保障农村饮水安全的水价模式研究

合理的水价模式是实现农村饮水安全工程高效率和可持续运营的关键.当前我国正在进行水价改革,传统的水价制定方法只是基于单纯的成本分摊,忽视了用水者的需求行为,使水价不能真正起到优化配置水资源的作用.通过综合运用经济学、管理科学、水利科学、概率统计等基本理论,提出了农村饮水安全工程的非线性水价模式.     

基于博弈模型的水价策略与节水策略分析

在当前水资源浪费、用水效率较低的背景下,仍然有许多地区继续实行低水价政策,本文认为这是供水企业与用水企业以及政府水务部门相互博弈的结果。通过构建一个供水企业与用水企业的博弈模型,并采用演化博弈分析方法分析动态演化的结果,本文发现当前采用低水价的主要原因在于：供水企业制定水价时要同时考虑私人收益与公共节水收益,而高水价对经济产生的冲击成本不足以弥补高水价产生的公共节水收益与私人收益,从而导致有些地区供水企业不敢提高水价,一直采用低水价策略。进一步地,本文采用不完全信息动态博弈方法分析供水企业与政府关于水价的议定过程,发现提高水价对经济的冲击越大,且节水技术投入成本越大而节水的公共收益越小时,政府水务部门同意低水价的概率越大;反之,则同意高水价的概率越大。从博弈论的角度系统地分析了低水价产生的决策过程,可对提高水价、促进节约用水具有一定的指导意义。     

水价调整对农业种植结构及用水效率的影响研究以张掖市节水型社会建设试点为例

由于水资源的公共产品或准公共产品特性,导致水价在水资源管理中的作用未受到足够重视。水价作为调节流域水资源配置和利用的主要经济手段,是未来水资源管理的重要研究内容。以张掖市节水型社会建设试点(甘州区、临泽县、高台县)为例,根据1990—2013年该区域农业水价的变化情况,分析了水价调整对农业种植结构和用水效率的影响。结果表明:水价调整虽然未能使农业种植结构发生变化,但却提高了农业用水效率。     

东江流域水资源价格调控研究

运用水资源价值模糊数学模型计算出流域四大区间水资源价格,并对价格调整后的供水风险和水资源优化配置进行了分析.根据计算结果认为,水价的调整可以作为水利工程措施的一种有益补充,通过建立水市场,利用水价这一杠杆,实现水权的有偿转让,结合工程措施实施流域内调水能有效的降低区间供水风险.     

浅论南水北调工程中的水资源配置管理

水资源短缺以及不同类型用水的价格差别，使得水市场被作为改进水的分配，减少缺水对经济影响的手段。本文正是以此为例重点，从对现有水资源配置管理分析入手，阐明南水北调工程中的水资源合理配置的问题所在，并具体指出应在完善水权，水价及水市场基础上建立科学的水权体系，可以有效克服因调水使得水价单纯提高所带来的政治和社会压力，并且有利于新的水资源配置管理体制的确立，促进南水北调目标的实现。     

城市水资源供需经济分析与对策

本文通过对水价与需求关系的探讨,推导出水价与需求的理想公式,并就该公式进行了分析,提出了解决城市水资源供需矛盾的经济对策。     

打好水价改革“攻坚战”

近日,国家发展改革委、住房城乡建设部印发《关于加快建立完善城镇居民用水阶梯价格制度的指导意见》,部署全面实行城镇居民阶梯水价制度。2015年底前,设市城市原则上要全面实行居民阶梯水价制度,第一、二、三级阶梯水价按不低于1：1．5：3的比例安排,缺水地区应进一步加大价差。     

改革水价制度实现水资源可持续利用

水资源开发利用的可持续性能否实现，已经成为我国社会经济可持续发展的重要问题，我国水资源利用效率低，浪费现象很严重，强化水资源管理将是强有力的措施之一。本文借鉴国外成熟的水价制度，对如何改革我国水价制度进行了探讨。     

