电子仪器的散热设计

本文主要阐述了电子仪器的散热设计，在电子仪器内部任何元器件都是一个内部热源，当仪器工作时，内部的任何一个元器件的温度将升高。但是元器件是有一定的温度工作范围，特别是一些热敏元器件，若超过其极限温度，工作状态将要改变。所以说散热设计是电子仪器中一项非常重要的工作。     

电子仪器干扰与屏蔽

电子仪器设计、生产过程中,抗干扰问题是线路设计者和结构设计者同时会遇到的重要问题。本文主要阐述了在作为结构设计者怎么解决和抑制干扰问题。干扰来自仪器的内部和外部,一种仪器既可以受到自身的干扰,同时也可以干扰别的仪器。消除和减弱这些干扰,在线路设计中可用滤波器、去耦电路等等。而在结构设计上就要进行屏蔽设计,用屏蔽来消除干扰。     

文摘

▲《环境试验的基础》——《Electron.Test》1989,12(11),30～35(英):商用电子仪器制造商开始采用一度仅用于高可靠性军用和航空航天仪器的质量保证实践。然而制造商亦在寻找加速寿命和强化试验的途径,以支持电子仪器在商业上的大量销售。一台电子仪器的寿命有三个失效期。环境试验有两个基本目的:①加速发现早期寿命失效,这样,仪器可在稳定的失效期内送交到买主手中,在此场合失效期之间的平均时间较长;②揭露设计和制造的缺陷,使其获得改进。使用产品寿命的数学模型来加速早期失效,并对应力因素给予总的解决。     

废气采样中对仪器要求及问题的分析

本文对崂应3012型自动烟尘测试仪、Testo 350烟气分析仪的使用操作进行了概括介绍,阐述了在采样过程中仪器使用及维护中出现的问题及对监测结果的影响,结合实际工作,分析了影响因素,对问题进行了分析讨论,提出了解决的方法及仪器设备维护保养和注意事项。     

加强环保科学仪器管理

仪器是人类认识自然,改造自然强有力的技术工具。可以说任何一个时期科学技术的重大进展,总是与先进的实验仪器的诞生相关联。然而,切不能认为有了先进实验仪器就能为科学技术作出应有的贡献,还需具有相应的科学管理方法。仪器管理应包括仪器的购置、安装、调试、正常运转、任务安排、保养维护等方面的一系列计划安排和组织协调工作。仪器正常运转过程又包括仪器基本运转过程、辅助设备运转过程及技术准备过程和为分析服务的一切准备工作等。当前,环保系统有些部门管理素质较差,仪器管理工作相当薄弱。迅速提高仪器管理素质,改革仪器管理体制,是当前分析仪器工作亟待解决的问题。笔者建议:     

环境监测中仪器分析方法不确定度的评估(Ⅰ)

结合我国环境监测的实际情况，通过对环境监测中常用仪器分析方法中测量不确定度的评估，主要对环境监测中常用仪器分析方法不确定度的来源如称量、体积校准、温度波动、标准物质、化学试剂、摩尔质量、工作曲线、方法和仪器重复性、仪器显示和读数、数字修约等作一评述，并指出了环境监测中常用仪器分析方法测量不确定度的评估应注意解决的问题。     

仪器线路中噪声来源与控制方法

本文主要阐述了电子仪器线路的有源器件、无源器件的噪声和低噪声电路设计过程中元器件的选取原则,以及无噪声偏置放大器放大级方面的问题做了初步分析,并探讨出解决和控制噪声的方法。     

浅谈气相色谱仪的应用与日常维护

气相色谱仪是流程性工业中常见的分析仪器,被广泛用于分析精细的物质。它对气体物质或可以在一定温度下转化为气体的物质通过物性的不同进行检测分析。仪器在运行过程中有它特殊的环境适应性,所以在使用中需要对仪器进行必要的维护与保养。     

JY56光电直读光谱仪在铝及铝合金分析中的应用

文章介绍了JY56光电直读光谱仪在铝及铝合金分析中的应用 ,控制样品的选择和使用。围绕提高仪器的分析性能、分析准确度和分析速度采取的行之有效的方法 ;为保证仪器长时间连续地正常运行 ,快速、准确地配合炉前的在线分析所进行的工作 ,取得了满意的效果。     

浅谈对3012H型自动烟尘(气)采样仪的改进及规范操作

3012H型自动烟尘(气)采样仪是一种较为先进的烟尘(气)采样仪，由于仪器本身存在的不足和使用过程中的不规范操作，影响了测定数据的准确性，文章就此进行探讨并提出了解决办法。     

Facilitating substance phase‐out through material information systems and improving environmental impacts in the recycling stage of a product

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e‐waste ends up in regions with sub‐standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design‐for‐environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase‐outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing‐out substances; facilitating compliance of legal provisions for manufacturers of electrical and electronic devices; and improving the environmental footprint of products as they reach the end of the life cycle. After an introduction to the challenges of electronics waste management, this paper describes supply chain information systems and how they are used to facilitate substance phase‐outs in the electronics industry. Sony Ericsson has been working with phase‐outs of unwanted substances since it was founded in 2001. Through the introduction of a material declaration system that keeps track of all substances in the components used in the company's products, Sony Ericsson has been able to replace unwanted substances to improve environmental impacts at the recycling stage of a product.     

