生态红线管控绩效考核技术方案及制度保障研究

基于生态红线管控绩效考核必要性的分析,在尽可能规避目前我国环境绩效考核诸多弊端的前提下,制定了生态红线绩效考核框架及技术方案：从绩效考核主体、客体、考核内容与考核方法等方面完成了生态红线绩效考核框架的构建,确定了考核指标、计量模型和考核标准,并详细探讨了考核程序、考核成果的管理与应用等问题。研究旨在为地方政府实施生态红线管控绩效考核提供支撑。     

关于建立物资企业HSE绩效考核机制的探索

结合物资企业HSE管理体系推进和建设的工作实际,就建立HSE绩效考核机制的必要性、现状存在问题进行讨论。针对HSE绩效考核所存在的指标所占比重偏低、设定偏重结果性指标、指标的层层分解有形式化现象、未将承包商和供应商HSE管理纳入考虑、缺少正面激励、考核结果应用不够充分等6方面的问题,通过分析HSE绩效考核的概念和原则,建立包括责任指标、控制指标、过程指标和鼓励性指标在内的HSE绩效考核指标体系,在此基础上,提出建立基层单位HSE绩效考核标准及管理制度,针对所存在的问题,分析了HSE绩效考核的组织及实施的方式和方法。在HSE绩效考核结果的应用方面,建议将其纳入总体绩效管理。     

人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系研究

海岸作为海洋资源开发、沿海经济发展的重要支撑，大量人口、产业向海岸带区域聚集，高强度的人类活动导致海岸带环境日益恶化、自然岸线严重受损、海岸带资源锐减。海岸整治修复成为保护海岸带生态环境、恢复海岸带资源的重要技术手段。为评价人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作效果，基于国内外学者对海岸生态修复的研究成果，综合考虑生态指标、经济指标和功能指标三方面，筛选出50项产出性指标构建人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系，力求科学全面、客观合理地评价人工海岸整治修复效果，为人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作的检查、考核以及验收提供参考依据。     

海洋环境影响评价及生态修复研究进展与展望

随着人们对海洋资源环境重要性认知程度的加深，海洋环境影响评价和资源环境修复成为提高海洋资源开发利用价值、维护海洋生态与环境功能的重要方式。通过从海洋工程项目的环境问题诊断、海洋环境影响评价关键内容、海洋生态修复技术方法及效果等方面系统分析了近年来国内外海洋环评和生态修复研究进展，并对近年来我国海洋环评和修复工程实践中存在的问题和未来发展需求进行了分析，提出未来海洋环评和修复研究应重点注重和聚焦以下方面：1）海洋环境影响评价中的环境基线、监测技术、全球性影响及生态服务等方面的问题；2）海洋环境保护与生态修复思路的转变，包括修复目标、修复模式、评估指标、监管技术及资金来源等方面的转变。     

基于主成分分析的中国省级环境绩效评估

为了检测省级地区环境管理工作中的优势与不足,考核地方政府环境管理的成效,构建了中国省级环境绩效评估指标体系。以2011年度统计数据为基础数据,采用主成分分析方法,研究评估指标体系的4个二级指标:环境健康、生态保护、资源可持续利用和环境治理对环境绩效指数(EPI)影响的重要程度。结果表明,在我国省级环境绩效评估指标体系中,环境治理信息对环境绩效指数的高低具有主要作用。因此,通过改善工业SO2和NOX排放强度等环境治理指标,提出改进省级环境绩效的对策建议。     

基于主体功能区的辽宁省绩效考核研究

主体功能区规划的制定和实施可为政府差异化的绩效考核提供依据。构建差异化绩效考核评价指标体系,有利于引导形成有序的国土空间开发结构,提高空间利用效率。充分考虑主体功能区对绩效考核的内在要求,构建一套新的绩效考核方法,将考核指标分为主体考核指标和辅助考核指标两组,主体功能指标分值映射到50—100区间,计算方法采用加权聚合法;辅助功能指标分值映射到0.9—1.1,采用求积计算法,两组指标得分相乘得到绩效考核得分。针对辽宁省主体功能区划分,构建优化开发区、重点开发区、农产品主产区和重点生态功能区四类绩效考核指标。     

