重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效及驱动力研究

重点生态功能区是保障国家生态安全、扩大绿色生态空间的重要区域,在实现全国生态资产保值增值方面发挥着重要作用。然而,现阶段围绕重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效及驱动力开展的研究较少。为明确重点生态功能区生态资产保护的驱动力以及存在的问题,本文利用遥感影像并结合图像解译、GIS空间分析和数理统计等方法对重点生态功能区内生态资产展开分析,并将其与非重点生态功能区进行比较。研究结果显示:重点生态功能区内森林、灌丛、草地和湿地生态资产总面积为349.30万km~2,优级和良级生态资产占生态资产总面积的42.42%,生态资产综合指数为21.19。15年间,重点功能区内生态资产总面积增加0.05%,优级和良级生态资产面积占比分别增加0.59%和0.85%,生态资产综合指数增加2.94。重点生态功能区生态资产面积和质量增幅均小于非重点生态功能区,然而重点生态功能区生态资产指数增量高于非重点生态功能区。生态恢复是驱动重点生态功能区生态资产面积变化的主因,对原有生态资产的保护是促进生态资产指数增加的最主要驱动力(贡献率达81%),城镇化和农业开发对生态资产的不利影响不容忽视(贡献率达-6.81%)。研究表明,对重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效显著,同时还有较大提升空间。本研究也为优化重点生态功能区的城镇化和农业开发的管理提供了证据和参考。     

生态保护是建设生态文明的重要基础

十七大提出建设生态文明的奋斗目标,具有极其重大的意义.生态保护在建设生态文明中具有保护生存条件、保障生态安全、保护自然资源及生产力、保障可持续发展、促进生态文明观念在全社会牢固树立等重要作用.因此,生态保护是建设生态文明的物质基础、实现生态现代化的前提、建设生态道德的重要载体.     

盘山县生态文明建设实践与思考

综述盘山县从生态文明示范区建设的指导思想出发,明确示范区建设目标以及原则,探讨生态文明示范区建设的核心内容及整体框架,综合当前的生态文明建设的指标体系研究现状,构建生态文明示范区建设指标体系,深化评价指标体系的保障措施。分析盘山县通过生态文明制度、生态安全、生态空间格局、生态经济、生态生活、生态文化六大体系构建,稳固了生态文明建设的现实基础。经过4年的国家生态文明示范区建设创建工作,达到了考核要求,获得第三批国家生态文明建设示范市县称号。     

乌鲁木齐市近5年生态足迹与生态承载力研究

生态足迹是一种可持续发展程度的生物物理评价方法.阐述了生态足迹的概念和计算模型,设计了城市生态足迹计算方法,对乌鲁木齐市2000-2004年共5年的生态足迹及生态承载力进行了测算.结果表明：各年的生态足迹需求均大于生态承载力,出现了生态赤字现象,该市处于生态不可持续状态.     

关于《生态保护学》学科建设若干问题初探

生态保护学经历了自然保护和生态保护两个阶段。生态保护学的研究对象是人类对生态有意识的保护，属于环境科学和应用生态学，包括自然保护、农村生态保护、城市生态保护。科学基础包括生态学、农村生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学，生态经济学与生态系统服务功能价值等，但专门的学科基础是恢复生态学。学科体系中生态监测与调查是基础，生态系统健康及生态评价是关键，生态工程与生态恢复是重点。     

农村生态文化建设载体研究

通过运用各种有形或无形的文化传播载体,把生态理念和生态价值观播撒在广大农民的心中,促进广大农民发展生态产业、养成生态消费的习惯,推动农村生态文化和生态经济繁荣发展。在农村生态文化建设中,选择利用好各种文化传播载体是至关重要的。农村生态文化建设的载体,即农村生态文化的外在表现形态、形式和建设农村生态文化的各种方     

