湖南省土地资源生态安全评价

基于P—S—R（压力一状态一响应）模型从土地资源生态安全的压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统三方面构建了湖南省土地生态安全评价指标体系，结合各评价指标的安全指数对2000--2008年湖南省土地资源生态安全状况进行了评价，分析了影响湖南省土地资源生态安全的限制因素。结果表明：①2000-2008年湖南省综合生态安全状况不容乐观，其生态安全等级多年来一直处于“临界安全”。②人口密度大、人均GDP低和不合理的化肥农药施用是湖南省土地资源压力子系统的主要限制因素，耕地面积少和农田水利设施差是状态子系统的主要限制因素，工业固体废弃物综合利用率偏低和教育卫生事业发展滞后是响应子系统的主要限制因素，据此提出了相应的对策建议。     

三百山禁止开发区生态旅游环境质量综合评价

对主体功能区中禁止开发区域进行生态旅游环境评价是发展生态旅游的前提.选取国家风景名胜区三百山为研究对象,采用AHP法构建生态旅游环境质量评价指标体系,通过压力-状态-响应模型,应用模糊综合评判法定量分析了该区域生态旅游活动对自然、经济社会环境质量的影响,以及生态压力与响应状况.评价结果为禁止开发区域探寻生态旅游发展模式提供了决策依据和参考.     

基于改进灰色关联模型的天水市土地生态安全动态评价

基于改进的灰色关联模型,建立驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应评价指标体系,对天水市1995—2015年土地生态安全状况进行评价。结果表明:1995—2006年天水市土地状况处于敏感状态,2007年、2009年为较安全状态,2013—2015年为较安全状态,2010—2012年处于敏感状态,2008年为敏感状态。从各因子层来看,城市化水平驱动力、农药和地膜使用压力、第三产业影响及工业废水排放响应对天水市土地生态安全的作用较大,城市生态环境及工业废水的污染是土地质量存在危险的重要原因。天水市土地生态安全整体呈缓慢增长趋势,为较安全状态,土地质量状况良好;政府应在今后的开发过程中减少农业生产对土地环境的压力,加强土地生态环境保护,确保区域资源的可持续利用。     

吉林省可再生能源战略环境评价指标体系的建立

本文依据“可再生能源法”和与吉林省可再生能源发展相关的政策、规划，提出了在进行可再生能源战略评价时评价指标建立的原则和建立方法以及指标体系权重的确定方法。通过对吉林省可再生能源的发展现状及可再生能源的主要构成情况进行分析，确定了吉林省可再生能源战略环境评价指标体系主要类型，并建立了吉林省可再生能源的战略环境评价指标体系的可选指标集。根据驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）指标框架，该指标体系主要包括驱动力指标、压力指标、状态指标、影响指标和响应指标，涉及经济、社会、环境指标和能源指标等4种类型。同时本文指出在指标确定过程中必须依据不同地域的特点，充分体现地域性的差别。     

基于ARIMA-BP模型的包头市环境可持续发展预测

以国家生态环境政策为基础,构建城市环境PSR模型并确定各个指标权重,模型包含5个环境压力指标、6个状态指标和4个响应指标因素。根据2000—2013年包头市环境PSR指标数据计算环境可持续系数、环境压力系数、环境状态系数和环境响应系数,运用时间序列ARIMA模型,分别预测2014—2020年各个指标的变化,构建三层BP神经网络15-21-4模型预测包头市2014—2020年环境可持续系数的发展趋势。根据预测结果,提出包头市转型发展、改善生态环境、建设生态文明的对策,以促进资源有效利用、加快产业转型、加大环保力度,呼包银榆经济区环境协调与可持续发展。     

基于PSR模型的兰州市生态安全评价

基于PSR(压力—状态—响应)模型,构建兰州市生态安全评价指标体系,利用变异系数法确定指标权重,加权求出兰州市2007—2012年的生态安全指数值,并分析其生态安全发展趋势。兰州市生态安全动态评判结果为:2007年为恶化的不安全系统,2008年、2009年、2011年为可改善的不安全系统,2010年为不安全系统,2012年为安全系统,表明兰州市整体环境在逐步改善,但由于生态基础薄弱、人口对资源压力较大,兰州市整体生态安全状况不容乐观。针对兰州市生态环境现状问题提出了改善措施。     

基于PSR模型的新疆工业污染评价

依据压力—状态—响应（PSR）模型原理构建了新疆工业污染状况评价指标体系,以新疆统计年鉴（2002-2009年）和环境状况公报的数据在此模型指标基础上进行了实证分析,结果表明：近年来新疆环保措施取得显著成效,环境污染事故显著下降。但由于工业中资源开发和初加工产业比重大,工业排污强度高,全区工业污染有加剧的趋势;企业自身环保意识差,对工业污染的响应程度主要取决于政府的政策、法规。     

