辽河保护区一级支流污染特征分析

根据辽河保护区一级支流2011—2014年水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法对4年来的水质时空变化特征进行总体分析,利用主成分分析法对一级支流进行污染因子筛选,并采用聚类分析法对不同污染特征的支流进行分类。结果表明,2011—2013年一级支流水质总体上逐年好转,受水量影响,2014年水质稍有反弹;污染较重的支流有付家排干、王河、南窑小河、清辽河、左小河、螃蟹沟、八家子河、长河、养息牧河、亮沟子河等;影响12条一级支流水质情况的主要因素是有机污染、耗氧污染物污染和营养素污染;12条支流大致可以分成五类,分别为缺水型污染支流、农业面源污染型支流、生活污水污染型支流、混合污染型支流和汛期污染型支流。     

嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水质现状综合分析与评价——以南充市蓬安县为例

以南充市蓬安县为例,采用了单因子评价法、主要污染物水质标识指数法和主成分分析法统计分析了2017～2019年嘉陵江一级支流蓬安数据,综合分析嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水污染特征及水质评价。结果表明:(1)蓬安县域内嘉陵江一级支流水环境有机污染较为严重,污染物主要源于生活污水、工业污水、农业面源污染排放,高风险因子为CODCr和TP。(2)水质受水期影响大,变化特征为:枯水期丰水期平水期;上半年水质优于下半年,1～3月水质最差。(3)蓬安县域内嘉陵江支流年均值评价水质逐年改善,达标率逐年增加,污染程度依次为清溪河河舒河大泥溪长塘河金溪河。就蓬安县的水质评价结果进行问题剖析,为嘉陵江流域污染防治管理提供科学依据。     

重现生机的苏州河为上海城市环境建设树新标

历史上的苏州河水质清澈.20世纪初,随着上海人口、经济的发展,受工业废水和生活污水的污染日益严重,苏州河自西向东穿越上海市最繁华的市中心,孕育了上海市区的产业发展和繁荣.但是,1920年以来,工业化进程加快,大量的生活污水和工业废水肆意排入苏州河,苏州河水质逐渐遭到污染,到1978年,上海市境内河段已经全线遭受污染,市区河段终年黑臭,河中水族绝迹.     

江安河水质特征分析及治理对策研究

采用综合评价与分类评价相结合的方法,分析江安河水质特征,旨在发现影响河流水质的主要污染物和污染源,为江安河水污染防治争水责源利用提供科学依据.2011年10月对江安河全段水质进行了统一标准监测,监潮项目有氨氮、总磷、COD、浊度,共4个项目;2012年4月再一次对江安河全段进行监测,并增加测量其水体中几种重金属含量.总体上,上游和中游断面均属清洁水质,下游断面属污染水质.河流综合污染指数、营养盐类污染指数、重金属污染指数均沿流程顺序增高.主要污染物为化学需氧量、氮磷类污染物.上游多为农业灌溉区,中下游污染较为严重,其中生活源、工业源排放的污水是影响江安河水质的主要污染源.     

基于主成分及聚类分析的内陆河流水污染特征研究

采用主成分分析法对西北内陆某城市河段的主要特征污染指标进行了评价,针对特征污染指标运用空间聚类分析法,研究各关键指标的空间分布特征,对特征指标的关键控制点位的时间分布进行了探讨。研究结果表明,秋季研究河段受总磷、有机污染的影响较大,夏季受氮素污染的影响较大,与农田、农村、生活排水等有较大的关系。秋季河段上游TN、TP、CODcr的污染程度均最高,河段中下游段则受上游城镇生活、工农业等污染排放的影响较显著。夏季上述三个指标受入河污染源的影响较小,受各类面源污染的影响较大,整体表现为河段北面整体污染高于南面,上游水质好于下游水质。河段上下游区域夏季TN、TP、CODcr均高于秋季,整体表现为夏季水质总体劣于秋季,河段中部TN、TP在夏季浓度与秋季差别不大,没有显著的一致的好劣趋势。     

沙塘川河水质评价

采用综合评价方法对沙塘川河 1998年水质监测结果进行评价 ,反映出沙塘川河水质污染状况 ,分析造成水质恶化的根源 ,为改善沙塘川河水质提供了依据。     

中小河流综合整治研究——以东江支流小金河为例

根据小金河流域水质监测结果,分析小金河水质现状特点、污染源现状特点,井进行水质评价与污染原因分析;预测小金河水质发展趋势;提出保护中小河流水质综合整治措施,即实施流域可持续发展战略。     

辽宁省太子河水质现状及影响因素研究

对2015-2020年辽宁省太子河干流断面水质状况进行了统计分析,以氨氮、COD、总磷3项指标分析了太子河水质的沿程变化情况,结果表明,太子河中下游水质整体较差,且主要污染指标为氨氮.结合太子河流域的自然社会属性,支流河水质较差及农业农村污染较重导致这种水质状况,并在此基础上提出了太子河流域水质改善的措施建议.     

