放射性污染土壤修复方法概述及评价

核工业发展带来的放射性污染土壤问题对生态环境质量、食品安全、人体健康和社会经济持续发展构成的严重威胁已引起人们的高度重视。对现有放射性污染土壤修复方法做系统梳理,就原理、应用和主要优劣势作简要介绍和评述。同时,建立综合评价矩阵进行系统对比,以期为放射性污染土壤修复相关工作提供参考。     

新疆放射性废物库环境放射性现状调查

新疆放射性废物的库库区内，外环境放射性属正常本底水平，废物库运行期间未造成放射性污染。     

浅谈加强四川省放射性废物污染源管理的重要性

本文通过对四川省放射性的使用情况及23年里发生的放射性污染事故分析,论述了加强四川省放射性污染源管理的必要性。     

塔里木盆地石油勘探开发区域环境放射性分析

塔里木盆地石油勘探开发区域放射性调查结果表明，大气、水体、土壤中的天然环境放射性在正常本底水平，没有放射性污染。     

环境中的放射性污染及分类

人类的生产和生活活动使放射性物质进入了环境,造成了环境中的放射性污染。随着人类对放射性物质的发现,进而到原子能事业的发展(铀、钍矿的开采冶炼、核燃料的加工、核能的利用、放射性同位素在工业、农业、医疗、科研等方面的应用)和核试验的进行,从而增加了环境中的放射性成分(~(131)碘、~(89)锶、~(90)锶、~(137)铯等人工放射性核素等进入环境),产生了环境中的放射性污染问题。概括起来,环境中放射性污染问题有以下四个方面。     

浅谈重离子加速器应用放射性污染防治措施

针对重离子加速器运行过程中产生的各类放射性污染物,从辐射防护措施、放射性废物治理措施、辐射安全措施和辐射防护监测4个方面分别进行了放射性污染防治措施的讨论。得出只要严格实施了各项放射性污染防治措施的要求后,放射性工作人员及公众的人身安全是可以保证的,辐射区域周围的环境是安全的。同时,也为辐射环境管理提供了科学依据。     

放射性废金属熔炼去污分配系数研究

放射性污染金属熔炼去污后循环再利用是处理放射性污染金属的有效手段。为了确保熔炼污染物的排放符合国家标准,合理估算释放源项,需要对放射性废金属熔炼去污分配系数进行研究。经对国外金属熔炼设施的分配系数的比较、分析,推荐了一套适用于评价放射性废金属熔炼设施辐射影响采用的核素去污分配系数。     

对吉林省困难企业放射性废物（源）管理现状及安全管理对策

在全面调查吉林省困难企业放射性废物(源)管理现状的基础上，通过吉林省辐射环境管理部门近年来对放射性废物的管理经验，分析总结了一系列的放射性废物(源)收贮对策，以保证辐射环境安全，杜绝放射性污染事故的发生。     

日本福岛核事故对四川省辐射环境影响

2011年3月11日发生的日本福岛核电站核泄漏事故对四川省环境辐射本底的影响主要核素是气溶胶铯-134和铯-137;2011年~2013年的调查结果表明,四川省典型地区的环境介质、粮食和蔬菜中锶-90和铯137的放射性核素活度浓度均低于国家限制浓度值。日本福岛核电站核泄漏事故未对四川省大气环境、地表水、地下水、土壤及农作物和奶牛食物造成放射性污染,未对牛奶、水果、蔬菜、猪肉类、鱼类等省内居民食物产生放射性污染。     

植物修复技术在铀矿山放射性铀污染治理中的潜在应用

植物修复技术用于治理环境中的放射性污染，具有成本低廉、易于实施和对环境扰动小等突出优点，是近年来国内外有关研究的热点。本文简单介绍了植物修复的原理，系统地介绍了环境中铀污染的植物修复及影响修复效率的因素。分析了该技术应用于铀矿山放射性铀污染治理的可行性。     

关注室内放射性环境污染 保护公众健康

室内的各种放射性环境污染影响人类健康，本文通过对各种室内放射性环境污染的简要评述，让人们对室内放射性环境污染有科学认识，并提出一些对策。     

Does radioactive contamination affect the shell morphology of the pond snail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymnaea stagnalis</Emphasis> in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl NPP (Ukraine)?

A distinct external shell abnormality, coarse seam, was found in a high percentage of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) collected near Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), Ukraine. The negative cytogenetical and hematological effects of long-term irradiation on pond snails in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone have been repeatedly reported; consequently, it has been assumed that radioactivity may also affect shell morphology. However, due to the absence of this shell abnormality in pond snails collected from two radioactive sites in Russia, it can be concluded that the appearance of abnormal shells in snail population near Chernobyl NPP cannot directly be explained by the radioactive contamination.     

Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil

Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation-SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation-SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.     

Geographic information systems: a tool for strategic ground water quality management

Geographically‐related information is needed for several elements of an integrated ground water quality management programme, including ground water monitoring planning, prioritization of pollution sources, usage of permits and inspections for source control, and planning and completion of remedial actions. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) can be used to support these elements along with delineating wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), prioritizing existing contaminant sources and evaluating proposed changes in land usage in such areas. Eight case studies of the use of GISs in wellhead protection programmes are summarized, including examples from Rhode Island, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Massachusetts and Texas. Six additional examples are mentioned relative to the use of GISs for evaluating ground water pollution potential, facilitating data analysis for environmental restoration of a large area with numerous waste sites, evaluating trends in ground water nitrate contamination, establishing a national database for ground water vulnerability to agricultural chemicals, simulating water table altitudes from stream and drainage basin locations, and selecting radioactive waste dump sites. The applicability of GISs and their associated advantages in wellhead protection and other ground water management studies are demonstrated via the case studies. The GIS technology provides a unique opportunity for analysing and visualizing spatial data. Contaminant and source prioritization within WHPAs is needed for both extant conditions and in the evaluation of proposed land use changes. The coupling of a GIS with contaminant/source prioritization would provide a strategic tool which could be used to plan targeted ground water monitoring programmes, to identify appropriate management or mitigation measures, minimize introduction of contaminants from existing sources into the subsurface environment, and to evaluate the potential of proposed land use activities for causing ground water contamination. GISs can be useful in providing current information for policy makers, planners and managers engaged in ground water quality decision making.     