基于“压力-状态-响应”模型的江苏省环境绩效评估研究

环境绩效评估通过量化环境管理效果和分析环境管理中的不足,为改善环境管理水平提供依据。本研究依据压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型和主题框架法构建了包括环境效率、环境质量、环境治理3个二级指标和15个三级指标的市级环境绩效评估指标体系,并运用目标渐进法和均权法计算了江苏省13个地级2015年的环境绩效指数。结果显示,江苏省各地级市综合环境绩效指数分布在58.41(连云港市)~74.98(苏州市)之间,且与经济发展水平正相关。从空间分布来看,位于苏中地区的城市综合环境绩效多为良好,苏南和苏北各地之间的绩效差距较大;在二级指标中,苏南环境效率和环境治理绩效相对较好,苏中环境效率和环境质量绩效较好,苏北环境质量绩效较好。此外,本研究认为三级指标中的单位GDP用水量、空气质量达良好以上天数、工业用水重复利用率、一般工业固体废物利用率以及秸秆综合利用率等是主要的限制性指标。     

河南省2000—2007年人均生态足迹动态变化及其驱动力分析

利用生态足迹理论,分别计算河南省2000—2007年的人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力,以定量研究河南省的可持续发展状态。在此基础上选取人均GDP、城市化率、恩格尔系数、第三产业比重、居民消费水平、人均固定资产、投资农业现代化程度、人均耕地面积等8项经济驱动因子,利用主成分分析法进一步定量分析社会经济发展对人均生态足迹动态变化的驱动作用。结果表明,河南省人均生态足迹从2000年的1.745796hm2增加到2007年的3.019299hm2,而生态承载力由2000年的0.373397hm2下降到2007年的0.361618hm2,导致生态赤字逐年增大,且人均生态足迹高于全国以及相邻省份;社会经济强烈驱动着人均生态足迹的变化,其中人均GDP、城市化率、居民消费水平、农业现代化程度等与人均生态足迹有较强的相关性,是影响区域人均生态足迹动态变化的主要因素。     

耕地质量指标体系的构建

根据土地质量的概念及其影响因素，构建了耕地质量指标体系。认为耕地质量的影响因素包括自然、社会和经济因素，而PSR（压力——状态——响应）框架则是构建耕地质量指标体系的最佳思路。在此基础上提出具体评价指标，其中生态功能指标体系包括土壤质量、气候质量、生物多样性质量和景观生态质量，生产功能指标体系（即耕地生产力）则通过耕地生产潜力、耕地基础地力和耕地现实生产力进行评价。     

Economic incentives for TQEM: Are they in your future?

Traditional command-and-control regulations provide few opportunities for total quality environmental management because they usually do not take into account cost and efficiency factors. However, in the past several years both Congress and EPA have shown increasing interest in using incentive-type approaches to regulate the environment. These include taxes, marketable pollution privileges, deposits and refunds, information disclosure provisions, and subsidies. The author details examples of each and discusses how they can effectively complement a quality program.     

TMDL中MOS的定量估算方法及其应用

为了分析TMDL水污染控制管理模式中安全临界值MOS的影响因素,采用FOEA法对MOS中模拟计算的不确定性进行定量估算,通过不同水质达标率条件下MOS的设定,探讨水环境管理中不确定性因素对MOS的影响;将TMDL应用于珠江三角洲佛山水道的水环境管理中,运用动态水环境数学模型、考虑潮周期达标率的环境容量优化模型及遗传算法对TMDL进行求解.研究结果表明,所采用的FOEA法能较为准确地反映模型的不确定性对MOS的影响,而且从水质达标率的角度出发能合理地考察环境管理中的不确定性因素对MOS的影响,为定量化探讨MOS的设定给出了可行的求解思路及方法.     

TRINITY RIVER BASIN,TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: In 1991 the Trinity River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) was among the first 20 study units to begin investigations under full-scale program implementation. The study-unit investigations will include assessments of surface-water and ground-water quality. Initial efforts have focused on identifying water-quality issues in the basin and on the environmental factors underlying those issues. The environmental setting consists of both physical and cultural factors. Physical characteristics described include climate, geology soils, vegetation, physiography, and hydrology. Cultural characteristics discussed include population distribution, land use and land cover, agricultural practices, water use, and reservoir operations. Major water-quality categories are identified and some of the implications of the environmental factors for water quality are presented.     

