民用燃煤型煤化对改善乌鲁木齐大气污染现状的作用分析

乌鲁木齐币大气污染十分严重，自治区《“1311”环境保护行动计划实施方案》中已将乌鲁木齐大气污染治理纳入其中。本文类比分析表明，民用燃煤部分对乌鲁木齐市大气污染的浓度贡献率达70％。若这部分燃煤采用型煤取代，将减少其烟尘排放量92．5％，SO2排放量62．5％。这对改善乌鲁木齐大气环境状况的作用是显著的，而且型煤化技术成熟、可行，推广该技术具有明显的现实意义。     

水污染治理工程存在的问题及对策

对污染源进行治理是控制水污染，改善水环境质量的重要手段之一。但近年来污染治理工程存在着许多问题，影响了治理效果，浪费了财力物力，挫伤了治污的积极性，致使水污染得不到有效地控制和改善，其主要问题表现在以下几个方面：一、工程投资高，企业接受难资金投入额度是污水治理工程的最实质问题，它直接关系到治污企业的承受能力和积极性，同时又是衡量工程本身实用价值大小的重要指标。无论是70、80年代的生物处理祛，还是90年代的物理、化学处理法，都存在投资高的问题。生物处理法是指利用微生物转化废水中的污染物（主要是有机物）…     

潜流人工湿地在城镇污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了潜流人工湿地的特点,着重分析了现有潜流人工湿地处理系统存在的问题,并提出了解决方法.特别指出免淤塞型潜流人工湿地适合城镇水污染治理,并具有建设和运行费用低、管理维护简单、处理效率高和出水水质稳定的优势.     

集中供热-缓解乌鲁木齐大气污染的有效途径

针对乌鲁木齐大气污染的现状,重点介绍了集中供热在治理城市大气污染中发挥的重要作用,阐明了推广热电联产、集中供热以及清洁能源对改善乌鲁木齐市空气环境质量的重要意义.指出在现阶段发展集中供热工程,仍将是缓解和改善乌鲁木齐大气污染的有效途径之一.     

人工曝气生态净化治理农村黑臭水体效果探究

为研究农村黑臭水体的治理方法，用狐尾藻开展模拟试验，之后用“狐尾藻+人工曝气”法在某坑塘进行治理工程试验。结果表明，狐尾藻对水中总氮、氨氮、总磷具有明显的去除效果。在“控源截污+清淤疏浚”的基础上，通过“狐尾藻+人工曝气”组合工艺可明显消除黑臭现象，透明度和溶解氧明显提高。最终该坑塘黑臭水体氨氮、溶解氧、透明度均达到《农村黑臭水体治理工作指南（试行）》中表1监测指标阈值。因此，在“控源截污+清淤疏浚”的基础上，利用“狐尾藻生态净化+人工曝气”组合工艺对农村黑臭水体具有很好的治理效果。     

再不能在烟雾中生活——关于乌鲁木齐大气污染及其防治措施的建议

前言作者自1970年起尝试进行乌鲁木齐重点地区大气污染监测,并在1972年参与制造了第一台旋风除尘器,进行消烟除尘推广试点工作,以图治理和改善乌鲁木齐冬季严重的大气环境污染。此后20多年,自治区和市环境保护局等有关部门虽在这方面做了大量工作,但因资金短缺和治理力度不够,仅减轻了进一步恶化的趋势,而污染状况依旧。本文试对乌鲁木齐大气污染状况及起因进一步剖析,并提出大胆的根治建议,供领导部门参考。1大气污染源及污染现状乌鲁木齐市是自治区首府,总人口145万,市区建成区面积82km’,人口密度1537人／平方公里。根据1992…     

天津市外来入侵生物黄顶菊调查现状与治理对策

通过对天津市外来入侵生物黄顶菊的调查和治理，探讨了黄顶菊在调查和治理中存在的问题，指出了黄顶菊的治理是一项艰巨而系统的工程，必须常抓不懈，并提出了一系列治理黄顶菊的对策。     

论新疆四个主要工业化城市经济、社会、环境协调发展水平问题──应用层次分析法对新疆四个工业化城市经济、社会和环境发展水平的综合评价

运用国外比较先进的分析方法－层次分析法，对新疆四个工业化城市的经济、社会、环境协调发展水平的问题进行了分析和综合评价。通过定量分析，得出了乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依、石河子和奎屯四个工业化城市在经济、社会和环境总体水平上虽然均居全疆之首，但都存在着三者发展不够协调的问题，虽然不少经济、社会发展指标超群，但环境因素得分却很低，除克拉玛依得７８．５分外，其余三市仅得５１—５８分，连６０分的及格水平都达不到，说明环境建设无论从速度和规模上都是低水平。     