放射性固体废弃物浅地表处置场周围环境放射性水平分析

本文介绍了对某放射性固体废弃物浅地表处置场周围环境的终态和连续四年的放射性水平监测。发现该处置场在填埋放射性固体废弃物过程中未对周围环境造成放射性污染,并在四年时间内,该处置场还未出现放射性物质泄漏的情况     

Optimal Environmental Management Strategy and Implementation for Groundwater Contamination Prevention and Restoration

An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination, costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development. Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites. A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy.     

Radioactive materials in biosolids: national survey, dose modeling, and publicly owned treatment works (POTW) guidance

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) announced the availability of three new documents concerning radioactive materials in sewage sludge and ash from publicly owned treatment works (POTW). One of the documents is a report presenting the results of a volunteer survey of sewage sludge and ash samples provided by 313 POTWs. The second document is a dose modeling document, using multiple exposure pathway modeling focused on a series of generic scenarios, to track possible exposure of POTW workers and members of the general public to radioactivity from the sewage sludge or ash. The third document is a guidance report providing recommendations on the management of radioactivity in sewage sludge and ash for POTW owners and operators. This paper explains how radioactive materials enter POTWs, provides criteria for evaluating levels of radioactive material in sludge and ash, and gives a summary of the results of the survey and dose modeling efforts.     

某核设施退役产生的低放废物整备

为了对经多年暂存且受“5．12”地震影响的放射性废物包装体运输到国家规定处置场进行处置,需对待运输的放射性废物包装体进行整备以达到运输和暂存的要求,待整备的放射性废物采用符合标准要求的放射性废物整备工艺流程处理后,尤其是对放射性泥土和已损坏或变形严重的包装体采用自主研发的工艺进行整备后,放射性废物包装体达到了相关标准要求,满足了放射性物质安全运输规定和放射性废物体和废物包的特性鉴定要求,放射性废物整备运输后减轻了项目实施单位的废物暂存压力。     

MEASURING ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION: AN INVESTIGATION OF HOUSEHOLD AVOIDANCE COSTS1

ABSTRACT: Economic losses from ground water contamination were estimated in a central Pennsylvania community. The averting expenditures method was applied via a mail survey of households in which water contained the unregulated volatile organic chemical, perchloroethylene (PCE). Expenditures were estimated at $148,900 (1987 dollars) over the six-month contamination period or approximately $252 per household annually. These costs underestimate the lower bound measure of welfare losses to households from ground water contamination. An upper bound measure of welfare losses was estimated at $383 per household annually. These estimates do not represent the full economic losses resulting from ground water contamination since the study did not address municipal-level and business avoidance costs and losses from actual health effects, increased fear and anxiety, ecological damages, and nonuser ground water benefits. The results expand the existing empirical base of information about municipal-level responses and economic losses from ground water contamination to include household-level impacts. The findings indicate that households undertake substantial averting actions in response to ground water contamination and that such actions can have significant economic consequences. The extent and magnitude of avoidance costs documented suggests that policy-makers should give greater attention to this category of economic losses.     

Science, Policy, and Stakeholders: Developing a Consensus Science Plan for Amchitka Island, Aleutians, Alaska

With the ending of the Cold War, the US Department of Energy is responsible for the remediation of radioactive waste and disposal of land no longer needed for nuclear material production or related national security missions. The task of characterizing the hazards and risks from radionuclides is necessary for assuring the protection of health of humans and the environment. This is a particularly daunting task for those sites that had underground testing of nuclear weapons, where the radioactive contamination is currently inaccessible. Herein we report on the development of a Science Plan to characterize the physical and biological marine environment around Amchitka Island in the Aleutian chain of Alaska, where three underground nuclear tests were conducted (1965–1971). Information on the ecology, geology, and current radionuclide levels in biota, water, and sediment is necessary for evaluating possible current contamination and to serve as a baseline for developing a plan to ensure human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Other information required includes identifying the location of the salt water/fresh water interface where migration to the ocean might occur in the future and determining groundwater recharge balances, as well as assessing other physical/geological features of Amchitka near the test sites. The Science Plan is needed to address the confusing and conflicting information available to the public about radionuclide risks from underground nuclear blasts in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as well as the potential for volcanic or seismic activity to disrupt shot cavities or accelerate migration of radionuclides into the sea. Developing a Science Plan involved agreement among regulators and other stakeholders, assignment of the task to the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation, and development of a consensus Science Plan that dealt with contentious scientific issues. Involvement of the regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (U S Fish and Wildlife Service), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, and other stakeholders was essential for plan development and approval, although this created tensions because of the different objectives of each group. The complicated process of developing a Science Plan involved iterations and interactions with multiple agencies and organizations, scientists in several disciplines, regulators, and the participation of Aleut people in their home communities, as well as the general public. The importance of including all parties in all phases of the development of the Science Plan was critical to its acceptance by a broad range of regulators, agencies, resource trustees, Aleutian/Pribilof communities, and other stakeholders.