北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

引入中介与调节变量的生态认知对生态行为作用机理实证研究

研究生态认知对生态行为作用机理有利于管理者有效规范公众的生态行为。分别引入中介与调节变量并基于"知—信—行"理论建立结构方程模型SEM,利用调研数据进行实证研究。结果显示:(1)生态知识和生态感知相互影响,系数均为0.39;(2)生态知识对生态责任感、生态情感、生态价值观、生态态度有正向显著影响,系数分别为0.19、0.23、0.32、0.33;(3)生态感知对生态价值观、生态态度、生态情感、生态责任感有正向显著影响,系数分别为0.35、0.37、0.42、0.45;(4)生态情感对生态态度、生态态度对生态责任感、生态责任感对生态价值观有正向显著影响,系数分别为0.31、0.48、0.37;(5)生态情感、生态态度、生态责任感、生态价值观对生态行为有正向显著影响,系数分别为0.39、0.43、0.58、0.69;(6)生态知识、生态感知对生态行为影响系数为正但不显著。结果表明:生态认知对生态行为无直接作用关系,而要通过生态信念对生态行为产生作用;生态态度、生态情感、生态价值观、生态责任感在生态认知对生态行为作用关系中具有完全中介效应;性别、年龄和户籍地在生态认知对生态行为作用关系中具有调节效应且调节效应依次降低。     

居民生态素质调查与分析——以广东省北部生态发展区为例

绿色发展是追求美好生活的必由之路,而这要求居民具备良好的生态素质.基于广东省北部生态发展区的调查发现,居民对生态知识的知晓度、对生态文明价值观的认可度比较高,生态责任感很强,但对生态知识理解的准确度以及生态文明的践行度有待提高.提升居民生态素质,社会层面的因素具有决定性作用,营造生态文明的社会环境、加强生态文明教育、完...     

西部少数民族的传统生态文化

西部少数民族传统生态文化由作为意识形态的深层生态思想,观念,与作为行为实践的理性生态技能、经验,以及作为社群内部的生态管理组织共同构成。少数民族传统生态文化及其实践,具备了自然生态、文化生态及社会生态三重价值。当前轰轰烈烈的生态文明建设运动中,仅凭科学主义至上的所谓先进的技术手段,难以全面实现建设"美丽中国生态家园"的梦想。当今的生态文明,理应属于一种兼容并蓄、多元和合的生态文化体系。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

The Fat of the Land: Linking American Food Overconsumption, Obesity, and Biodiversity Loss

Americans’ excessive consumption of food harms their health and quality of life and also causes direct and indirect environmental degradation, through habitat loss and increased pollution from agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. We show here that reducing food consumption (and eating less meat) could improve Americans’ health and well-being while facilitating environmental benefits ranging from establishing new national parks and protected areas to allowing more earth-friendly farming and ranching techniques. We conclude by considering various public policy initiatives to lower per capita caloric intake and excessive meat consumption, and to translate this temperate behavior into substantial environmental protection.     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

SNOTEL,the Soil Climate Analysis Network,and water supply forecasting at the Natural Resources Conservation Service: Past,present, and future

The Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting (SSWSF) Program and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) of the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) generate key observational and predictive information for water managers. Examples include mountain climate and snow monitoring through manual snow surveys and the SNOw TELemetry (SNOTEL) and SNOtel LITE networks, in situ soil moisture data acquisition through the SCAN and SNOTEL networks, and water supply forecasting using river runoff prediction models. The SSWSF Program has advanced continuously over the decades and is a major source of valuable water management information across the western United States, and the SCAN network supports agricultural and other water users nationwide. Product users and their management goals are diverse, and use-cases range from guiding crop selection to seasonal flood risk assessment, drought monitoring and prediction, avalanche and fire prediction, hydropower optimization, tracking climate variability and change, environmental management, satisfying international treaty and domestic legal requirements, and more. Priorities going forward are to continue innovating to enhance the accuracy and completeness of the observational and model-generated data products these programs deliver, including expanded synergies with the remote sensing community and uptake of artificial intelligence while maintaining long-term operational reliability and consistency at scale.     

