造纸废水处理技术现状

由于造纸废水组分复杂、污染物浓度高、可生化性差,需要联合运用多种处理方法对其进行处理,实现废水的达标排放和降低废水处理成本。对于造纸过程,应推行清洁生产,通过源头削减和生产过程控制,减少原辅材料消耗,减少废水的产生量和排放量,降低废水中的污染物浓度,从而实现造纸废水的有效控制和处理。     

冀东油田防治环境污染系统工程研究取得重要成果

查清了冀东油田废水池分布和分析了废水水质，提出了废井回灌、集中处理后回灌或回注、用废水处理机现场处理后回注或回灌等三种处理方案。通过室内、外试验论证了废水和废水池废泥治理方法，在采油所产生的含油污水实现全部回注不外排的基础上，再加上钻井废水不外排处理，从此做到了防治环境污染。     

人工湿地系统在河网水质污染治理中的应用初探

姚北平原河网水体榨菜废水污染严重，根据废水的排放特点，分卤水落水前、卤水落水期和卤水落水后3个典型时段对河网水质进行监测，结果表明，其污染类型为有机污染。基于榨菜废水排放的分散性和不定期的特点，提出人工湿地系统治理榨菜废水污染的方案设想，并就工艺流程、耐盐型水生植物等进行了初步探讨。     

含钒废渣生产五氧化二钒的沉钒废水的处理研究

简要介绍了含钒废渣生产五氧化二钒的工艺，阐述了沉钒废水对人体和环境的危害，陈述了两种工艺沉钒废水的主要成分及浓度，分析了共性和特性。并针对不同的生产方法及沉钒废水的性质，分别选择制定合理的废水处理方案，为环境影响评价工作提供一定的科学依据。     

钻井环境污染过程控制技术综述

钻井环境污染控制是实现清洁钻井的必要手段,文章介绍了钻井过程中的污染物和钻井作业环境污染控制措施,重点综述了钻井废水、废气、固体废物和噪声等环境污染控制技术。通过钻井环境污染过程控制将钻井作业对环境影响和危害的程度降至最低。     

油田钻井废水的治理研究

根据钻井废水的污染成分及国内外处理区域环境的敏感性采取三种方法对其进行治理，即：废水回灌、集中处理后回灌或回注、现场处理后回注。在冀东油田进行了三种处理方案的试验研究，取得了一定的效益，有望在石油行业推广应用。     

飞机除冰废水处理研究进展

介绍了飞机除冰废水对机场周围环境的危害,分析了国内外除冰废水收集、储运、处理的现状,指出机场除冰废水治理难点。提出引入绿色航空管理理念,积极开展飞机除冰废水治理政策和方案研究,为促进机场除冰、防冰行业的可持续发展提出了建议。     

中国城镇生活废水排放量影响因素及情景分析

以人口增长、社会发展和技术进步等因素对城镇生活废水排放量的影响建立城镇生活废水排放情景分析模型,对2010年、2015年、2020年和2030年的城镇生活废水排放量进行维持现状、滚动发展和环境友好发展方案预测.分析认为,环境友好型发展方案最符合未来发展趋势,到2020年中国城镇生活废水排放量达389.6×108t,随后出现负增长,2030年排放量为359.59×108t.     

钻井生产过程中的环境污染及治理

随着石油钻井的快速增长,如何对污染进行有效的防治,成为一个亟待解决的课题。依据胜利油田坨767井实际情况,深入分析了钻井生产过程中产生环境污染的原因和类型,着重对废弃钻井液、废水、噪声等环境污染问题进行分析,并对防治措施进行了探讨。将污染控制变末端处理为包括源头控制、过程控制、末端治理、综合管理的全过程控制。     

絮凝沉降法降低饲料酵母二次废水污染的研究

发酵工业废水是我国轻工行业污染治理的重点，目前，谷氨酸发酵废水的治理方案较多，治理效果差异较大，本文通过对絮凝沉降，减少废水污染的研究，可在生产饲料酵母降低废水污染的基础上，再降低５０％使谷氨酸废水总污染物减少８０％以上，ＣＯＤ含量由６００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，降低到１１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，同时，还可增加饲料酵母的产量。     

水平衡法在采油清洁生产审核中的应用

在采油清洁生产审核中发现,对生产过程的物质消耗和废物排放难以准确地进行分析和测试。针对这一问题,提出了水平衡分析法。对水平衡及其生产过程进行了评估,分析了清水损耗和废水产生的原因和环节,探讨了节约水资源、提高污水回用率的途径和方法,并提出了改进的目标和对策,形成了清洁生产审核方案。清水、污水平衡分析方法简单可靠,易于实施,同时可以为能量平衡、污染因子平衡的建立和分析提供借鉴和参考。     

华北油田岔南联合站污水处理技术改造及效益分析

采油污水必须经过处理达到油田注水水质控制指标才能回注。华北石油管理局第二采油厂岔南联合站建成投产后，采取了选用合适的化学药剂，改善加药方法等措施，使岔南联合站污水水质得到较大改善，达到了油田注水水质控制指标，并同时收到了减少电耗和化学药剂使用量，节约成本的效果。环境效益和经济效益都十分显著。本文介绍了该站污水处理系统技术改造的试验过程及效果。     

