土壤石油类污染物强化生物修复技术研究进展

通过对石油类污染土壤的危害进行分析,指出生物修复技术是土壤石油类污染去除的重要手段。由于石油类污染物组成的复杂性及难降解性,高效降解微生物的富集、驯化,特别是基于多种生物协同共生的高效降解菌群的构建,是实现强化生物修复的重要途径。降解过程中污染物种类及理化性质、温度和pH值、电子受体、营养元素等都对污染物的降解产生较大的影响。     

EHC原位生物化学修复地下水技术

<正>由北京宜为凯姆环境技术有限公司开发的EHC原位生物化学修复地下水技术,适用于饱和层地下水和土壤的原位修复,可处理的有机污染物包括含氯溶剂、氯苯、有机炸药、大多数农药、卤代烷和硝酸盐等。主要技术内容一、基本原理EHC药剂由缓释碳源、强还原性矿物质和营养物质组成,协同化学还原和厌氧生物修复机理降解地下水中     

油田特征污染物在包气带中的迁移规律

应用HJ 964—2018《环境影响评价技术导则土壤环境(试行)》中推荐的预测模型,对油田特征污染物-石油烃在包气带中的迁移建立了数学模型,预测石油烃在包气带中的垂直迁移,计算得出当石油烃进入包气带后,经约4 d迁移至地下34 cm(N2),20 d达到峰值浓度;38 d迁移至地下450 cm(N6),140 d达到浓度峰值。为油田日常的环保管理和污染防治措施提供了有力的技术支持。     

SBQ生物处理污水技术

正由河南省豫源清生物科技工程有限公司开发的SBQ生物处理污水技术,适用于城市污水和工业污水处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理活化后的SBQ微生物在特定酶的催化作用下,迅速附着于惰性高分子生物膜载体上,形成高活性的SBQ生物膜。经微孔曝气使微生物与污染物充分接触,通过一系列生物化学作用,将污染物迅速降解,达到净化水的目的。二、技术关键微生物种类的选择、培养、激活,选择适宜微生物生活的环境和营养条件。     

对铁碳处理硝基酚废水的研究

铁碳降解水中难降解有机污染物的影响因素、最佳工艺参数及处理效果;初步探讨了氧化降解污染物的作用机理;通过分析污染物降解的中间产物,提出了污染物降解的可能途径.探讨了pH、铁碳用量、温度以及锰矿物的粒径等对处理效果的影响,在最佳的工艺条件下,CODCr的去除率达到95%以上,TOC测定表明：大部分硝基酚被氧化降解为H2O和CO2.对硝基酚的降解途径主要是微电解将对硝基酚还原为对氨基酚,对氨基酚在酸性条件下被软锰矿氧化为H2O和CO2做探索性研究.     

污染物在包气带中迁移的HYDRUS-1D预测模型——以某焦化项目为例

以某地区焦化项目为研究对象,根据工程分析结果,利用HYDRUS-1D软件构建该项目酚氰废水处理站调节池渗漏液中典型的污染物挥发酚在包气带中的运移模型,预测挥发酚在包气带中的垂直迁移,计算出挥发酚通过包气带到达地下水面的时间和浓度值,为项目的地下水溶质运移的数值模拟预测提供起始时间和初始浓度值,同时为建设项目地下水污染源强和污染场地修复治理等环境保护工程提供有力的帮助。     

油污土壤的生物处理技术及其影响因素分析

生物处理技术可以用于转化和去除土壤中的石油类污染物,微生物对油污土壤产生降解作用,其降解的最终产物是CO2和水,不产生二次污染。重点分析了影响微生物降解的主要因素,包括pH值、温度、湿度、供氧情况、营养素、表面活性剂加入量、油污染强度,论述了各种影响因素的调整和控制方法。     

油污土壤生物修复实验研究

为了有效预防和治理因石油开采、运输等造成的土壤污染,对大庆地区油污土壤进行了生物修复的实验研究,通过室内盆栽模拟实验,对芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的石油类污染物总含量、石油烃类组分浓度、非烃组分浓度进行了测定。结果表明,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物具有比较明显的降解作用,可以使被污染土壤中的某些油污成分逐渐被选择性消耗。实验还可看出,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物中正构烷烃的降解能力高于非正构烃。总体看,芦苇对石油类污染物的降解能力强于香蒲,但芦苇对非正构烃的降解能力略逊于香蒲。     

用酶类生物促进剂-生物包治理农村污水

针对农村无序排放污水的特性,采用地埋式融生物接触氧化过程和水生植物净化为一体的“生物包”技术进行原位处理,并利用酶类生物促进剂提高微生物的活性增强其降解能力。实际应用结果表明,在酶类生物促进剂的作用下,当“生物包”驯化挂膜成熟后,对无序排入污水中的主要污染物有着相当高的去除效率,分别达到COD90．2％、BOD93．9％、氨氮97．2％、总磷89．7％。在适度引入10％的水生植物时,可进一步增强水体中磷的去除率。     