基于BP神经网络的城市旅游环境质量评价

城市旅游环境质量与城市旅游可持续发展之间存在着极为密切的关系，实现可持续发展的关键就是要解决好城市旅游环境质量问题。而旅游资源环境、旅游自然生态环境、旅游社会服务环境、旅游信息环境是城市旅游环境质量评价的主要因素，利用BP神经网络的方法对城市旅游环境质量进行评价是十分科学有效的。     

涪陵区发展榨菜绿色食品的可行性研究

绿色食品产品农业生态环境质量是影响食品质量的重要重要因子之一。涪陵 地区发展榨菜生产已有百余年历史,加之榨菜产地污染少,气候适宜、环境条件具备发展绿色食品。调查资料和实际检测结果表明,涪陵区发展榨菜绿色食品在环境质量方面是可行的。     

成都市居民生活与第三产业污染源调查分析

居民生活与第三产业污染源是影响城市大气环境质量的重要因素之一。本文对居民生活与第三产业污染源进行了调查分析。了解其对成都市大气环境的影响程度，为成都市大气环境质量控制策略提供依据。     

Regulating contaminated sediments in aquatic environments: A hydrologic perspective

A number of state and federal agencies are presently attempting to develop management strategies for contaminated aquatic sediments. Until now, research and debate on sediment guidelines and regulations has focused almost exclusively on biological and chemical techniques for determining when sediments pose an environmental risk. Hydrologic factors must also be considered, however, if these biochemically based techniques for establishing sediment quality standards are to be feasible. Hydrologic issues that need to be addressed include how to define the boundaries of the aquatic environment, the scope of sediment regulations in ephemeral waters, regulations and sampling procedures in heterogeneous sediments, and timing of samples for monitoring and enforcement purposes     

区域污染源统计分析系统的设计与应用

区域污染源的管理和治理既涉及到广域的地理空间实体又涉及到众多相关的环境因素。改善区域环境质量需要高效适用的空间分析技术，统计分析与GIS平台有效集成是解决区域环境各类问题的突破口和发展趋势。本论文及其工作构建了基于GIS的区域污染源统计分析系统，并在平台基础上以北京市某区域的环境污染分析为例，对该区域的主要污染因子与相关变量进行了尝试性的分析评价。为区域环境管理及环境质量改善打造了高效的数字化管理平台与可借鉴的管理技术。     

The role of lakeshore homeowner associations in environmental management

The purpose of this study was to determine what role lakeshore homeowner associations might play in environmental management. Lakeshore homeowner associations are formally organized groups of individuals owning property on or in the vicinity of a lake. Lakeshore homeowner associations in the Adirondack Park region of New York State were investigated by both a questionnaire mailed to all presidents and an informal field survey of some permanent lakeshore residents. The study showed that many of these organizations have become highly involved in an array of environmental management activities during their relatively long history. These activities include monitoring septic tank seepage, regulating the use of motorboats, restricting shoreline development, and assisting state and local planning agencies in detecting zoning violations. Some lakeshore homeowner associations are not highly involved in activities designed to maintain or improve quality of the lake environment. These associations are concerned instead primarily with organizing social events and performing other miscellaneous activities, such as access road maintenance. These associations, however, report lower overall water quality in their lakes than those associations with a high degree of involvement in environmental management. The study uncovered two important factors that tend to undermine the ability of lakeshore homeowner associations to undertake environmental management activities. One is the extent of cooperation that can be expected from nonmember residents of the lakeshore, such as seasonal vacationers. The second is an environmental problem that does not originate locally and therefore cannot be controlled by a local organization. Acid precipitation, rated by association presidents as their foremost water quality concern, is one such problem in the Adirondack Park Region.     

Environmentally Friendly Disposal Behaviour and Local Support Systems: lessons from a metropolitan area

The amount of household refuse has steadily increased in Sweden. Strategies for household waste reduction include sorting, recycling, re-use and repair. Two categories of motivational factors determine disposal behaviour, external and internal. The external factors include administrative, economic, information and physical measures. The internal factors include knowledge, values and attitudes of individuals. Environmentally friendly disposal behaviour is best achieved when both external and internal motivational factors argue for performing activities benign to the environment. The data were collected by interviewing households and stakeholders in a metropolitan area and by studying the facilities for recycling and re-use there. The results show that over 80% of the inhabitants sorted most paper and glass; they were satisfied with the facilities and considered the behaviour important for the environment. The external motivational factors for this behaviour were very strong, with numerous bins and ample information. National policy, formulated in the eco-cycle bill with specified achievement levels, local responsibilities for organising waste management, supporting citizens with physical facilities, information and moti vational arguments, seems to be a successful combination when implementing environmental policy in this sector.