REDD+ in Africa: contexts and challenges

REDD+, a climate change mitigation mechanism that values carbon in tropical forests, is expected to provide Africa with a range of environmental and socio‐economic benefits. Drawing on a vast array of literature and personal experiences, this review analyzed particular features and challenges that REDD+ implementation has faced on the continent. The distinct contexts and major challenges regarding governance, finance and technical capacities are discussed, and mechanisms to fill these gaps are suggested. Radical land tenure reform and a perfect safeguard mechanism that transfers forest land and carbon to the communities are unlikely. REDD+ should rather look for systems that respect local institutional arrangements, and allow forest‐based communities to participate in decision‐making and benefit sharing, particularly benefits from emerging REDD+. Finances for REDD+ infrastructure and the results‐based payment are in short supply. While negotiating for potential external sources in the short term, Africa should generate domestic financial resources and look for additional payments for ecosystem services. Africa should also negotiate for forest monitoring capacity building, while strengthening local community forest monitoring. This review contributes to an improved understanding of the contexts and challenges to consider in the capacity and policy development for REDD+ implementation.     

Multiscale Drivers of Water Chemistry of Boreal Lakes and Streams

The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon, TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3% (streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables (9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and 3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes) and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management) endeavors.     

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION POTENTIALS1

ABSTRACT: This paper defines types of water losses in irrigated agriculture and outlines potentials for water conservation. Recoverable water “losses” (seepage, leakage, and spillage during storage and conveyance, and surface runoff and deep percolation during irrigation) and irrecoverable losses (evaporation from water and soil surfaces and transpiration from plants) are described and illustrated. Some conservation terms are defined, particularly the distinction between on-farm irrigation efficiency and areawide efficiency. Briefly reviewed are agricultural water conservation technologies and their applicability. The biggest untapped potential for water conservation may be a reduction in irrecoverable losses, especially evapotranspiration. The advantages and disadvantages of reducing recoverable and irrecoverable water losses are described, including possible effects on ground water, energy, salinity, crops, wildlife, and in-stream uses. Such information may be useful in several policy and management issues, e.g., ground water overdraft and possible constraints on crops and sites to be irrigated.     

Investments in agricultural water management for poverty reduction in Africa: Case studies of Limpopo,Nile, and Volta river basins

Much of Sub‐Saharan Africa is burdened with water scarcity and poverty. Continentally, less than four percent of Africa's renewable water resources are withdrawn for agriculture and other uses. Investments in agricultural water management can contribute in several ways to achieving the Millennium Development Goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability. Increased yield and cropping area and shifts to higher valued crops could help boost the income of rural households, generate more employment, and lower consumer food prices. These investments can also stabilize output, income and employment, and have favourable impacts on education, nutrition and health, and social equity. Investments in agricultural water management can cut poverty by uplifting the entitlements and transforming the opportunity structure for the poor. The overall role of investments in agricultural water management in eradicating hunger and poverty is analyzed. This paper contributes to the present debate and efforts to identify strategies and interventions that can effectively contribute to poverty reduction in Africa. It provides an overview of population growth, malnutrition, income distribution and poverty for countries in three case study river basins — Limpopo, Nile, and Volta. With discussions on the contribution of agriculture to national income and employment generation, the paper explores the linkages among water resources investments, agricultural growth, employment, and poverty alleviation. It examines the potential for expansion in irrigation for vertical and horizontal growth in agricultural productivity, via gains in yield and cropping area to boost the agricultural output. Factors constraining such potential, in terms of scarcity and degradation of land and water resources, and poor governance and weak institutions, are also outlined. The paper argues that increased investments in land and water resources and related rural infrastructure are a key pathway to enhance agricultural productivity and to catalyze agricultural and economic growth for effective poverty alleviation.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

Ideology and wildlands management: The case of Rondeau Provincial Park,Ontario

This is a critical examination of some of the basic concepts that have guided management of parks and related reserves, often termed wildlands. Study is focussed on Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, and on concepts such as wilderness, primeval forest, and the Carolinian forest. Deer culling and other management policies and practices have been based upon the idea that the highly valued sassafras, tulip, and other species of the Carolinian forest are decreasing due to browsing. Field mapping and analysis of historic vegetation records indicate that this trend is not in fact occurring. Historic research also reveals difficulties in defining the Carolinian or other perceived types of forest for management purposes. A major reassessment of ideology and management policy and practice seem to be required in Rondeau and other wildlands. Vague or general concepts such as wilderness or preservation should be strongly complemented and supported by more precise statements of objectives, a learning attitude, and experimentation and research. As a result of the technical uncertainties and value judgments frequently involved, management should also be based upon the expressed preferences and continuing involvement of citizens.