用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术

由北京伊普国际水务有限公司开发的用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术,适用于有机工业废水的回用。主要技术内容一、基本原理膜生物反应器技术是将膜分离技术与生物处理技术结合起来而开发的一种新型水处理技术,它由微滤膜组件和生物反应器组成。在分离膜生物反应器中,活性污泥对污染物进行高效降解处理,膜组件的作用相当于常规生物处理中的二沉池,用以将污泥混合液和已净化的水通过微滤膜过滤实现固液分离,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用     

Transport and degradation of toluene and o-xylene in an unsaturated soil with dipping sedimentary layers

A lysimeter trench was established at the Gardermoen delta (50 km north of Oslo, Norway) to study the flow of water and transport and degradation of aromatic jet fuel components (toluene and o-xylene) in the undisturbed unsaturated zone. Site investigations with ground-penetrating radar revealed the presence of dipping sedimentary layers within the foreset unit. This study has shown that the foreset bed of the Gardermoen delta structure provided a preferential flow path for the transport of the solute plumes, but did not have dramatic effects on the degradation potential under the current conditions. The degradation potential for toluene and o-xylene in the unsaturated zone at Gardermoen was very high and almost all of the injected hydrocarbons were biodegraded before reaching the saturated zone. However, the horizontal displacement of the plume showed that knowledge about sedimentary structures in the unsaturated zone is important for a sufficient monitoring of contaminant transport and for remediation purposes. Carbon dioxide and O2 were measured in situ simultaneously with extraction of water samples, and indicated aerobic biodegradation of toluene and o-xylene. Overall, first-order degradation coefficients were calculated to be in the range of 0.19 to 0.21 d(-1) and 0.10 to 0.11 d(-1) for toluene and o-xylene, respectively.     

河流污染带特征参数预测模型及其软件化研究

本文建立了连续点源和瞬时点源两种常见排污工况下河流污染带的特征参数预测模型，模型预测的污染带特征参数包括污染物达到全断面均匀混合的距离、污染带最大长度、最大宽度及其出现的位置、污染带面积等，并能利用污染带的特征参数反演推算允许排污量和削减量。模型所用方法简便易行，且具有较高精度，可用于常规连续排污和突发事故排污情况下的河流污染带预测。在此基础上，研制开发了河流污染带特征参数预测系统（RPZS），方便实用。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONCEPTUALIZATION IN THE HSPF‐MODFLOW INTEGRATED MODELS1

In 1988, the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR) funded project to develop an advanced hydrologic model for shallow water table systems. The FIPR hydrologic model (FHM) was developed to provide an improved predictive capability of the interactions of surface water and ground water using its component models, HSPF and MODFLOW. The Integrated Surface and Ground Water (ISGW) model was developed from an early version of FHM and the two models were developed relatively independently in the late 1990s. Hydrologic processes including precipitation, interception, evapotranspiration, runoff, recharge, streamflow, and base flow are explicitly accounted for in both models. Considerable review of FHM and ISGW and their applications occurred through a series of projects. One model evolved, known as the Integrated Hydrological Model IHM. This model more appropriately describes hydrologic processes, including evapotranspiration fluxes within small distributed land‐based discretization. There is a significant departure of many IHM algorithms from FHM and ISGW, especially for soil water and evapotranspiration (ET). In this paper, the ET concepts in FHM, ISGW, and IHM will be presented. The paper also identifies the advantages and data costs of the improved methods. In FHM and IHM, ground water ET algorithms of the MODFLOW ET package replace those of HSPF (ISGW used a different model for ground water ET). However, IHM builds on an improved understanding and characterization of ET partitioning between surface storages, vadose zone storage, and saturated ground water storage. The IHM considers evaporative flux from surface sources, proximity of the water table to land surface, relative moisture condition of the unsaturated zone, thickness of the capillary zone, thickness of the root zone, and relative plant cover density. The improvements provide a smooth transition to satisfy ET demand between the vadose zone and deeper saturated ground water. While the IHM approach provides a more sound representation of the actual soil profile than FHM, and has shown promise at reproducing soil moisture and water table fluctuations as well as field measured ET rates, more rigorous testing is necessary to understand the robustness and/or limitations of this methodology.     

Pesticide fate and transport throughout unsaturated zones in five agricultural settings, USA

Pesticide transport through the unsaturated zone is a function of chemical and soil characteristics, application, and water recharge rate. The fate and transport of 82 pesticides and degradates were investigated at five different agricultural sites. Atrazine and metolachlor, as well as several of the degradates of atrazine, metolachlor, acetochlor, and alachlor, were frequently detected in soil water during the 2004 growing season, and degradates were generally more abundant than parent compounds. Metolachlor and atrazine were applied at a Nebraska site the same year as sampling, and focused recharge coupled with the short time since application resulted in their movement in the unsaturated zone 9 m below the surface. At other sites where the herbicides were applied 1 to 2 yr before sampling, only degradates were found in soil water. Transformations of herbicides were evident with depth and during the 4-mo sampling time and reflected the faster degradation of metolachlor oxanilic acid and persistence of metolachor ethanesulfonic acid. The fraction of metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid relative to metolachlor and metolachlor oxanilic acid increased from 0.3 to >0.9 at a site in Maryland where the unsaturated zone was 5 m deep and from 0.3 to 0.5 at the shallowest depth. The flux of pesticide degradates from the deepest sites to the shallow ground water was greatest (3.0-4.9 micromol m(-2) yr(-1)) where upland recharge or focused flow moved the most water through the unsaturated zone. Flux estimates based on estimated recharge rates and measured concentrations were in agreement with fluxes estimated using an unsaturated-zone computer model (LEACHM).     