人工曝气生态净化系统治理黑臭河流的原理及应用

人工曝气生态净化系统是一种辅以曝气复氧的生态处理工艺。本文介绍了人工曝气生态净化系统的构造、净化机理及其在治理福州白马支河的成功应用。近一年来的运行结果表明，该系统对黑臭河流的净化效果好，同时还可实现污水的资源化，适合于城市景观河道的治理。     

加快发展新疆环保产业的对策初探

加快发展新疆环保产业的对策初探张健，张莉（新疆环境保护科研所乌鲁木齐８３００１１）１前言环境保护产业是随着环境保护事业的发展而兴起的一门新兴产业，在环境污染治理中占有十分重要的位置．国家对环境保护产业的发展十分重视，国务院总理李鹏同志指出：“要重视环...     

Surface Water Seepage Effects on Shallow Ground‐Water Quality Along the Rio Grande in Northern New Mexico1

Abstract: Interactions between surface irrigation water, shallow ground water, and river water may have effects on water quality that are important for both drinking water supplies and the ecological function of rivers and floodplains. We investigated water quality in surface water and ground water, and how water quality is influenced by surface water inputs from an unlined irrigation system in the Alcalde Valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. From August 2005 to July 2006, we sampled ground water and surface water monthly and analyzed for concentrations of major cations and anions, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water levels. Results indicate that irrigation ditch seepage caused an increase in ground water levels and that the Rio Grande is a gaining stream in this region. Temporal and spatial differences were found in ion concentrations in shallow ground water as it flowed from under the ditch toward the river. Ground‐water ion concentrations were higher when the ditch was not flowing compared with periods during peak irrigation season when the ditch was flowing. Ditch inputs diluted ion concentrations in shallow ground water at well positions near the ditch. Specifically, lower ion concentrations were detected in ground water at well positions located near the ditch and river compared with well positions located in the middle of an agricultural field. Results from this project showed that ditch inputs influenced ion concentrations and were associated with ground‐water recharge. In arid region river valleys, careful consideration should be given to management scenarios that change seepage from irrigation systems, because in some situations reduced seepage could negatively affect ground‐water recharge and water quality.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.     

Impact of Dredging on Phosphorus Transport in Agricultural Drainage Ditches of the Atlantic Coastal Plain1

Abstract: Drainage ditches can be a key conduit of phosphorus (P) between agricultural soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and local surface waters, including the Chesapeake Bay. This study sought to quantify the effect of a common ditch management practice, sediment dredging, on fate of P in drainage ditches. Sediments from two drainage ditches that had been monitored for seven years and had similar characteristics (flow, P loadings, sediment properties) were sampled (0‐5 cm) after one of the ditches had been dredged, which removed fine textured sediments (clay = 41%) with high organic matter content (85 g/kg) and exposed coarse textured sediments (clay = 15%) with low organic matter content (2.2 g/kg). Sediments were subjected to a three‐phase experiment (equilibrium, uptake, and release) in recirculating 10‐m‐long, 0.2‐m‐wide, and 5‐cm‐deep flumes to evaluate their role as sources and sinks of P. Under conditions of low initial P concentrations in flume water, sediments from the dredged ditch released 13 times less P to the water than did sediments from the ditch that had not been dredged, equivalent to 24 mg dissolved P. However, the sediments from the dredged ditch removed 19% less P (76 mg) from the flume water when it was spiked with dissolved P to approximate long‐term runoff concentrations. Irradiation of sediments to destroy microorganisms revealed that biological processes accounted for up to 30% of P uptake in the coarse textured sediments of the dredged ditch and 18% in the fine textured sediments of the undredged ditch. Results indicate that dredging of coastal plain drainage ditches can potentially impact the P buffering capacity of ditches draining agricultural soils with a high potential for P runoff.     

Using flue gas desulfurization gypsum to remove dissolved phosphorus from agricultural drainage waters

High levels of accumulated phosphorus (P) in soils of the Delmarva Peninsula are a major source of dissolved P entering drainage ditches that empty into the Chesapeake Bay. The objective of this study was to design, construct, and monitor a within-ditch filter to remove dissolved P, thereby protecting receiving waters against P losses from upstream areas. In April 2007, 110 Mg of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a low-cost coal combustion product, was used as the reactive ingredient in a ditch filter. The ditch filter was monitored from 2007 to 2010, during which time 29 storm-induced flow events were characterized. For storm-induced flow, the event mean concentration efficiency for total dissolved P (TDP) removal for water passing through the gypsum bed was 73 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). The removal efficiency for storm-induced flow by the summation of load method was 65 ± 27% confidence interval (α = 0.05). Although chemically effective, the maximum observed hydraulic conductivity of FGD gypsum was 4 L s(-1), but it decreased over time to <1 L s(-1). When bypass flow and base flow were taken into consideration, the ditch filter removed approximately 22% of the TDP load over the 3.6-yr monitoring period. Due to maintenance and clean-out requirements, we conclude that ditch filtration using FGD gypsum is not practical at a farm scale. However, we propose an alternate design consisting of FGD gypsum-filled trenches parallel to the ditch to intercept and treat groundwater before it enters the ditch.     