西溪河流域水质现状及变化特征分析

通过2014~2018年西溪河水质断面监测数据,利用平均综合污染指数法进行水质评价,分析了西溪河流域的水质情况,并采用秩相关系数法对该河流水质变化趋势进行了研究。分析了2018年西溪河流域的空间分布差异和时间变化,总结了流域水污染特征和水质变化的原因。结果表明,西溪河来水受上游城镇影响水质较差,中游水体经过自净作用有所好转,下游城区段污染上升明显。水体污染主要来自城镇生活源和上游农业面源污染,中下游农业面源及畜禽养殖污染受到了较好的抑制。     

多级模糊模式识别模型及在长江水质评价中的应用

利用多级模糊模式识别方法的基本理论,通过多目标优选,计算指标综合权重,给出了长江水质的评价模型;利用该模型对长江干流四川境内的5个观测断面的水质监测结果做出了评价:攀枝花、重庆朱沱和宜宾凉姜沟的水质属Ⅱ级,乐山岷江大桥和泸州沱江二桥的水质属Ⅲ级.评价结果不仅体现了水质级别,更体现了同级别水质中不同的污染程度,因而结果更为合理可靠.     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

A Conflict-Resolution Model for the Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources that Considers Water-Quality Issues: A Case Study

The conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources is one alternative for optimal use of available water resources in arid and semiarid regions. The optimization models proposed for conjunctive water allocation are often complicated, nonlinear, and computationally intensive, especially when different stakeholders are involved that have conflicting interests. In this article, a new conflict-resolution methodology developed for the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources using Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and Young Conflict-Resolution Theory (YCRT) is presented. The proposed model is applied to the Tehran aquifer in the Tehran metropolitan area of Iran. Stakeholders in the study area have conflicting interests related to water supply with acceptable quality, pumping costs, groundwater quality, and groundwater table fluctuations. In the proposed methodology, MODFLOW and MT3D groundwater quantity and quality simulation models are linked with the NSGA-II optimization model to develop Pareto fronts among the objectives. The best solutions on the Pareto fronts are then selected using YCRT. The results of the proposed model show the significance of applying an integrated conflict-resolution approach to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources in the study area.     

Assessment of the Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality of the Tarim River Basin in an Extreme Arid Region, NW China

The concentrations of the major and trace elements in the groundwater of the Tarim River Basin (TRB), the largest inland river basin of China, were analyzed before and during rainy seasons to determine the hydrogeochemistry and to assess the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes. The groundwater within the TRB was slightly alkaline and characterized by high ionic concentrations. The groundwater in the northern sub-basin was fresh water with a Ca²⁺–HCO₃ ^? water type, whereas the groundwater in the southern and central sub-basins was brackish with a Na⁺–Cl^? water type. Evaporite dissolution and carbonate weathering were the primary and secondary sources of solutes in the groundwater within the basin, whereas silicate weathering played a minor role. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), water quality index (WQI), and sodium percentage (%Na) indicated that the groundwater in the northern sub-basin was suitable for irrigation and drinking, but that in the southern and central sub-basins was not suitable. The groundwater quality was slightly better in the wet season than in the dry season. The groundwater could be used for drinking after treatment for B³⁺, F^?, and SO₄ ^2? and for irrigation after control of the sodium and salinity hazards. Considering the high corrosivity ratio of the groundwater in this area, noncorrosive pipes should be used for the groundwater supply. For sustainable development, integrated management of the surface water and the groundwater is needed in the future.     

GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN A CHESAPEAKE BAY INLET1

ABSTRACT: Surface water, groundwater, and groundwater discharge quality surveys were conducted in Cherrystone Inlet, on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Shallow groundwater below agricultural fields had nitrate concentrations significantly higher than inlet surface waters and shallow groundwater underlying forested land. This elevated nitrate groundwater discharged to adjacent surface waters. Nearshore discharge rates of water across the sediment-water interface ranged from 0.02 to 3.69 liters·m^?2·hr^?1 during the surveys. The discharge was greatest nearshore at low tide periods, and decreased markedly with increasing distance offshore. Vertical hydraulic heads, E_h, and inorganic nitrogen flux in the sediments followed similar patterns. Nitrate was the predominant nitrogen species discharged nearshore adjacent to agricultural land use, changing to ammonium farther offshore. Sediment nitrogen fluxes were sufficient to cause observable impacts on surface water quality; nitrate concentrations were up to 20 times greater in areas of groundwater discharge than in the main stem inlet water. Based on DIN:DIP ratios, nitrogen contributions from direct groundwater discharge and tidal creek inputs appear to be of significant ecological importance. This groundwater discharge links land use activity and the quality of surface water, and therefore must be considered in selection of best management practices and water quality management strategies.     