农村水环境管理绩效考评指标体系的构建与思考

农村水污染控制已成为我国水环境管理的一个重要组成部分,对提升我国水环境质量有着极其重要的作用和意义。为进一步推动我国农村的水环境管理,本文从充分利用环境绩效评估这一有效的环境管理工具出发,对农村水环境管理绩效考评指标体系构建的必要性、构建的原则以及指标体系的构建框架、考核方式及组织实施等方面进行了分析和探讨。     

关于建立重大工程项目绿色管理制度的思考

本文以可持续发展、生态文明和绿色发展理念为指导,指出了重大工程项目绿色管理的重要意义,构建了重大工程项目绿色管理的概念、内涵、特征、驱动力等理论体系,给出了重大工程项目的绿色决策、绿色设计、绿色施工、绿色运营等绿色管理方法和基于可持续发展指标、碳足迹指标和节能减排指标的绩效评估指标体系,分析了国内外几个典型重大工程项目绿色管理的先进经验和做法,指出了当前我国重大工程项目绿色管理存在的问题和面临的挑战,从制定绿色管理战略和规划、加强全生命周期绿色管理、加强绿色设计与施工、加强绿色技术创新、开展绿色绩效评估、开展重大工程绿色试点示范等六个方面提出了建立我国重大工程项目绿色管理的建议。     

基于行政层级构建“橄榄型”生态文明建设指标框架

当前生态文明指标体系研究和实践中,一方面生态文明指标体系和生态文明指数构建方法不尽相同,另一方面刻意追求统一的指标体系而忽视了不同行政层级间的差异性,对层级间指标衔接等问题缺乏考虑。依照生态文明内涵以及十八大尤其是十八届三中全会关于生态文明建设尤其是生态文明考核指标要求,提出各行政层级构建“橄榄型”生态文明建设指标框架体系。该指标体系强调国家的顶层宏观引导作用,并以市县级生态文明建设指标体系为基础,向上构建省级生态文明建设指标体系,向下构建乡镇级生态文明建设指标体系,体现“国家—省—市县—乡镇”之间的整体性、衔接性、协调性,真正反映生态文明建设是“自上而下引导力”和“自下而上推动力”的合力作用的结果,服务于我国生态文明建设的持续开展和长效管理。     

国际典型可持续发展指标体系分析与借鉴

可持续发展指标体系是表征可持续发展的一个重要工具。本文对有代表性的国际综合性指标体系包括UNCSD、IISD和UNECE-Eurostat-OECD TFSD等进行了对比分析,研究其在一定维度和主题下指标体系构建和指标选取的特点。比较分析了我国近年来绿色发展、生态文明建设和美丽中国建设等评价考核指标体系的指标选取存在的不足,提出了在新时期可持续发展理念下构建我国可持续发展指标体系的有关建议。     

Restoration of Marine Coastal Ecosystem Health as a New Goal for Integrated Catchment Management in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong, China

This article demonstrates why it is necessary to have the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management in the coastal area of Tolo Harbor. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbor is based on water quality objectives. The performance of the ICM plan, the Tolo Harbor Action Plan (THAP), was evaluated using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including both stress and response indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reductions in pollution loading have been observed: reduction of 83% of biological oxygen demand load and 82% of total nitrogen between 1988 and 1999. There has also been an improvement in the health of Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced by trends in physical, chemical, and biological indicators, although reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, such improvement can only be considered as the first sign of complete ecosystem health restoration, because ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical, and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem service functions. The findings support the need to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal rather than using water quality objectives. Steps necessary to further improve Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem health are also discussed.     

