海滨森林美如画

正江苏盐城东台黄海海滨国家森林公园位于东台市沿海经济开发区内,前身是1965年成立的东台市国有林场,2004年被批准为省级黄海森林公园,是国家沿海防护重点建设基地和国家生态公益林基地,2015年底成功创建国家级黄海海滨森林公园,现已建成国家4A级旅游景区和省级旅游度假区。公园总面积6.8万亩,其中海林景区4.2万亩,海滨景区2.6万亩,森林覆盖率达90%,是盐城东南部的一道绿色屏障。     

褐潮对秦皇岛近海养殖业的危害及其防治对策

自2009年以来,秦皇岛近海连续六年暴发褐潮灾害,给当地贝类养殖业造成了巨大的损失。立足于秦皇岛市近海养殖现状,从褐潮发生特征入手,分析得出陆源污染的输入、港口经济的发展、养殖生态的破坏等是造成褐潮持续暴发的主要原因,提出加强污物排放管理、规范海洋工程作业、改造近海养殖生态、完善监测预警体系、优化应急处理方法和加大民众参与力度等防治褐潮的对策。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及防治对策研究

海水入侵是一种严重的地质灾害,它可引起机井报废、土壤盐渍化、地下管线腐蚀等一系列生态环境问题。秦皇岛市自20世纪80年代开始,在沿海的石河、汤河、洋河、戴河等入海口以及昌黎县、抚宁县灌区,先后发生了海水入侵现象,且有范围越来越广、程度越来越重的趋势,给当地工农业生产带来了巨大影响。通过分析秦皇岛市海水入侵的原因,提出修建沿海防护工程是治理海水入侵的有效措施,合理开采地下水、节约用水、进行污水和雨水资源化、海水淡化等减少淡水开采或补充地下淡水层是解决海水入侵的根本措施。     

海阳市潮间带底栖动物生态调查

沿海地区经济的飞速发展给海洋生态保护带来了巨大压力,只有树立海洋生态文明意识,以生态友好、环境友好方式开发使用海域,才能确保海域利用的生态安全。在当今世界资源与能源消耗量日益增长的背景下,海洋作为地球上的最后疆界,已成为人类发展赖以生存的最终空间和资源宝库。近年来,沿海地区经济的飞速发展给海洋生态保护带来了巨大压力,加强海洋生态的基础调查,摸清海岸资源和生态环境状     

景洪市：山乡崛起绿色希望

生态创建处处开花结果，在神州大地吹遍绿色潮，云南景测辱生态创建和经济发展有机结合，走出一条双赢之路，成为生态创建的又一成功范例。     

创造良好的水源环境 实现农业可持续发展

承德市近年来河水径流量急剧减少,地下水位下降,春、伏旱发生频率高,严重影响粮食等农作物的生产安全,经常出现人、畜饮用水困难,同时也影响着京、津地区供水的问题。对滦、潮、辽三大河系从源头抓起,提出在该流域内以工程治理和生态措施相结合的方法,从根本上改善水域生态环境和补充水源的问题,达到集雨、聚流、蓄水积源、缓渗细流补充地下水良性循环的目的。     

大树进城面面观

轰轰烈烈"大树进城"潮建设"森林型生态城市"是发达国家20世纪60年代提出的主张,其目的是呼吁人与自然和谐相处。近年来,上海等一些大城市也相继走建设"森林型生态城市" 这条路,加快城市绿化步伐,移植了数量可观的大树、古树进城。接下来,很多大中城市争相效仿,全     

中国滨海城镇化：空间模式、生态效应与管治策略

改革开放以来,我国滨海城镇化进程不断加快,呈现环湾型、陆岛型、新城型等空间模式,造成的生态效应错综复杂.新近颁布的《国家新型城镇化规划》进一步明确将沿海地区作为城镇化战略格局的重要轴线,生态效应更应得到高度关注.对此,完善生态管治是规避生态风险、应对生态问题的关键举措,要从加强滨海生态过程的链式管治、优化滨海城乡规划的综合效应、促进滨海多元主体的协同共治等方面着力推进,为我国沿海城市新型城镇化与陆海统筹战略的深入推进夯实基础.     

面向管理的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系构建研究

目前国内关于海洋修复工程的考核研究多为修复工程的生态效果考核,极少包含成本效益考核,以致无法比较和分析不同类型、不同规模的海洋修复工程的生态绩效,不利于海洋修复工程的考核和验收管理。根据当前自然资源部实施“蓝色海湾”等整治修复工程的检查验收管理的新需求,本文构建了基于海洋生态系统健康恢复、生态系统服务价值增长和单位成本生态效益等理论的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系。此外,本文以温州海域2014—2016年海洋修复的生态绩效的考核为例,结合考核结果以及直接相关性、独立性、可测量性和业务化等指标选取原则,对指标体系进行了改进。结果表明本指标体系可以在海洋修复工程的检查验收中被用于生态绩效考核,管理部门可根据海洋修复工程的类型和管理需求,有选择性地采纳部分或全部指标进行考核。     