“十一五”节能减排中期评估

"十一五"上半期,单位GDP能耗和主要污染物排放"双下降",得益于工业领域的技术节能:设备大型化与建设大工程;存在的问题是产业结构调整缓慢,结构节能为负。下半期因任务量加大、技术贡献力下降以及突遇世界金融危机,节能减排形势严峻。日本在两次石油危机中恰恰是环境和节能投入最大的时期,由数量增长转型为质量发展,解决了经济起飞阶段的环境问题,中国可从中借鉴。     

日本的技术系和人文系环境产业发展现状与趋势

本文分析和探讨了日本环境产业的分类、内容、发展趋势以及其中蕴含的商业机会.     

DEMAND PROJECTIONS CONSIDERING CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: Prediction of future water demands depends on the degree to which conservation effects can be anticipated. A model developed for the Corps of Engineers shows that choosing a numerical conservation target to be achieved is more meaningful and yields more predictable results than price or price elasticity manipulations. The method developed and then applied to the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu considers the following determinants of demand: geographic distribution of the users, indoor and outdoor requirements, time - by year and month of the year, precipitation, historical unit usage rates, gross and irrigable acreage of land uses, price for water, elasticity of demand with respect to price, source of the water supply (local private supplies vs. agency supplies), and the percentage conservation savings anticipated in each future period in indoor and outdoor uses of water in each of 40 possible land uses. While developed for use in Hawaii, the model is applicable generally.     

Enhanced water resource base for sustainable integrated water resource management

The article states the case for greatly enhanced reliance on desalination in the provision of freshwater. It argues that the concept of integrated water resource management (IWRM), should be expanded to routinely include desalination, and that sea water and brackish water should be listed among available sources of freshwater. In recent years, the price per m3 of freshwater obtained from desalination has steadily declined, and is now within competitive range of conventional sources, especially as extracting water from surface sources (rivers, lakes) is becoming increasingly expensive as well as ecologically harmful, and groundwater in many locations is saline or depleted. With the expectation that by 2020, five billion people will reside in megacities, today's conventional water resources are likely to become insufficient. As many of these megacities are located near ocean coasts, sea water seems a logical solution.     

WELFARE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATWE WATER RATIONING SCHEMES: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Four alternate schemes often used to deal with a water shortage are: physical rationing, lifeline with increasing block rates, rationing with resale, and pure price rationing. Each of these are analyzed using a supply-demand framework. The theoretical results are applied to a representative California water district and the welfare loss is calculated for a hypothetical 20 percent reduction in water supply for six different income classes. We find that reliance on schemes using the price mechanism in one form or another is clearly superior, in terms of welfare loss, as a means of dealing with a water shortage.     

INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND WITH WATER REUSE1

ABSTRACT: This work establishes an industrial water demand (IWD) model for a short term estimate, which considers water reuse technologies and discharge regulations, for the integrated circuit (IC) industry in northern Taiwan. Based on the optimization of an industrial water cost system, a computerized system dynamics model (SD model) is developed to generate individual firm IWD using data from year 2000. A market IWD is further constructed for 25 1C firms in the study area and is approximated by an inverse logistic curve. Analytical results demonstrate that price elasticity varies with water price in cases involving water reuse.     

Water Supply Reliability Tradeoffs between Removing Reservoir Storage and Improving Water Conveyance in California

Population growth, climate change, aging infrastructure, and changing societal values alter how water must be managed in the 21st Century. O'Shaughnessy Dam, located in Yosemite National Park, has been identified as a possible candidate for dam removal. It is a component of San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy System and is operated for water supply and hydropower. This article describes a spatially scaled approach to analyze water reliability without O'Shaughnessy Dam, but with improved water conveyance between the Hetch Hetchy System and existing reservoirs and aqueducts at the watershed, regional Bay Area, and statewide scales. It broadens previous research to highlight larger scale implications of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam and evaluates the role of improved water conveyance for water management. CALifornia Value Integrated Network, a large‐scale hydro‐economic model evaluates intertied water management using estimated urban and agricultural water demands for year 2050 with 72‐year historical and warm, dry hydrologic conditions. Results suggest that O'Shaughnessy Dam can be removed with additional conveyance at any spatial scale while maintaining water reliability. With a warm, dry climate, water reliability, and storage decline, indicating removing O'Shaughnessy Dam may have less effect on water management than climate change when conveyance is improved between the Hetch Hetchy System and nearby systems. Improving water conveyance can sometimes substitute for water storage in storage‐rich watersheds.     