中国生态保护修复20年：回顾与展望

近20年来，中国生态保护修复事业取得长足进步，为保障国家生态安全、推进美丽中国建设提供了重要基础支撑。国家通过实施一系列生态保护修复政策和重大工程，生态保护修复取得明显进展，生态产品供给能力保持总体稳定。本文回顾了近20年中国生态保护修复发展历程，分别从国土生态空间管控、生态系统保护修复、生物多样性保护、生态文明示范建设等重点领域总结了主要进展和成效。面向建设美丽中国以及实现碳达峰碳中和目标愿景，以维护国家和区域生态安全、恢复和提升生态系统服务功能、推动生态产品价值实现为着力点，对新时期中国生态保护修复提出未来展望。     

金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法，分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性，并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。     

淮河流域蚌埠城市水生态系统服务价值评估

根据淮河流域城市水生态系统服务特点，将蚌埠城市水生态系统服务划分为直接使用价值和间接使用价值2大类11个小类，同时建立了一套价值评估指标体系，对2003年蚌埠城市水生态系统服务功能的经济价值进行了评估。结果表明，2003年蚌埠城市水生态系统服务功能的总价值为6．34亿元，占当年城市国内生产总值（109．5亿元）的5．79％，其中航运功能及水资源调蓄功能的价值较高，水质净化功能的价值仅占总价值的0．24％，但该部分价值对维持城市水生态系统健康和其它功能的正常发挥具有积极的支撑作用，对改善城市水环境具有重要意义。     

海洋牧场生态效益的内涵与提升路径

生态效益是海洋牧场优于传统养殖方式的最显著特质。提升海洋牧场的生态效益,就必须对其内涵和提升路径有清晰的认识。基于生态系统服务理论,海洋牧场生态效益的内涵得以厘清:作为反映海洋牧场可持续发展能力的评价指标,须划清与经济效益和社会效益的界限,应仅包括海洋生态系统服务中的调节服务和支持服务,本质上是海域原有生态效益与人工措施形成的生态增益的叠加。生态增益是各项人工措施的正负生态效应共同作用产生的生态效益增量,具有明显生态增益的海洋牧场,才符合可持续发展要求。海洋牧场生态效益的最大化,须以人工措施形成的生态增益最大化为目标,以人工措施生态正效应的最大化和生态负效应的最小化为导向,以基于生态优先原则对人工措施的科学管控为实现路径。管控措施应以保证人工措施的科学性和合理性为核心,涵盖统筹规划布局、规范建设标准、强化监测管理三个方面,贯穿海洋牧场建设的全过程。该研究成果有望为提升我国海洋牧场的生态效益提供理论依据和工作思路。     

Multiscale Analysis of Restoration Priorities for Marine Shoreline Planning

Planners are being called on to prioritize marine shorelines for conservation status and restoration action. This study documents an approach to determining the management strategy most likely to succeed based on current conditions at local and landscape scales. The conceptual framework based in restoration ecology pairs appropriate restoration strategies with sites based on the likelihood of producing long-term resilience given the condition of ecosystem structures and processes at three scales: the shorezone unit (site), the drift cell reach (nearshore marine landscape), and the watershed (terrestrial landscape). The analysis is structured by a conceptual ecosystem model that identifies anthropogenic impacts on targeted ecosystem functions. A scoring system, weighted by geomorphic class, is applied to available spatial data for indicators of stress and function using geographic information systems. This planning tool augments other approaches to prioritizing restoration, including historical conditions and change analysis and ecosystem valuation.     