Physical and Temporal Isolation of Mountain Headwater Streams in the Western Mojave Desert,Southern California1

Abstract: Streams draining mountain headwater areas of the western Mojave Desert are commonly physically isolated from downstream hydrologic systems such as springs, playa lakes, wetlands, or larger streams and rivers by stream reaches that are dry much of the time. The physical isolation of surface flow in these streams may be broken for brief periods after rainfall or snowmelt when runoff is sufficient to allow flow along the entire stream reach. Despite the physical isolation of surface flow in these streams, they are an integral part of the hydrologic cycle. Water infiltrated from headwater streams moves through the unsaturated zone to recharge the underlying ground‐water system and eventually discharges to support springs, streamflow, isolated wetlands, or native vegetation. Water movement through thick unsaturated zones may require several hundred years and subsequent movement through the underlying ground‐water systems may require many thousands of years – contributing to the temporal isolation of mountain headwater streams.     

BSFCOR反应器对城市污水的净化特性试验研究

BSFCOR反应器是一种新型的生物接触氧化法反应器，简要介绍该反应器的一些特点，包括反应器在水力流态、生物相、填料的特点和其对抗冲击负荷，对抗毒性负荷以及对温度和pH值变化的适应能力，实验结果表明：BSFCOR反应器是一种非常值得推广的反应器。     

Microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium under vadose zone conditions

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common contaminant associated with nuclear reactors and fuel processing. Improper disposal at facilities in and and semiarid regions has contaminated underlying vadose zones and aquifers. The objectives of this study were to assess the potential for immobilizing Cr(VI) using a native microbial community to reduce soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) under conditions similar to those in the vadose zone, and to evaluate the potential for enhancing biological Cr(VI) reduction through nutrient addition. Batch microcosm and unsaturated flow column experiments were performed. Native microbial communities in subsurface sediments with no prior Cr(VI) exposure were shown to be capable of Cr(VI) reduction. In both the batch and column experiments, Cr(VI) reduction and loss from the aqueous phase were enhanced by adding high levels of both nitrate (NO3-) and organic C (molasses). Nutrient amendments resulted in up to 87% reduction of the initial 67 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) in an unsaturated batch experiment. Molasses and nitrate additions to 15 cm long unsaturated flow columns receiving 65 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) resulted in microbially mediated reduction and immobilization of 10% of the Cr during a 45-d experiment. All of the immobilized Cr was in the form of Cr(III), as shown by XANES analysis. This suggests that biostimulation of microbial Cr(VI) reduction in vadose zones by nutrient amendment is a promising strategy, and that immobilization of close to 100% of Cr contamination could be achieved in a thick vadose zone with longer flow paths and longer contact times than in this experiment.     

Combining steam injection with hydraulic fracturing for the in situ remediation of the unsaturated zone of a fractured soil polluted by jet fuel

A steam injection pilot-scale experiment was performed on the unsaturated zone of a strongly heterogeneous fractured soil contaminated by jet fuel. Before the treatment, the soil was stimulated by creating sub-horizontal sand-filled hydraulic fractures at three depths. The steam was injected through one hydraulic fracture and gas/water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was extracted from the remaining fractures by applying a vacuum to extraction wells. The injection strategy was designed to maximize the heat delivery over the entire cell (10 m × 10 m × 5 m). The soil temperature profile, the recovered NAPL, the extracted water, and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the gas phase were monitored during the field test. GC-MS chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples allowed for the quantitative assessment of the remediation efficiency. The growth of the heat front followed the configuration of hydraulic fractures. The average concentration of total hydrocarbons (g/kg of soil) was reduced by ～ 43% in the upper target zone (depth = 1.5-3.9 m) and by ～ 72% over the entire zone (depth = 1.5-5.5 m). The total NAPL mass removal based on gas and liquid stream measurements and the free-NAPL product were almost 30% and 2%, respectively, of those estimated from chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples. The dominant mechanisms of soil remediation was the vaporization of jet fuel compounds at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points (steam distillation) enhanced by the ventilation of porous matrix due to the forced convective flow of air. In addition, the significant reduction of the NAPL mass in the less-heated deeper zone may be attributed to the counter-current imbibition of condensed water from natural fractures into the porous matrix and the gravity drainage associated with seasonal fluctuations of the water table.     

石油烃降解菌在高温高盐环境中的生理特性及应用潜力

分析了石油烃降解菌的生理特性及耐温、耐盐机制,介绍了国内外在高温高盐含油污水生物处理以及在高温高盐油藏的微生物采油方面应用石油烃降解菌方面的研究进展。国内外的研究结果表明,微生物在高温(地温120℃)、高矿化度(10×104mg／L)的油藏条件下,仍能保持较高的存活率,增油效果较好。