Improvements in Fluvial Stability Associated with Two‐Stage Ditch Construction in Mower County,Minnesota

Water quality and stream habitat in agricultural watersheds are under greater scrutiny as hydrologic pathways are altered to increase crop production. Agricultural drainage ditches function to remove water quickly from farmed landscapes. Conventional ditch designs lack the form and function of natural stream systems and tend to be unstable and provide inadequate habitat. In October of 2009, 1.89 km of a conventional drainage ditch in Mower County, Minnesota, was converted to an alternative system with a two‐stage channel to investigate the improvements in water quality, stability, and habitat. Longitudinal surveys show a 12‐fold increase in the pool‐riffle formation. Cross‐sectional surveys show an average increase in bankfull width of approximately 10% and may be associated to an increased frequency in large storm events. The average increase in bankfull depth was estimated as 18% but is largely influenced by pool formation. Rosgen Stability Analyses show the channel to be highly stable and the banks at a low risk of erosion. The average bankfull recurrence interval was estimated to be approximately 0.30 years. Overall, the two‐stage ditch design demonstrates an increase in fluvial stability, creating a more consistent sediment budget, and increasing the frequency of important instream habitat features, making this best management practice a viable option for addressing issues of erosion, sediment imbalance, and poor habitat in agricultural drainage systems.     

招远市黄金尾矿库生态工程技术研究与实践

招远市现有黄金尾矿库不仅占用大量土地资源,对周围的空气、土壤、水体造成污染,破坏周围的生态环境,而且存在安全隐患,严重制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展.针对不同类型黄金尾矿库的特点,建立了漫溢型生态景观园、高台型生态休闲园、坝坡型风景防护林地、沟夼型生产园地等4种黄金尾矿库生态工程模式.通过生态工程示范区建设,将尾矿库改造成城镇景观绿地、生产园地,解决了黄金尾矿库的生态环境问题.     

MBR处理工艺的发展与应用

MBR处理技术目前发展的新工艺有：改良式序列间歇反应器（MSBR）、MBR与氧化沟结合工艺、MBR与高效生物反应器相结合（MHCR）等。MBR技术推广应用的关键是解决膜污染问题和降低膜成本。MBR技术已经在水处理领域应用，和常规水处理工艺相比，MBR工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定，设备简单、占地空间省等优势，对于发展城市污水回用具有重要意义。     

川中坡地沟稻垄杂技术及其效益分析

四川坡耕地水土流失十分严重。沟稻垄杂耕作法是在同一坡地空间实行垄沟植稻,垄上(埂)种植红苕、玉米和豆类等杂粮的一种水土保持耕作方法。据在川中遂宁等地试验、示范、推广,沟稻垄杂耕作法可使坡耕地水份流失量减少96.03%、泥沙流失量减少98.77%;杂粮保产外,每亩坡地可增收稻谷11 1.3kg。本文介绍了沟稻垄杂耕作效益及栽培技术。     

Dredging of drainage ditches increases short-term transport of soluble phosphorus

Managed drainage ditches are common in the midwestern United States. These ditches are designed to remove water from fields as quickly as possible, and sediment buildup necessitates dredging, to ensure adequate water removal. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of ditch dredging on soluble phosphorus (P) transport. Ditch sediments were collected from a drainage ditch in northeastern Indiana immediately before and after dredging. The sediments were placed in a stream simulator, and stream water was loaded with 0.55 mM P for 5 d (adsorption experiment). Water was then removed, and "clean" water (no P added) was used for a desorption experiment, lasting 1 d. During the adsorption experiment, pre-dredged sediments were able to remove P from the water column quicker, and P concentrations 120 h after introduction of high P water were lower for the pre-dredged sediments (0.075 mM P) than the dredged sediments (0.111 mM P). During the desorption experiment, P was released to the water column slower in the pre-dredged treatment than the dredged treatment (instantaneous flux at t = 0 was 0.205 microM P h(-1) for pre-dredged and 0.488 microM P h(-1) for dredged). This occurred despite higher Mehlich 3-extractable P in the pre-dredged sediments than the dredged sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations (EPCo) were lower in the pre-dredged sediments during both adsorption and desorption experiments. Transport of soluble P immediately after dredging will likely increase in drainage ditches; however, dredging is a necessary management tool to ensure adequate discharge of water from surrounding fields.     

ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

A ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit-cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.