Projecting Cumulative Benefits of Multiple River Restoration Projects: An Example from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River System in California

Despite increasingly large investments, the potential ecological effects of river restoration programs are still small compared to the degree of human alterations to physical and ecological function. Thus, it is rarely possible to “restore” pre-disturbance conditions; rather restoration programs (even large, well-funded ones) will nearly always involve multiple small projects, each of which can make some modest change to selected ecosystem processes and habitats. At present, such projects are typically selected based on their attributes as individual projects (e.g., consistency with programmatic goals of the funders, scientific soundness, and acceptance by local communities), and ease of implementation. Projects are rarely prioritized (at least explicitly) based on how they will cumulatively affect ecosystem function over coming decades. Such projections require an understanding of the form of the restoration response curve, or at least that we assume some plausible relations and estimate cumulative effects based thereon. Drawing on our experience with the CALFED Bay-Delta Ecosystem Restoration Program in California, we consider potential cumulative system-wide benefits of a restoration activity extensively implemented in the region: isolating/filling abandoned floodplain gravel pits captured by rivers to reduce predation of outmigrating juvenile salmon by exotic warmwater species inhabiting the pits. We present a simple spreadsheet model to show how different assumptions about gravel pit bathymetry and predator behavior would affect the cumulative benefits of multiple pit-filling and isolation projects, and how these insights could help managers prioritize which pits to fill.     

Major Ecosystems in China: Dynamics and Challenges for Sustainable Management

Ecosystems, though impacted by global environmental change, can also contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of such large scale changes. Therefore, sustainable ecosystem management is crucial in reaching a sustainable future for the biosphere. Based on the published literature and publicly accessible data, this paper discussed the status and trends of forest, grassland, and wetland ecosystems in China that play important roles in the ecological integrity and human welfare of the nation. Ecological degradation has been observed in these ecosystems at various levels and geographic locations. Biophysical (e.g., climate change) and socioeconomic factors (e.g., intensive human use) are the main reasons for ecosystem degradation with the latter factors serving as the dominant driving forces. The three broad categories of ecosystems in China have partially recovered from degradation thanks to large scale ecological restoration projects implemented in the last few decades. China, as the largest and most populated developing nation, still faces huge challenges regarding ecosystem management in a changing and globalizing world. To further improve ecosystem management in China, four recommendations were proposed, including: (1) advance ecosystem management towards an application-oriented, multidisciplinary science; (2) establish a well-functioning national ecological monitoring and data sharing mechanism; (3) develop impact and effectiveness assessment approaches for policies, plans, and ecological restoration projects; and (4) promote legal and institutional innovations to balance the intrinsic needs of ecological and socioeconomic systems. Any change in China’s ecosystem management approach towards a more sustainable one will benefit the whole world. Therefore, international collaborations on ecological and environmental issues need to be expanded.     

Restoring Ecological Integrity in Highly Regulated Rivers: The Role of Baseline Data and Analytical References

The goal of restoring ecological integrity in rivers is frequently accompanied by an assumption that a comparative reference reach can be identified to represent minimally impaired conditions. However, in many regulated rivers, no credible historical, morphological or process-based reference reach exists. Resilient restoration designs should instead be framed around naturalization, using multiple analytical references derived from empirically-calibrated field- and model-based techniques to develop an integrated ecological reference condition. This requires baseline data which are rarely collected despite increasing evidence for systematic deficiencies in restoration practice. We illustrate the utility of baseline data collection in restoration planning for the highly fragmented and regulated lower Merced River, California, USA. The restoration design was developed using various baseline data surveys, monitoring, and modeling within an adaptive management framework. Baseline data assisted in transforming conceptual models of ecosystem function into specific restoration challenges, defining analytical references of the expected relationships among ecological parameters required for restoration, and specifying performance criteria for post-project monitoring and evaluation. In this way the study is an example of process-based morphological restoration designed to prompt recovery of ecosystem processes and resilience. For the Merced River, we illustrate that project-specific baseline data collection is a necessary precursor in developing performance-based restoration designs and addressing scale-related uncertainties, such as whether periodic gravel augmentation will sustain bed recovery and whether piecemeal efforts will improve ecological integrity. Given the numerous impediments to full, historical, restoration in many river systems, it seems apparent that projects of naturalization are a critical step in reducing the deleterious impacts of fragmented rivers worldwide.