珍稀濒危植物裸果木生物学特性研究

裸果木属国家一级重点保护野生植物,具有重要的科研价值.在分析裸果木研究现状的基础上,测定了裸果木的结籽率、种子萌发的最适温度和裸果木的染色体数目,并运用形态解剖学的方法,研究和探讨了裸果木对干旱环境的适应性结构特征.结果表明,裸果木的结籽率非常低,不到1%;裸果木种子萌发的最适温度为25℃,木体细胞染色体数目为2n=40.由于裸果木长期生活在干旱的荒漠环境中,形成了一整套对干旱和低温的适应性结构.即叶片线形、气孔下陷、表皮角质化程度高且附有蜡质层,栅栏组织发达,几乎没有海绵组织,贮水组织发达;茎部次生木质部发达,髓腔较大;根茎比率高,根皮层具有发达的贮水薄壁组织.分析了裸果木濒危的主要原因,并提出了保护措施.     

乌头种质资源形态学多态性研究初报

收集乌头种质资源，经种属鉴定，均来源于毛莨科植物乌头（Aconitum camichaeli Debx．），以南瓜叶、鹅掌叶、艾叶等3种变异类型为主。观察了全生育期间哥形态学特征，证实乌头种质资源的形态学多态性，其中南瓜叶乌头长势壮、叶面积大、叶片肥厚、茎粗、须根发达、子根数目多、形状规则、子根大，表现出良好的丰产性，可作为附子栽培的重点推广品种。这些形态学指标可直接用于3种乌头资源的早期鉴定，对附子种质资源评价和良种选育具有重要意义。     

南极乔治王岛地理环境在科学研究上的意义

作者根据参加中国第5次南极考察的经历,从地理环境尤其是气候和资源对航空、航海、科考的影响,讨论了乔治王岛地区在科学研究上的战略意义。根据对地质基础、矿产、火山活动以及冰川浸蚀历史和地貌现象的讨论,指出该区是研究古气候、古环境、大陆漂移和冰川冰缘地貌的极好场所;并指出该区种类全、数量多且具有南极特征的动植物和奇特的食物链关系是其成为重要生物资源区和受条约保护的特别科学兴趣场所的主要原因。     

青南高原“黑土滩”草地群落特征的研究

对高寒草甸及其退化产物—“黑土滩”草地按退化特征划分了6个等级,分别研究了各级草地的群落特征和物种多样性。结果表明:随草地退化程度的加大,群落产量在各级草地内变化不明显,但毒杂草比例有着明显增加的趋势(P<0.01);原生植被嵩草属植物优势度和草地活根量(30cm)趋于明显减少(P<0.01);中度退化的“黑土滩”草地物种多样性指数较大,为3.234。     

睫毛萼凤仙花响应土壤水分和竞争的表型可塑性

研究了睫毛萼凤仙花在干、湿两种土壤水分条件下和密、疏两种栽种密度条件下形态和生长的表型可塑性。睫毛萼凤仙花在土壤水分饱和条件下的形态参数和生物量积累都高于干旱条件,在稀疏栽植下的形态参数和生物量积累也高于密集栽种。睫毛萼凤仙花通过调整器官生物量分配和形态参数来适应不利的环境,但付出了减少后代数目的代价。睫毛萼凤仙花适宜在土壤水分充足、植株密度不高的生境中生长。     

高寒草甸退化草地植物群落结构特征及物种多样性的初步分析

文章以高寒草甸生态系统植物群落样地资料为基础，对不同退化程度植物群落结构及物种多样性特征进行研究分析。结果表明：青藏高原高寒草甸在人为干扰、超载过牧等因素的影响下，草地严重退化，退化草地植物群落物种组成及覆盖度均发生了很大变化，主要表现在物种数急剧减少、植被覆盖度下降、优良牧草比例大幅度减少。就群落物种多样性而言，退化生态系统物种多样性明显低于自然生态系统，并且草地退化越严重，其物种多样性就越低。     

PP333对孔雀草穴盘苗生长的控制作用研究

多效唑(PP333)常用来控制植物徒长,孔雀草穴盘育苗因夏季温度和湿度过高等原因易发生徒长,使产品质量降低.因此,采用不同浓度的PP333溶液在种子萌动前对孔雀草穴盘苗进行喷施处理,测定株高、根冠比、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,筛选出最佳浓度,并研究其与对照的内源激素水平以及茎部细胞形态,探讨其作用机理.结果表明,萌前期喷施10-30mg/L的PP333能安全有效地抑制植株的生长高度,增强SOD和POD活性,从而提高花卉种苗的质量及抗逆性,且浓度越高,效果越明显,其中最佳处理为30mg/L PP333.PP333降低了孔雀草的GA和IAA含量,提高了ABA含量,抑制了孔雀草茎段细胞的伸长,从而使节间缩短,控制植株生长,提高植株抗逆性.     

