation and expectations in local waste management. Saving up recyclable materials for redemption in waste depots is commonly practiced in mainland China regardless of the level of development of a city, although at the household level, high-income families tend to place less value on the revenues to be gained from redemption than lower income groups do. Data from the previous and the present studies indicate that such voluntary but largely economically driven waste recovery behavior diverts at least 10% of the household waste from the waste stream. Although uncompensated SSP is less appealing in the two cities than compensated SSP, it was found that when the median per capita income of a city reaches RMB2000 per month, a high participation rate for uncompensated waste recovery is more likely to occur. Education and income levels are the chief factors affecting littering behavior and the potential for waste avoidance. Contrary to general belief, the local Chinese community is active in microwaste management. The concern, however, is over the inability of the grassroots bureaucracy to deal with rising expectations for waste collection services and neighborhood cleanliness.     

含汞废弃荧光灯管处理现状及分析

废弃荧光灯管中含有金属汞,属于《国家危险废物名录》中的HW29含汞废物类,随意处置会破坏环境,危害人类健康,因此必须采取合理的方法对其进行处理。综合比较后发现资源化、无害化回收金属汞是最佳的处理方法。部分发达国家通过法律和技术手段的加强实现了对废弃荧光灯管的无害化回收处理,但我国在这方面的工作尚且不足,主要存在着灯管收集难、处理成本高等问题。因此,我国需要借鉴国外的管理经验,出台有效的法规措施,同时需要不断完善处理技术和大型工程建设。在我国节能减排和环境保护形势日益严峻的大环境下,辅之以合理的管理体制和技术手段,才能实现社会效益和经济效益双赢的局面。     

A Successful Pilot Project of Decentralized Household Waste Management in Brazil

Summary Present municipal waste management paradigms in Brazil do not allow for flexible approaches to solving an extremely dynamic problem. This paper discusses the basic flaws in present thinking models of residents and municipal administrators. Fundamental arguments presented on municipal solid waste relate to nomenclature, destinations, definitions, logistics, social dynamics, social assistance programs, education and employment philosophies. In each case, the consequences of the stalemate are explained in terms of the unsustainable situation of constantly growing landfills. In sequence, a proactive thinking model is presented and explained that has the potential of drastically reducing landfill size. It is called Municipal Transit Material Processing. The model has been tested successfully in small communities and is now available for scale-up. The landfill diversion achieved stands at 62% of household waste in comparison with 15% theoretically possible in Brazil with selective collection models. Although of necessity the arguments apply directly to Brazil, the basic ideas behind the reasoning may be extrapolated to other Southern countries. The following simple example will illustrate to the reader the type of paradigm inversion the paper proposes to convey. The classical political slogan in Brazil is “get children out of garbage dumps”. The inversion proposed and explained is “do away with garbage dumps”.     

Towards a Zero Waste Strategy for an English Local Authority

Many developed countries are using a challenging Zero Waste concept to change current waste management practices to more sustainable methods of managing waste, including household waste. The concept includes waste prevention; high levels of recycling and recovery of all resources from waste; and behavioural change. This research provides a case study on the development of a Zero Waste Strategy (ZWS) for Charnwood Borough Council (CBC), an English Local Authority (LA), which has an established household waste management system.This paper describes the steps taken by the authors, together with CBC to devise and implement a ZWS. A series of focus groups were held involving elected members of the LA and members of the community. The aim was to identify the core aspects of environmental, operational and social demands in order to prioritise actions to be included in a draft ZWS. The draft underwent wider public consultation, which highlighted areas for revision, and following revision has been adopted by the LA. The ZWS takes into account local issues, local policies, alongside national strategies and legislation.Many of the options identified during this research complement each other and if used in combination may see large steps taken towards Zero Waste. This is difficult to achieve without a holistic approach to waste generation, collection, treatment and disposal. Key findings from this research are to switch the focus from recycling to reuse and waste prevention, alongside increasing education and behaviour change programmes for householders. Additionally, the potential value of separately collecting food waste, with a recognised high potential yield, must be explored to ensure meeting targets set in the ZWS and the requirements of the Landfill Directive.     

浅谈放射性废物的处理及处置

本文介绍了放射性废物的主要来源，综述了１０多年来，国内外对放射性废物采取的处理、处置方法，并介绍了关于我国中、低水平放射性废物的环境政策。     

高校生活垃圾分类回收及资源化探讨

本文通过对高校生活垃圾组成的调查，探讨了教学区、宿舍区、食堂等区域生活垃圾的分类回收模式，并对废纸、废塑料、废金属、废电池、餐厨垃圾等资源化利用的可行性进行了分析，建议通过加强宣传工作，健全管理机制，完善资源化市场体系等途径对高校生活垃圾进行分类回收及资源化。     

Survey of household waste composition and quantities in Abuja,Nigeria

Inadequate management of household solid waste is a serious problem in many developing cities. The study aimed to evaluate the quantities and composition of household solid waste generation in Abuja within different socioeconomic groups. The wastes from 74 households across different socioeconomic levels in Abuja were collected, weighted and classified on a daily basis for seven days in February 2012. The result showed that the average daily per capita household waste generation is 0.634 kg/capita/day. The characteristic of solid waste in Abuja are typical for the developing cities and dominated by organic waste. Households waste consisted of 63.6% organic waste, 9.7% paper, 8.7% plastics, 3.2% metal, 2.6% glass, 1.6% textile and 10.6% others (unclassified) and the bulk density was 240 kg/m³. The evaluation of relationship between income and daily per capita household waste generation showed a positive relationship. The study revealed a statistically significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in high-income group; a slight significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in medium income group and no statistically significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in low-income group.     

西部地区危险废物管理立法探讨

我国西部地区危险废物产生量大，处置贮存和综合利用情况不理想。但是，西部地区的立法无论是数量、层次以及内容等还有许多方面不能支持现实的管理工作，有待完善。本文在分析了西部地区危险废物立法不足的基础上，提出应当从加大对危险废物的地方立法，提高立法层次；丰富危险废物的立法内容；完善相关法律责任；增强激励措施这四个方面入手。     

成都市危险废物现状调查及污染控制对策研究

本文在对成都市危险废物产生及污染控制状况进行调查分析的基础上，结合国内外危险废物管理经验，提出了成都市危险废物控制的对策及建议。