论地膜污染与防治对策

随着地膜覆盖栽培年限的延长，由于残膜回收率低，土壤中残膜量逐步增加，造成地膜污染。通过分析地膜污染对环境和农作物产生的危害，对回收残膜存在的问题，总结出了防治地膜污染的对策与措施。     

棉花地地膜残留及其对策的试验研究

种植地膜棉可提高产量,增加效益,已被人们所公认。但种植地膜棉地膜在土壤中的残留和污染,也引起人们所关注。为了了解喀什地区地膜在土壤中的残留和污染情况,我们在岳普湖县岳普湖镇对地膜棉地膜残留情况进行了调查。在调查中发现棉花地膜污染严重,当我们提出灌头水前揭膜措施时,不少乡镇领导耽心头水前揭膜会影响地温和土壤含水量,怕影响棉花产量。为此,我们在岳普湖县进行了棉花头水前揭膜与不揭膜对土壤温度、含水量和棉花产量影响的对比试验。现将试验研究结果简要初析如下,供领导指挥生产参考和同行探讨。l棉花地地膜残留调…     

农田塑料地膜污染及防治

分析了农田塑料地膜污染现状及残留对土壤产生的不良影响：降低土壤渗透性、减少土壤含水量、削弱耕地抗旱能力，造成农作物减产，破坏自然景观和造成环境污染。提出了防治措施：加强环保宣传教育，制定奖惩政策，加大残留地膜的回收力度；制定农膜残留和厚度标准；推广可降解塑料薄膜；采用适时揭膜技术；制定经济政策，加强残留地膜回收后的利用。     

新疆阿瓦提县废旧地膜回收利用研究

阿瓦提县地膜的过量使用使当地土壤环境逐渐恶化,严重污染了农村环境,并影响了农机作业质量的提高。通过分析2011年阿瓦提县地膜使用相关数据及地膜回收利用情况,提出了阿瓦提县地膜回收利用的优化对策:加大对"白色污染"危害性的宣传,提升广大农民群众的生态文明意识;发展废旧地膜回收利用企业,拓宽回收渠道;制定优惠政策,加大支持力度,促进废旧地膜回收利用;从农艺上防治和减少地膜残留;采取人工和机械回收相结合的措施,加大残留地膜回收力度。     

天津市农用地膜残留状况调查及影响因素分析

典型种植制度下农田地膜残留系数及地膜残留状况调查,是制定清洁生产技术规范、保障农田环境安全的基础。按照第一次全国污染源普查《农业污染源产排污系数测算实施方案》的要求,在天津市共计安排各类地膜残留现状监测点6个。结果表明：全市各监测点当季地膜残留系数在4.44%~14.80%之间,平均值为10.30%;农田土壤中地膜残留量平均值为33.69±12.18 kg.hm-2,低于60 kg.hm-2的全国平均水平。在几个典型种植制中,露地蔬菜种植类型残留量最高,达到了52.92±1.36 kg.hm-2;其次是西瓜种植类型,为39.96±2.27 kg.hm-2;春玉米种植类型也较高,为37.63±0.54 kg.hm-2;保护地蔬菜类型较低,为25.55±8.04 kg.hm-2;棉花种植类型的2个监测点也较低,但2个点之间略有差异分别为26.55±0.99 kg.hm-2和19.57±1.96 kg.hm-2;地膜铺设年限、当季地膜铺设量均对地膜残留量产生影响,年限越长、铺设量越大,地膜残留量也越大。而地膜厚度、地膜的规格、揭膜时间和方式等由于监测太少而差异不明显。     

吉林省主要覆膜作物地膜残留情况调查

通过文献调研、问卷调查和典型样点采集的方法对吉林省3种主要覆膜作物的地膜残留情况进行调查分析,结果表明：地膜残留量与覆膜年限、地膜回收方式以及种植作物种类密切相关。随覆膜时间的延长地膜残留量有增加的趋势。3种模式地膜残留量由高到低为：瓜菜模式〉玉米连作模式〉花生连作模式,连续覆膜10年,3种模式的地膜残留量分别为30、28.35 kg·hm^-2和15.9kg·hm^-2。以一级污染水平作为标准（75 kg·hm^-2）,覆膜量每年按75～150 kg·hm^-2、年残留率按1.2%～4.02%计,估算吉林省安全使用地膜的年限约为12～83年。     