攀西地区干香柏容器育苗技术研究

研究了攀西地区(攀枝花市和西昌地区)采用无底营养袋与多穴容器盘培育干香柏苗木的根系状况和苗木生长状况。研究结果表明,多穴容器盘育苗能从根本上解决无导根或边缝切根的容器育苗产生的根系盘绕现象,本地区适合采用的多穴容器盘规格为导根线类多穴容器盘,容积为90—150ml以上;本地区适合采用的育苗基质配方由燥红土泥碳土和牛粪组成,体积比为5%红土、35%泥碳土和60%牛粪组成。     

低雷诺数环境下民机RAT叶片振动失效机理分析

RAT叶片是民机冲压空气涡轮的重要组成部件,其作用是将高速流动的气体动能转换为机械能,因此,对其振动失效机理进行分析对保证民机飞行安全具有重要意义。为此,本研究分析了低雷诺数环境下民机RAT叶片振动失效机理。该研究以实验的方式进行,共分为四部分:第一部分选取民机RAT叶片,并对其进行实体建模;第二部分构建低雷诺数环境和振动模拟环境;第三部分选取RAT叶片振动失效检测工具,包括扫描电镜和三种传感器;第四部分分析RAT叶片振动失效机理。经实验可知民机RAT叶片振动变形过程、裂纹微观观察图像和振动失效速度,实验结果为制定民机RAT叶片的设计准则、提高RAT叶片设计合理性和科学性具有重要意义。此外,为保证RAT叶片的安全和有效,本研究建议:在飞行中避免超温超载、严格控制燃料腐蚀性产物对叶片造成损伤、定期检查和维护叶片的安全状态。     

华蓥山国家地质公园盆景式石林的形态特征与生态成因

以华蓥山国家地质公园内盆景式石林为研究对象,用遮蔽指数、侧蔽指数、偏率和侧视指数4个指标对盆景式石林的特征进行描述,并分析其生态成因.结果表明,其总体特征是树冠冠幅面积大于石柱底面积,sh约为1.49;si约为0.36,石柱上部1/4部分生物的生化作用最强烈;树冠形态具有不对称性美,ti约为1.5,sl约为0.48.其形态特征与华蓥山地质基础、小气候环境植物与石柱的生长发育阶段和人为因素有关.     

珍稀濒危植物裸果木研究进展

裸果木是我国国家重点保护野生植物,受自然因素和人类活动的影响,其分布区日益缩小。综述了目前国内外对于裸果木的研究现状,提出了研究展望,以期对裸果木的保护提供依据。     

Approaches to Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Species: A Guide to Initiating the Adaptation Planning Process

Assessing the impact of climate change on species and associated management objectives is a critical initial step for engaging in the adaptation planning process. Multiple approaches are available. While all possess limitations to their application associated with the uncertainties inherent in the data and models that inform their results, conducting and incorporating impact assessments into the adaptation planning process at least provides some basis for making resource management decisions that are becoming inevitable in the face of rapidly changing climate. Here we provide a non-exhaustive review of long-standing (e.g., species distribution models) and newly developed (e.g., vulnerability indices) methods used to anticipate the response to climate change of individual species as a guide for managers grappling with how to begin the climate change adaptation process. We address the limitations (e.g., uncertainties in climate change projections) associated with these methods, and other considerations for matching appropriate assessment approaches with the management questions and goals. Thorough consideration of the objectives, scope, scale, time frame and available resources for a climate impact assessment allows for informed method selection. With many data sets and tools available on-line, the capacity to undertake and/or benefit from existing species impact assessments is accessible to those engaged in resource management. With some understanding of potential impacts, even if limited, adaptation planning begins to move toward the development of management strategies and targeted actions that may help to sustain functioning ecosystems and their associated services into the future.     

Climate Change Adaptation for the US National Wildlife Refuge System

Since its establishment in 1903, the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) has grown to 635 units and 37 Wetland Management Districts in the United States and its territories. These units provide the seasonal habitats necessary for migratory waterfowl and other species to complete their annual life cycles. Habitat conversion and fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, and competition for water have stressed refuges for decades, but the interaction of climate change with these stressors presents the most recent, pervasive, and complex conservation challenge to the NWRS. Geographic isolation and small unit size compound the challenges of climate change, but a combined emphasis on species that refuges were established to conserve and on maintaining biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health provides the NWRS with substantial latitude to respond. Individual symptoms of climate change can be addressed at the refuge level, but the strategic response requires system-wide planning. A dynamic vision of the NWRS in a changing climate, an explicit national strategic plan to implement that vision, and an assessment of representation, redundancy, size, and total number of units in relation to conservation targets are the first steps toward adaptation. This adaptation must begin immediately and be built on more closely integrated research and management. Rigorous projections of possible futures are required to facilitate adaptation to change. Furthermore, the effective conservation footprint of the NWRS must be increased through land acquisition, creative partnerships, and educational programs in order for the NWRS to meet its legal mandate to maintain the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of the system and the species and ecosystems that it supports.     