FLEXIBLE PRICING IN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING–FOR FLEXIBLE ENGINEERS1

ABSTRACT. Preliminary results from a digital simulation model designed to test time-varying water pricing policies are presented. Stochastic inflows feeding a water supply reservoir are assumed for a hypothetical community with defined demand functions. Prices are allowed to vary as a function of reservoir level, generally rising as reservoir levels fall. Increasing, decreasing and constant rates are tested. It is concluded that varying the price to reflect the increased value of scarce supplies can greatly reduce the risk of water supply shortages. It is also concluded that varying incremental (conservational) pricing policies not only reduces the risk of shortages, but also lowers the average price to the community while rewarding the low consumption user with lower average rates.     

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR WATER CONSERVATION ON THE MONTEREY PENINSULA: THE MARKET PROPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Literatures on price‐based urban water conservation and on market‐based mechanisms to manage natural resources suggest that market‐based management of urban/suburban water use may be feasible. A market‐based proposal that emerged from a water shortage on California's Monterey Peninsula is presented. In the proposal, conservation incentives arise both from an ability among end‐users of water to reduce consumption and sell use‐rights to water, and from a penalty price for consumption in excess of one's use rights. The amount of water associated with use rights is capped and varies according to hydrological, meteorological, ecological, and other criteria. Requirements for further study of the proposal are listed, and the role that similar market‐based mechanisms could play in urban water management is discussed.     

CONSERVATIONAL WATER PRICING FOR INCREASED WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS1

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to see if benefits from water supply could be increased by utilizing price-usage information in reservoir design studies. Three pricing policies were examined. The first policy assumed no price-use relationship, and quantity demanded was based on existing community usage with a low water rate. The price of water was set to recover system costs. A price-use relationship was assumed in the second policy and the water rate was constant. The price of water was determined from the associated system which provided maximum expected net benefits. The third policy assumed the price-use relationship and the price charged for water during each billing period was a non-linear function of storage which increased as the amount of water in storage at the beginning of the period decreased. It was found that the use of the conservation pricing policies substantially reduced storage requirements while providing demonstrable net benefits to the community and a large average supply. The conservation pricing policies substantially lowered the average price paid for water. The effect of uncertainty in consumer response to changes in price was studied by using a probabilistic price-use relationship. This uncertainty did not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the conservation policy. It was concluded that demand management by the use of a proper pricing policy could significantly increase net water supply benefits to a community.     

RESOURCE DEMANDS FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the development of a mathematical model for forecasting energy development in the Yellowstone study area for the years 1985 and 2000, and determining the associated economic demands for water, land, labor, capital, and mineral resources. The study was prepared for use by the Missouri River Basin Commission in conducting a comprehensive, “Level B” planning study of the water and related land resources in the Yellowstone River Basin. The study results indicate that the amount of coal development in the Yellowstone study area will depend primarily upon state and federal energy policies and regulations. Policies related to slurry pipeline transportation of coal will be particularly important in determining the level and pattern of future energy development in the area. Coal production under the “most probable” scenario is expected to increase from about 40 million tons in 1976 to 163 million tons per year by 1985, and 513 million tons in the year 2000. Consumptive water use for energy development in the study area could be as much as 556,000 acre-feet per year by the year 2000 (under the high scenario). A parametric analysis was conducted on the 1985 most probably scenario to determine the influence on the study results of variations in the delivered price of water. Water requirements were reduced by nearly one-fourth as water costs increased from zero to over $750 per acre-foot.