降解菌DNEH-S1的室内模拟试验

农业生产中广泛使用的农药、地膜、化肥等农用化学品,造成多种有机物对土壤的复合污染。当有害物质过多,超过土壤的自净能力,就会引起土壤的组成、结构和功能发生变化,微生物活动受到抑制,有害物质或其分解产物在土壤中逐渐积累,并间接危害人体健康。邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类环境内分泌物质,作为农用塑料地膜中的增塑剂被大量使用,易从塑料地膜中释放而造成土壤污染。我国农田土壤普遍存在农药、PAEs等有机物复合污染,生物降解是削减土壤中有机污染物的重要途径。试验研究了降解菌DNEH-S1在土壤中对DEHP降解特性及土壤中养分的动态变化,探讨了典型有机物复合污染土壤生物降解技术的可行性。     

平安县农业环境污染现状及防治对策

文章分析了平安县农业环境的主导因素—土壤受废水、农药、化肥、地膜、畜禽粪便污染的现状,探讨了防治对策。     

浅谈酒泉市农业环境污染现状及防治对策

对酒泉市农业环境污染现状和成因进行了分析,并对农业环境问题进行了综述,提出了环境污染防治对策。研究指出,酒泉由于农药、化肥使用不合理,以及工业污水、畜禽粪便的随意排放和＂白色污染＂等农业废弃物的污染,导致水体、作物、大气和土壤的严重污染,影响人民群众的身体健康,因此,防治农村环境污染势在必行。     

微生物抗菌、降解有机磷农药研究进展

有机磷农药作为一种高效、广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,被广泛应用于防治粮食等经济作物害虫,以保护幼苗和作物生长。滥用农药造成的有机磷农药在环境中的残留量逐步上升,农药污染治理是当前环境科学研究的热点。微生物降解技术具有资源丰富、可原位修复污染场地、对环境污染小、成本低的优点,以生物修复作为理论基础的农药残留微生物降解技术是目前降低农产品和农业生产环境中农药残留的重要方法,在土壤和水体污染修复中应用前景广阔。首先对我国当前农药使用情况进行简单介绍,在此基础上概述了现今对于微生物抑制植物病害以及可降解有机磷农药微生物的研究成果,并对海洋微生物的生理特性、抗菌效能进行了论述。根据目前的研究进展,提出了今后重点研究内容,为筛选出高效的拮抗菌、降解菌提供理论基础。     

农用化学物资对土壤的污染状况与控制措施

随着现代化学农业的兴起与发展,不可避免地给环境造成污染。结合目前研究进展,主要从化肥、农药、地膜三方面入手,论述现代农业生产实践中,农用化学物资对重要的自然资源—土壤的污染状况及控制措施     

合理施肥与农业的可持续性发展初探

合理施肥可以提高作物产量和品质,降低农业生产成本,增加农民收入,减少环境污染;但是,在我国农业发展过程中,农民施用化肥时存在化肥的过量施用、化肥的错误选用以及化肥施用方法不科学等问题;不合理施肥引发了水污染、大气污染和土壤污染。从农业可持续性发展的角度,提出了根据作物性质选择合适肥料,测定土壤性质,根据土壤性质选择合适的肥料,采取科学的方法施肥等建议。     

四川省农业生产环境压力分析

研究主要采用产排污系数法,分析了2012年四川省农业投入品使用量及残留量,以及主要农业残留物产量,以咨环境管理参考。结果发现,四川全省化肥施用强度、农药使用强度和农用塑料薄膜残留量较大,化肥施用强度超标;年末作物秸秆产量3504.2万吨,焚烧(焚烧比20%)排放的细颗粒物质和总悬浮颗粒物超过4.0万吨;主要粪便污染物是COD与总氮,粪肥年施氮量及总磷均超过还田限值。农业稳定增产条件下,农业环境压力将持续增加。     