电子设备的电磁兼容性设计

电磁兼容性在电子设备中占有重要的地位,电磁干扰直接影响到电子设备能否正常、可靠的工作.为了提高电子设备的工作稳定性,必须解决电子设备在电磁环境中的适应能力,对电子设备进行电磁兼容性设计.     

电子设备的三防设计

在电子工业中,三防设计是指防潮湿、防盐雾、防霉菌设计,在我国南方和沿海地区使用的,尤其是在户外使用的电子设备必须具备三防设计才能保证其正常工作.本文对电子设备的三防设计作了一些介绍和探讨.     

紧缩试验方法及工程应用研究

本文通过大型电子系统可靠性试验设计方法,功能、性能参数、可靠性指标的相关性研究,提出了一种新型的基于大型电子系统小型化抽样试验的紧缩系统试验方法。并对该方法进行了工程应用研究与验证试验,证明了紧缩系统试验方法的实用性和科学性。     

A Framework for Geographically Sensitive and Efficient Recycling Networks

This paper has three primary objectives. First, it seeks to demonstrate that recycling is an important component of sustainable human systems, particularly in the case of electronics, where environmental impacts of disposal are potentially severe. Second, it presents a methodology that could be used to estimate the volumes of electronics or other consumer durable goods that are available for recycling. Third and last, it illustrates, through a case study of Atlanta focused on computers, that metropolitan areas may fruitfully be viewed as opportune centres from which to mine, recycle and reuse cast-off electronic goods. From an environmental and economic development policy perspective, doing so presents an important opportunity to provide new economic opportunities in the most distressed portions of metropolitan areas which have been disproportionately impacted by previous environmentally destructive industrialization practices.     

Global anthropogenic tellurium cycles for 1940–2010

Tellurium is increasingly used in solar photovoltaics in the form of cadmium–telluride (CdTe) thin films. There are concerns regarding whether tellurium availability could be a constraint on large-scale deployment of CdTe photovoltaics. The present work brings a new perspective to the discussion of tellurium availability by providing the first extant global tellurium cycles constructed with material flow analysis principles. The tellurium cycles, for 1940–2010, present information on the production, fabrication and manufacturing, use, and resource management stages during this period. The results of the analysis show that during 1940–2010 approximately 11 Gg of refined tellurium was produced. This represents about 4.5% of the tellurium that was extracted from the ground during copper mining. Almost 80% of the refined tellurium, 8.5 Gg, was dissipated into end-uses such as metallurgical additives to iron, steel, and nonferrous metals, and thereby lost to potential reuse. As of 2010, the in-use tellurium stock is estimated at 1.1 Gg, which mainly accumulated after 1990s with the increasing tellurium use in electronics, specifically photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. Because tellurium is a byproduct of copper ores, its supply can be enhanced by more attention to recovery during processing of the copper parent. Tellurium can also, in principle, be recovered from end-of-life electronics; the increasing in-use stock indicates the potential for significant end-of-life recycling in the coming decades.     

德国电子废弃物循环利用体系的调查与思考

德国主要电子废弃物冰箱、显像管和灯管的循环利用技术和体系以及现行的法律法规，对我国电子废弃物的循环利用具有借鉴意义，因而应尽快建立生活垃圾和电子废弃物分类收集体系，充分利用可回收资源。     

Infrared analysis for counterfeit electronic parts detection and supply chain validation

Within the electronics industry, counterfeit electronic components entering the supply chain have steadily become an increasing threat accounting for more than 8 % of global merchandise trade and an annual $600 billion enterprise. Currently, there are not many cost-effective and nonintrusive solutions for counterfeit detection of electronic parts. In this paper, the authors present a statistical approach for detecting counterfeit components based on infrared (IR) analysis by the use of independent component analysis (ICA). As a prominent higher-order statistical analysis technique, ICA is capable of extracting relevant features from IR data. The latest applications and the extended algorithms of ICA have been elucidated for the purposes of classification and identification of counterfeit electronic parts. The theoretical framework of ICA is presented along with extensive experimental results to illustrate its feature extraction function in counterfeit electronic parts detection.     

Patriotism as an Environmental Virtue

Define “patriotism” as love for one’s country and devotion to its well-being. This essay contends that patriotism thus defined is a virtue and that environmentalism is one of its most important manifestations. Patriotism, as devotion to particular places and people, can occur at various levels, from the local to the national. Knowing and caring about particular places and people and working to protect them is good for us and good for them and hence a good thing overall. Knowing and caring and working less on behalf of more remote places and people is also good, since it allows us to focus our efforts, act effectively, and do more good in the world. Philosophical analyses of patriotism by Alasdair MacIntyre and Martha Nussbaum are complemented by the more “down to earth” understanding of the virtue presented here. While patriotism’s dangers are undeniable, so are the dangers stemming from lack of patriotism. The proper answer to bad patriotism is not cosmopolitanism, but good patriotism: the kind illustrated by environmental activists.