Plant morphological characteristics and resistance to simulated trampling

The relationship between responses of plants to trampling and their morphological characteristics was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Thirteen species with four different growth forms were used in this experiment. They were five tussock species.Chloris gayana, Eragrostis tenuifolia, Lolium perenne, Panicum maximum, andSporobolus elongatus; three prostate grasses,Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, andTrifolium repens, two herbaceous species,Daucus glochidiatus andHypochoeris radicata; and three woody species,Acacia macradenia, Acrotriche aggregata, andSida rhombifolia. These species were subjected to three levels of simulated trampling. For each species, measurements were taken of aboveground biomass, root biomass, leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, leaf number, broken leaf number and plant height. Overall, these measurements were greatest in the control plants, moderate in the level of light trampling, and the lowest in the level of heavy trampling. Biomass was used as a basis of the assessment of plant resistance to trampling. Three tussock species,Eragrostis tenuifolia, Lolium perenne, andSporobolus elongatus had a high resistance. Woody and erect herbaceous plants were more intolerant to trampling. There appear to be two processes involved in the reduction of the plant parameters: direct physical damage with portions of the plants detached, and physiological changes, which slow down vegetative growth rates. Plant height was found to be the most sensitive indicator of trampling damage.     

Smallholder farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in the central highlands of Ethiopia

This study describes the different coping and adaptation strategies used by smallholder farmers to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change and variability in the central highlands of Ethiopia. A distinction was made between coping and adaptation strategies, respectively, as short-term and longer term measures. The study surveyed 200 farm households in three districts, and three focus group discussions and three key informant interviews were conducted in each district. All the surveyed farmers perceived at least one aspect of change in the local climate. Their perception of an increasing trend of temperature was supported by meteorological records, while their perception of declining annual rainfall was not supported by actual records in two of the three districts, where positive trends in rainfall were observed. Farmers identified changes in rainfall and drought as their major climate change-related risks. In response, farmers used different strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and variability. The most widely used coping strategy was selling livestock (85% of the respondents), followed by changing consumption pattern (76% of the respondents). Changing crop planting dates was the most preferred adaptation option (89% of the respondents), while irrigation as an adaptation strategy was used only by 10% of the surveyed farmers. Shortage of water for irrigation (83% of the respondents) and shortage of money to buy necessary inputs (77% of the respondents) were the major barriers to effective adaptation frequently cited in the study area. We conclude that adaptation policy should build on existing coping and adaptation strategies and focus on addressing barriers to the adoption of coping and adaptation measures at different scales.     

典型发达国家适应气候变化资金机制及对中国的启示

气候变化是全人类面临的严峻挑战,我国受到气候变化的不利影响更为显著,加快采取雄心勃勃的适应气候变化行动显得尤为重要,但资金机制一直是我国适应进程中的主要障碍,亟须借鉴国际经验构建完善适应气候变化的资金机制。基于此,本文首先简要分析国际适应气候变化资金机制的基本情况,然后选取适应进程较为完善的美、英、德、日等典型发达国家,分别从适应政策体系、国内适应资金和国际援助资金等三个方面梳理总结各国适应气候变化资金机制,最后分析我国适应气候变化资金机制及存在的问题,并提出对我国适应气候变化资金机制的启示。研究发现,《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其气候变化国际谈判进程是各国推进适应气候变化资金机制的主要动因,发达国家重视适应政策的法制化,但政策力度和运行模式有所不同,公共部门是各国适应资金的主要来源,私人资金潜力尚待挖掘,国际气候援助注重减缓与适应并重,但援助力度有待加强。未来我国应从完善适应气候变化顶层设计、建立适应气候变化资金保障机制、提高适应气候援助力度、加强国际交流与合作等方面完善我国适应气候变化资金机制。     

Seed bank composition of open and overgrown calcareous grassland soils--a case study from Southern Belgium