沼渣连续施用对土壤微生物量碳、氮剖面分布的影响

通过"棉花+小麦"轮作施用沼渣的定位试验,研究不同年限的沼渣施用对土壤剖面微生物量C、N(MBC、MBN)分布特征的影响。结果表明:在0~50cm剖面上,施用沼渣1年对0~30cm土壤的MBC、MBN影响较大,能显著提高30~40cm土层土壤MBC、MBN的含量,施用沼渣5年时对40~50cm土层MBC、MBN无明显影响。土壤MBC、MBN含量总体随施用沼渣年限的延长而增加,各土层MBC、MBN含量增幅随着施用年限的延长呈现不同趋势。施用沼渣1年,耕层土壤的MBC/MBN值较习惯耕作增加,施用沼渣3年后,其值呈降低趋势。各土层的MBC/TOC、MBN/TN和MBC的变化趋势基本一致,总体随着沼渣施用年限的延长而增加。针对"棉花+小麦"轮作模式,持续施用沼渣3年更有利于改善0~40cm土层土壤肥力。     

菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系重金属污染及迁移特征评价

为研究抗生素制药菌渣施肥对土壤—作物体系中重金属的污染及迁移特征的影响,选取新疆伊宁县某试验田作为研究对象,运用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价抗生素施加后农田土壤重金属污染状况,采用富集系数(BCF)来表示重金属在土壤—作物体系间的迁移性能。研究表明:大豆和玉米在苗期、开花期和成熟期所有地块的重金属含量均达到标准值,土壤未受到重金属污染,在成熟期,Cu、Cr、Ni更容易在大豆作物中富集,而Zn更易在玉米中富集。研究成果可为抗生素制药菌渣肥的安全利用提供科学依据。     

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO₃‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO₃‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO₃‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.     

Impact of genetically modified crops and their management on soil microbially mediated plant nutrient transformations

One of the potential environmental effects of the recent rapid increase in the global agricultural area cultivated with transgenic crops is a change in soil microbially mediated processes and functions. Among the many essential functions of soil biota are soil organic matter decomposition, nutrient mineralization and immobilization, oxidation-reduction reactions, biological N fixation, and solubilization. However, relatively little research has examined the direct and indirect effects of transgenic crops and their management on microbially mediated nutrient transformations in soils. The objectives of this paper are to review the available literature related to the environmental effects of transgenic crops and their management on soil microbially mediated nutrient transformations, and to consider soil properties and climatic factors that may affect the impact of transgenic crops on these processes. Targeted genetic traits for improved plant nutrition include greater plant tolerance to low Fe availability in alkaline soils, enhanced acquisition of soil inorganic and organic P, and increased assimilation of soil N. Among the potential direct effects of transgenic crops and their management are changes in soil microbial activity due to differences in the amount and composition of root exudates, changes in microbial functions resulting from gene transfer from the transgenic crop, and alteration in microbial populations because of the effects of management practices for transgenic crops, such as pesticide applications, tillage, and application of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources. Possible indirect effects of transgenic crops, including changes in the fate of transgenic crop residues and alterations in land use and rates of soil erosion, deserve further study. Despite widespread public concern, no conclusive evidence has yet been presented that currently released transgenic crops, including both herbicide and pest resistant crops, are causing significant direct effects on stimulating or suppressing soil nutrient transformations in field environments. Further consideration of the effects of a wide range of soil properties, including the amount of clay and its mineralogy, pH, soil structure, and soil organic matter, and variations in climatic conditions, under which transgenic crops may be grown, is needed in evaluating the impact of transgenic crops on soil nutrient transformations. Future environmental evaluation of the impact of the diverse transgenic crops under development could lead to an improved understanding of soil biological functions and processes.