论生态服务与生态足迹的概念及其启示

1.生态服务与生态服务系统人类进行生产和生活活动要与自然环境进行物质和能量的交换,即利用其生态功能从中直接或间接获取生态食物、生态服务两种利益。举个例子讲,热带与亚热带沿海红树林生态系统中,生长在潮滩上、沿海居民采海时所收获的鱼、虾、贝类等即为生态食物,而红树林抗御强台风、保护海堤、吸收废物的能力等便是对人类的生态服务。通常也将生态食物和服务统一视为生态服务。资产,也称为资本,指某一时间某处物质或信息的储量。某一形式的资本储量既能独自也能与其他资产储量的服务一起产生影响。人类使用这些资本可能会使其减量,…     

Hydrologic modeling as a predictive basis for ecological restoration of salt marshes

Roads, bridges, causeways, impoundments, and dikes in the coastal zone often restrict tidal flow to salt marsh ecosystems. A dike with tide control structures, located at the mouth of the Herring River salt marsh estuarine system (Wellfleet, Massachusetts) since 1908, has effectively restricted tidal exchange, causing changes in marsh vegetation composition, degraded water quality, and reduced abundance of fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Restoration of this estuary by reintroduction of tidal exchange is a feasible management alternative. However, restoration efforts must proceed with caution as residential dwellings and a golf course are located immediately adjacent to and in places within the tidal wetland. A numerical model was developed to predict tide height levels for numerous alternative openings through the Herring River dike. Given these model predictions and knowledge of elevations of flood-prone areas, it becomes possible to make responsible decisions regarding restoration. Moreover, tidal flooding elevations relative to the wetland surface must be known to predict optimum conditions for ecological recovery. The tide height model has a universal role, as demonstrated by successful application at a nearby salt marsh restoration site in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Salt marsh restoration is a valuable management tool toward maintaining and enhancing coastal zone habitat diversity. The tide height model presented in this paper will enable both scientists and resource professionals to assign a degree of predictability when designing salt marsh restoration programs.     

连云港埒子口海域潮动力特征及其变化

为研究连云港埒子口海域潮流动力特征及其对周边海岸工程的响应,以及为治理埒子口闸下淤积问题提供参考,建立了基于有限体积法离散二维浅水方程的数值模型。采用实测水文资料对模型率定和验证,应用模型分析埒子口潮流动力特征和建设徐圩港防波堤和灌河口导堤后埒子口海域潮流动力的变化。模拟结果表明,建设工程后潮流动力变化较大,埒子口海域涨急流和落急流方向改变,涨、落潮平均流速均减小,距离工程区域越近,流速变化越大。埒子口海域潮流动力减弱将会加重上游挡潮闸的闸下淤积问题,致使埒子口排水不畅,进而增加沂北地区的洪涝风险,所以,相关部门应及时采取措施,保证埒子口排涝畅通。     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE LOXAIIATCHEE ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to examine the effects of wind speed, wind direction, freshwater inflow, and tide height on suspended solid concentration and distribution in the Loxahatchee estuary, Florida. Recent efforts to increase freshwater flows in this system raised concerns that suspended solid concentrations would increase as well, which might result in negative impacts for the estuary. The data indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) in the estuary are derived primarily from the inlet and not from freshwater tributaries. In addition, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids were correlated strongly with salinity, suggesting that suspended sediments act conservatively throughout this system. No one environmental factor had an overwhelming influence on suspended solid concentration throughout the estuary; different regions of the estuary were influenced by different factors. Freshwater inflow was negatively related to TSS in the upper reaches of the estuary but was positively related to TSS in the central embayment region of the estuary. We attribute this latter finding to the fact that extremely high inflows both prevented the normal transport upstream of tidal borne suspended sediments and promoted mixing when the freshwater front moving downstream confronted the tidal front moving upstream. Wind speed, wind direction, and tide height had relatively small effects on TSS concentration but were most influential in reaches upstream of the central embayment, where tidal velocity begins to diminish.     

Land use in Korean tidal wetlands: impacts and management strategies

The coastal landscapes in southwestern Korea include a diverse array of tidal wetlands and salt marshes. These coastal zones link the ecological functions of marine tidal wetlands and freshwater ecosystems with terrestrial ecosystems. They are rich in biological diversity and play important roles in sustaining ecological health and processing environmental pollutants. Korean tidal wetlands are particularly important as nurseries for economically important fishes and habitats for migratory birds. Diking, draining, tourism, and conversion to agricultural and urban uses have adversely affected Korean tidal wetlands. Recent large development projects have contributed to further losses. Environmental impact assessments conducted for projects affecting tidal wetlands and their surrounding landscapes should be customized for application to these special settings. Adequate environmental impact assessments will include classification of hydrogeomorphic units and consideration of their responses to biological and environmental stressors. As is true worldwide, Korean laws and regulations are changing to be more favorable to the conservation and protection of tidal wetlands. More public education needs to be done at the local level to build support for tidal wetland conservation. Some key public education points include the role of tidal wetlands in maintaining healthy fish populations and reducing impacts of nonpoint source pollution. There is also a need to develop procedures for integrating economic and environmental objectives within the overall context of sustainable management and land uses.     