Spatial Variability of Groundwater Depth and Quality Parameters in the National Capital Territory of Delhi

The groundwater quantity and quality scenario is of much concern in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, which necessitates an investigation to envisage the extent of spatial variability of groundwater depth and pollutant concentration levels in this region. Therefore, in this study, an effort was made to generate the spatial variability map of groundwater depth and quality parameters (viz. chloride, electrical conductivity, fluoride, magnesium, and nitrate). Ordinary kriging was used to analyze the spatial variability of groundwater depth and quality parameters, whereas indicator kriging was used to analyze groundwater quality parameters equal to or greater than the pollution threshold values. It was observed that the semivariogram parameters fitted well in the exponential model for water depth and in the spherical model for water quality parameters. The generated spatial variability maps indicated that in 43% of the study area, groundwater depth was within 20 m. The salinity level was higher than 2.5 dS m⁻¹ in 69% of the study area and the nitrate concentration exceeded 45 mg l⁻¹ in 36% of the area. The probability maps showed that about 24% of the area had the highest probability (0.8–1.0) of exceedence of the threshold electrical conductivity value and an area of 2% exhibited the highest probability of exceedence of the threshold value of nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The generated spatial variability and probability maps will assist water resource managers and policymakers in development of guidelines in judicious management of groundwater resources for agricultural and drinking purposes in the study area.     

MODELING THE IMPACT OF SUBSURFACE NUTRIENT FLUX ON WATER QUALITY IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RWER,NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The impacts of regional groundwater quality and local agricultural activities on in-stream water quality in the Lower Truckee River, Nevada, were assessed through a detailed program of monitoring and computer simulation. An agricultural diversion and return-flow were monitored in great detail to determine mass loading rates of nutrients from agriculture in the area. Once characterized, the cumulative impacts of agricultural diversions and return-flows were evaluated using the Water Quality Assessment Program (WASP) to model nitrogen, phosphorus, periphyton, and dissolved oxygen. Monitoring showed that a significant proportion of the water diverted for agricultural purposes returned to the river as surface point return-flow (estimated at 13.9 percent $ 0.1 percent), and as groundwater diffuse return-flow (estimated at 27 percent $ 6 percent). Modeling efforts demonstrated the significant effect of assumed regional groundwater quality (nitrate) upon predicted periphyton growth and associated diel fluctuations of dissolved oxygen.     

A National Assessment of the Potential Linkage between Soil,and Surface and Groundwater Concentrations of Phosphorus

A meta‐analysis of three national databases determined the potential linkage between soil and surface and groundwater enrichment with phosphorus (P). Soil P was enriched especially under dairying commensurate with an increase in cow numbers and the tonnage of P‐fertilizers sold. Median P concentrations were enriched in surface waters receiving runoff from industrial and dairy land uses, and in groundwater beneath dairying especially in those aquifers with gravel or sand lithology, irrespective of groundwater redox status. After geographically pairing surface and groundwater sites to maximize the chance of connectivity, a subset of sites dominated by aquifers with gravel and sand lithology showed increasing P concentrations with as little as 10 years data. These data raise the possibility that groundwater could contribute much P to surface water if: there is good connectivity between surface and groundwater, intensive land use occurs on soils prone to leaching, and leached‐P is not attenuated through aquifers. While strategies are available to mitigate P loss from intensive farming systems in the short‐term, factors such as enriched soils and slow groundwater may mean that despite their use, there will be a long‐term input (viz. legacy), that may sustain surface water P enrichment. To avoid poor surface water quality, management and planning may need to consider the connectivity and characteristics of P in soil‐groundwater‐surface water systems.     

丰水型缺水城市地下水资源规划与管理

宁波为典型的丰水型缺水城市,调蓄开发地下水库,是丰水型缺水城市或干旱地区减少地表和地下径流弃水,提高水资源利用率,缓和水资源供需矛盾的重要管理方案.     

Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea‐level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.     

Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project, eastern Saudi Arabia

A multivariate statistical technique, cluster analysis, was used to assess the logged surface water quality at an irrigation project at Al-Fadhley, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The principal idea behind using the technique was to utilize all available hydrochemical variables in the quality assessment including trace elements and other ions which are not considered in conventional techniques for water quality assessments like Stiff and Piper diagrams. Furthermore, the area belongs to an irrigation project where water contamination associated with the use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides is expected. This quality assessment study was carried out on a total of 34 surface/logged water samples. To gain a greater insight in terms of the seasonal variation of water quality, 17 samples were collected from both summer and winter seasons. The collected samples were analyzed for a total of 23 water quality parameters including pH, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, arsenic, boron, copper, cobalt, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, mercury and zinc. Cluster analysis in both Q and R modes was used. Q-mode analysis resulted in three distinct water types for both the summer and winter seasons. Q-mode analysis also showed the spatial as well as temporal variation in water quality. R-mode cluster analysis led to the conclusion that there are two major sources of contamination for the surface/shallow groundwater in the area: fertilizers, micronutrients, pesticides, and insecticides used in agricultural activities, and non-point natural sources.