电解铝工程清洁生产分析与评价

本文以乐山某铝业有限公司新建10万吨电解铝工程为例,简述了电解铝生产工艺,重点对电解铝工程的清洁生产进行分析。从生产工艺的先进性、污染物排放量少、清洁原料、原辅材料消耗低、节能措施和废物回收利用等方面对预焙阳极电解槽技术的清洁生产进行分析。通过清洁生产指标分析结果,乐山某铝业有限公司电解铝工程满足清洁生产标准要求,经预焙槽技术和自焙槽相比,预焙槽技术具有污染物排放量少,物耗能耗低,使用原辅料清洁,电流效率高的特点,以不同预焙槽原辅材料消耗量回归分析结果及其综合分析,大型预焙阳极电解槽技术是铝电解行业的清洁生产工艺。     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

Conservation of resources in the pulp and paper industry derived from cleaner production approach

This paper analyses the utilization of water and recycled fiber from waste paper for the production in one Serbian cardboard mill. Water and fiber consumption, wastewater generation and its characteristics, as well as sludge recirculation were monitored during production of various paper types, with different grade and weight. The aim was to evaluate production rationality and running stability concerning water and fiber utilization and possibilities for their conservation. Cleaner production measures inside the mill and in the effluent treatment plant were suggested for the improvement of wastewater quality and water conservation. Savings in water and fibers were estimated, with the respect to economic and environmental aspects of proposed cleaner production measures.     

降低超稳分子筛生产污水中氨氮含量工艺研究

通过对催化裂化催化剂活性组分──超稳分子筛的生产工艺过程铵盐消耗的分析,在小试试验的基础上,结合装置实际情况,经优化工艺条件,改进工艺流程,降低交换过程铵盐投料比,并用后工序废液代替化学水用于前工序浆液的调配等手段,使铵盐消耗量由1.8t/t降至0.95t/t,每年可节约467.5万元;同时采用氨氮回收技术将高氨氮污水中氨氮含量由原来的5000mg/L降至200mg/L以下,为最终采用生物法将污水氨氮含量降至15mg/L以下达标排放奠定了坚实基础。     

番茄酱生产废水处理DAT-IAT工艺的应用与研究

番茄酱生产周期较短，废水排放集中于两个月且水量较大，废水中含固体杂质多，增加了废水处理难度。对新疆屯河昌通分公司番茄酱生产废水采用DAT-IAT工艺处理，并配套设置适应工艺要求及新疆气候特点的配套设备，水质水量适应性好，工艺组成具有显著的优势。项目通过验收后运行两年以来，运行效果稳定，处理水质稳定达标，可供同类企业借鉴和推广。     

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Biochemical Versus Thermochemical Conversion

Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into ethanol through either biochemical or thermochemical conversion processes. Biochemical conversion involves hydrolysis and fermentation while thermochemical conversion involves gasification and catalytic synthesis. Even though these routes produce comparable amounts of ethanol and have similar energy efficiency at the plant level, little is known about their relative environmental performance from a life cycle perspective. Especially, the indirect impacts, i.e. emissions and resource consumption associated with the production of various process inputs, are largely neglected in previous studies. This article compiles material and energy flow data from process simulation models to develop life cycle inventory and compares the fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and water consumption of both biomass-to-ethanol production processes. The results are presented in terms of contributions from feedstock, direct, indirect, and co-product credits for four representative biomass feedstocks i.e., wood chips, corn stover, waste paper, and wheat straw. To explore the potentials of the two conversion pathways, different technological scenarios are modeled, including current, 2012 and 2020 technology targets, as well as different production/co-production configurations. The modeling results suggest that biochemical conversion has slightly better performance on greenhouse gas emission and fossil fuel consumption, but that thermochemical conversion has significantly less direct, indirect, and life cycle water consumption. Also, if the thermochemical plant operates as a biorefinery with mixed alcohol co-products separated for chemicals, it has the potential to achieve better performance than biochemical pathway across all environmental impact categories considered due to higher co-product credits associated with chemicals being displaced. The results from this work serve as a starting point for developing full life cycle assessment model that facilitates effective decision-making regarding lignocellulosic ethanol production.     

From the LCA of food products to the environmental assessment of protected crops districts: a case-study in the south of Italy

In the present study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to evaluate the energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with the production of protected crops in an agricultural district in the Mediterranean region. In this study, LCA was used as a 'support tool', to address local policies for sustainable production and consumption patterns, and to create a 'knowledge base' for environmental assessment of an extended agricultural production area. The proposed approach combines organisation-specific tools, such as Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Product Declarations, with the environmental management of the district. Questionnaires were distributed to producers to determine the life cycle of different protected crops (tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, peppers, melons and zucchinis), and obtain information on greenhouse usage (e.g. tunnel vs. pavilion). Ecoprofiles of products in the district were also estimated, to identify supply chain elements with the highest impact in terms of global energy requirements, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, water consumption and waste production. These results of this study enable selection of the 'best practices' and ecodesign solutions, to reduce the environmental impact of these products. Finally, sensitivity analysis of key LCA issues was performed, to assess the variability associated with different parameters: vegetable production; water usage; fertiliser and pesticide usage; shared greenhouse use; substitution of plastics coverings; and waste recycling.     

关于炼化企业水资源利用的几点思考

通过对我国水资源状况及石化行业水消耗情况分析,找出我国石化企业新鲜水用量,污水排放在绝对量,吨原油、万元产值的单耗,单排等方面与国外相比较存在的差距。指出存在的主要问题是:清污分流不彻底;污污分流不健全;汽提后的净化水回用量小;新鲜水冲洗地面及作为机泵冷却水直排,导致新鲜水的浪费。同时针对以上问题提出相应的建议参考指标及对应措施。