A LOOK AT THE HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY1

This paper provides background information on the effect of tide waves upon the movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. Computations based on records from three continuous stage recorders and current-meter discharge measurements made throughout a tidal cycle show that peak discharge rates in the estuary at Poughkeep-sie may be as great as 500,000 cubic feet per second and that total daily tidal volumes as great as 20 billion cubic feet move in the estuary. Computation of water movement in the estuary requires precise field data and continued efforts are needed to perfect the data-collection system and the computation procedure in order to adequately define water movement in the Hudson estuary.     

MODIFICATION OF NEILL'S EQUATION FOR STORM‐TIDE DESIGN FLOW ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Design of bridges spanning tidal estuaries or bays requires an estimate of peak tidal flow. One common approach to estimating these flows (Neill's method) uses a first‐order approximation of uniform water surface rise in the water body. For larger water bodies, the assumptions of this method are decreasingly valid. This study develops a simple modification that accounts for the spatial variability in the response of tidal waterways to storm surge flows. The peak tidal flow predicted by Neill's equation is compared to the peak flow determined by numerical simulation of estuaries with simple geometries, ranging from 1 to 25 km in length, using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers one‐dimensional unsteady flow model, UNET. Results indicate that, under certain conditions, it may be appropriate to apply a correction factor to the peak discharge and peak velocity predicted by Neill's method. An algorithm, developed by nonlinear regression, is presented for computing correction factors based on estuary length, shape, mean depth, and storm‐tide characteristics. The results should permit the design of more reliable, cost‐effective structures by providing more realistic estimates of the potential for bridge scour in tidal waterways, especially when a full solution of the unsteady flow equations is impractical.     

Salt marsh vegetation change in response to tidal restriction

Vegetation change in response to restriction of the normal tidal prism of six Connecticut salt marshes is documented. Tidal flow at the study sites was restricted with tide gates and associated causeways and dikes for purposes of flood protection, mosquito control, and/or salt hay farming. One study site has been under a regime of reduced tidal flow since colonial times, while the duration of restriction at the other sites ranges from less than ten years to several decades. The data indicate that with tidal restriction there is a substantial reduction in soil water salinity, lowering of the water table level, as well as a relative drop in the marsh surface elevation. These factors are considered to favor the establishment and spread ofPhragmites australis (common reed grass) and other less salt-tolerant species, with an attendant loss ofSpartina-dominated marsh. Based on detailed vegetation mapping of the study sites, a generalized scheme is presented to describe the sequence of vegetation change from typicalSpartina- toPhragmites-dominated marshes. The restoration of thesePhragmites systems is feasible following the reintroduction of tidal flow. At several sites dominated byPhragmites, tidal flow was reintroduced after two decades of continuous restriction, resulting in a marked reduction inPhragmites height and the reestablishment of typical salt marsh vegetation along creekbanks. It is suggested that large-scale restoration efforts be initiated in order that these degraded systems once again assume their roles within the salt marsh-estuarine ecosystem.     

MODELING TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF SAN DIEGO BAY,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: In 1983, current data were collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using mechanical current meters. During 1992 through 1996, acoustic Doppler current profilers as well as mechanical current meters and tide gauges were used. These measurements not only document tides and tidal currents in San Diego Bay, but also provide independent data sets for model calibration and verification. A high resolution (100-m grid), depth-averaged, numerical hydrodynamic model has been implemented for San Diego Bay to describe essential tidal hydrodynamic processes in the bay. The model is calibrated using the 1983 data set and verified using the more recent 1992–1996 data. Discrepancies between model predictions and field data in both model calibration and verification are on the order of the magnitude of uncertainties in the field data. The calibrated and verified numerical model has been used to quantify residence time and dilution and flushing of contaminant effluent into San Diego Bay. Furthermore, the numerical model has become an important research tool in ongoing hydrodynamic and water quality studies and in guiding future field data collection programs.     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN A CHESAPEAKE BAY INLET1

ABSTRACT: Surface water, groundwater, and groundwater discharge quality surveys were conducted in Cherrystone Inlet, on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Shallow groundwater below agricultural fields had nitrate concentrations significantly higher than inlet surface waters and shallow groundwater underlying forested land. This elevated nitrate groundwater discharged to adjacent surface waters. Nearshore discharge rates of water across the sediment-water interface ranged from 0.02 to 3.69 liters·m^?2·hr^?1 during the surveys. The discharge was greatest nearshore at low tide periods, and decreased markedly with increasing distance offshore. Vertical hydraulic heads, E_h, and inorganic nitrogen flux in the sediments followed similar patterns. Nitrate was the predominant nitrogen species discharged nearshore adjacent to agricultural land use, changing to ammonium farther offshore. Sediment nitrogen fluxes were sufficient to cause observable impacts on surface water quality; nitrate concentrations were up to 20 times greater in areas of groundwater discharge than in the main stem inlet water. Based on DIN:DIP ratios, nitrogen contributions from direct groundwater discharge and tidal creek inputs appear to be of significant ecological importance. This groundwater discharge links land use activity and the quality of surface water, and therefore must be considered in selection of best management practices and water quality management strategies.