The success of calcareous grassland recreation following abandonment depends to a large extent on the composition of the soil seed bank. We studied the species richness and composition of the seed bank along a chronosequence from well-developed calcareous grassland to scrub and forest vegetation, which had developed on calcareous grassland over the last 225 years. The seed bank density was highest in the calcareous grassland soils (930 seeds/m(2)). However, the seed bank was mainly composed of rather common species of nutrient poor grassland, which were poorly represented in the surface vegetation. There were no significant differences in soil seed bank density and species composition between the calcareous grassland and scrub vegetation that was less than 15 years old, largely because several grassland species had persisted in the scrub vegetation and were therefore able to replenish the soil seed bank. In contrast seed density and species richness declined significantly after 40 years of grassland abandonment. Indeed, forest soils had the lowest seed densities (214 seeds/m(2)) with only a few grassland species represented. This reflects the lack of grassland species in the field layer of the forest, and, therefore, the lack of seed production and seed bank replenishment. It is clear that recreation of calcareous grassland on long abandoned sites cannot rely on germination of target species from the seed bank alone. Even in the calcareous grassland soil, seeds of target species are not abundant as the majority produces transient seeds, which decay rapidly if they do not germinate immediately. Successful grassland recreation on such sites therefore may require seeds of target species to be introduced artificially (e.g. as seed mixtures, green hay, etc.). Alternatively, reinstatement of traditional practices, such as grazing or mowing, will increase the natural dispersal potential of these species, allowing population reestablishment in the long term.     

Rhizosphere acidification and cadmium uptake by strawberry clover

Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) is a hardy legume found in indigenous or introduced populations throughout the world. Tolerance to saline and alkaline soils, flooding, and heavy metals make it a good prospect for reclamation projects. The research, described here, was conducted to: (i) characterize the morphological variation in plants from available seed sources, (ii) evaluate cadmium uptake and tolerances over a wide range of morphological variants, and (iii) elucidate the variability in the effects of roots on rhizosphere pH and the relationship to cadmium uptake. Seeds from selected accessions were planted in the greenhouse for comparison of morphological variation. The accessions examined had a mean height of 10.7+/-7 cm. Accessions 254916 and 237925 are tall with high rhizosphere pH values and might be useful in phytoremediation. Strawberry clover accessions were also grown hydroponically to examine differences in cadmium uptake. The ability of strawberry clover roots to change rhizosphere pH and take up cadmium was examined using culture tubes containing nutrient agar, a moderate level of cadmium, and a pH indicator dye. The results provided evidence for a negative correlation between rhizosphere pH and cadmium uptake.     

Herders’ Perceptions of and Responses to Climate Change in Northern Pakistan

Migratory pastoralism is an adaptation to a harsh and unstable environment, and pastoral herders have traditionally adapted to environmental and climatic change by building on their in-depth knowledge of this environment. In the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, and particularly in the arid and semiarid areas of northern Pakistan, pastoralism, the main livelihood, is vulnerable to climate change. Little detailed information is available about climate trends and impacts in remote mountain regions; herders’ perceptions of climate change can provide the information needed by policy makers to address problems and make decisions on adaptive strategies in high pastoral areas. A survey was conducted in Gilgit–Baltistan province of Pakistan to assess herders’ perceptions of, and adaptation strategies to climate change. Herders’ perceptions were gathered in individual interviews and focus group discussions. The herders perceived a change in climate over the past 10–15 years with longer and more intense droughts in summer, more frequent and heavier snowfall in winter, and prolonged summers and relatively shorter winters. These perceptions were validated by published scientific evidence. The herders considered that the change in climate had directly impacted pastures and then livestock by changing vegetation composition and reducing forage yield. They had adopted some adaptive strategies in response to the change such as altering the migration pattern and diversifying livelihoods. The findings show that the herder communities have practical lessons and indigenous knowledge related to rangeland management and adaptation to climate change that should be shared with the scientific community and integrated into development planning.     

Climate change adaptation at different levels of government: Characteristics and conditions of policy change

Climate change adaptation strategies that aim to minimize harm and maximize benefits related to climate change impacts have mushroomed at all levels of government in recent years. While many studies have explored barriers that stand in the way of their implementation, the factors determining their potential to mainstream adaptation into various sectors are less clear. In the present paper, we aim to address this gap for two international, six national, and six local adaptation strategies. Based on document analyses and 35 semi‐structured interviews, the 14 case studies also explore in how far the factors facilitating climate change adaptation are similar across levels of government or level‐specific. Although located at three different levels of government, we find that the 14 adaptation strategies analyzed here represent “one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements” that are characterized by voluntariness and a lack institutionalization. Since adaptation strategies are relatively weak coordination hubs that are unable to force adaptation onto sectoral policy agendas, they rely mainly on sectoral self‐interest in adapting to climate change, largely determined by problem pressure. We conclude that one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements are rarely adequate responses to complex challenges, such as climate change. Although climate change adaptation depends more on framework conditions such as problem pressure than on administrative or governance features, the findings presented here can help to understand under what circumstances adaptation is likely to make progress.