浅议江河源区生态环境现状与保护意见

论述了江河源区的生态环境现状,指出了该地区存在的水源逐年减少、水土流失加剧、草场退化严重、土地沙漠化不断扩大、生态趋于失衡等环境问题,初步分析了生态环境恶化对社会和经济发展所带来的直接影响和潜在危害,简要地提出了保护对策。     

Fuzzy综合评判在森林水文效应研究中的应用

本文应用多层次、二型Fuzzy综台评判方法,对祁连山水源涵养林区的青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、灌木林和牧坡草地4个不同植被类型进行了森林水文效应的多因子综合评判。结果表明:青海云杉林是该林区涵养水源效应最佳的林型,祁连圆柏林和灌木林次之,牧坡草地不仅蓄水能力差,且有水土流失发生;并提出了各植被类型合理经营的对策,为祁连山水源涵养林的保护、发展和综合利用提供科学依据。     

中国生态危机的挑战与思考

良好的生态环境是人类生存繁衍和社会经济发展的基础,是社会文明发达的标志,是实现可持续发展的必要条件。解放以来,党和政府十分重视生态保护与建设工作,充分发挥社会主义优越性,广泛发动广大人民,植树造林,防治水土流失,建设生态农业,大搞环境建设,我国生态保护与建设工作取得举世瞩目的成就,对抑制生态退化趋势发挥了重要作用。但是．我国生态环境形势仍然严峻,一方治理多方破坏,点上治理面上破坏,治理赶不上破坏的问题仍然十分严重。为此,要采取必要对策,以遏制生态破坏的趋势。一、生态破坏形势严峻1、水土流失面广量…     

岷江上游生态环境建设与经济可持续发展

岷江上游生态环境问题严重,森林破坏、植被生态功能退化、水土流失、生物多样性减少。在上游地区应加强退耕还林还草,建立生态型持续农业系统和生态文明示范区,调整产业结构,提高群众的综合素质,走可持续发展道路。     

西藏掠影

<正>西藏遵循‘‘保护中开发,开发中保护"的原则,大部分区域仍保持着原生态,西藏仍然是世界上环境质量最好的地区之一。但是,近年来,拉萨河谷高寒湿地—拉鲁湿地生态系统健康程度处于快速下降状态。人为侵占、乱占湿地,盲目开发、过度放牧的现象十分严重;加上人们毫无顾及地向湿地倾倒生活生产垃圾,排放未经任何处理的生活、生产污水,拉鲁湿地的生态环境系统遭了严重的破坏。图为拉萨河现状。     

滇东北山区坡耕地生态环境治理的初步探讨

坡耕地严重的水土流失对山区农业的可持续发展构成了极大的威胁,滇东北山区因其人口众多,大面积的坡耕地水土流失十分严重,而长期处于贫困。本文针对滇东北山区基本现状而进行的坡耕地生态环境治理的初步探讨。     

青海省乐都县水土流失现状与防治对策

乐都县是青海省水土流失严重县之一,严重的水土流失威胁着乐都县人民的生产和生活,阻碍着工农业生产的发展和生态环境的改善。本文以乐都县生态环境演变为导线,分析了乐都县水土流失现状及其危害,同时提出了治理水土流失的对策。     

土地开发对生态环境的影响及其防治对策

环境是一生态系统,它具有自动调节功能,但有一定的限度,超过了限度,会导致生态系统平衡失调。因毁体开荒、开垦草原、围垦滩涂,结果导致生态平衡失调和破坏,造成森林减少、水土流失严重、气候恶化、沙漠化扩大,洪旱灾害频发,使整个生态环境趋于恶化,最终影响到人类自身的生存。本文列举了巴州地区土地开发的现状,分析了土地开发对生态环境造成的影响,并提出了生态环境保护对策与建议。     

西北地区高等师范院校环境教育现状调查与思考--以甘肃省高等师范院校为例

1 问题的提出我国西北地区气候干燥，沙源物质丰富，生态系统十分脆弱。伴随着人口迅速增长、工业生产及发展上的粗放经营以及人为的乱砍乱伐等，使得该地区出现了大片植被被破坏、水土流失、水资源短缺、荒漠化面积增多、沙尘暴横行等一系列环境问题。如此严重的生态环境状况警示我们，西北地区更应加强环境教育，重视提高人们的环境保护意识，使人们树立正确的发展观念，做到防患于未然，努力建造一个和谐的生态环境。高等师范院校开展环境教育，可促使学生掌握较系统的环境科学基础知识、增强保护人类环境的责任感和使命感、牢固树立可…     

辽源市水源保护区经济社会和生态环境协调发展规划研究

辽源市的城区水资源人均拥有量仅有72．4立方米，是全国人均拥有量的1／37，吉林省人均拥有量的1／22。一方面是严重缺水，而另一方面水环境污染又十分严重。蓄水能力约1亿立方米的杨木水库，是为解决市区水源供水不足及其水质污染而新建的生活饮用水水源。为保护饮用水水源·1990年起·我们开展了杨水水库饮用水水源保护规划的研究。编制了以生态保护技术为主要技术路线的，促进保护区内经济、社会和生态环境协调发展的规划。一、水源保护区经济、社会和生态环境协调发展规划的指导思想与基本原理（一）、编制饮用水水源保护区经济、社会和…     

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

We assess the potential financial benefits of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Mexico City from the perspective of property owners and entrepreneurs. A bottom‐up approach was followed by evaluating RWH at individual buildings and aggregating the results to a borough/city level. We consider sector‐specific water demands, potable and nonpotable uses, and user‐specific water tariffs. We find that RWH is economically most beneficial for nondomestic users rather than for small domestic users, who are often the target of RWH interventions. Based on a net present value analysis, a potable RWH system is not favored for most domestic users under the current subsidized municipal water tariff structure. Our analysis only considers capital and maintenance expenses, and not other benefits related to increased access to water and reliability, or social benefits from a switch to a RWH system. If the initial capital expense for RWH is partly financed by transferring the water subsidy to an entrepreneur, then RWH becomes financially attractive for a wide range of domestic users. To improve water access in Mexico City, RWH is attractive in the most marginalized boroughs where water use is currently lower and precipitation is higher. For domestic users relying on trucked water, RWH can have great financial benefits. Our approach provides quantitative data with high spatial specificity, highlighting the places and types of users that would benefit most from RWH.     

水资源短缺的有效解决途径——虚拟水战略

针对中国水资源利用现状，系统论述了水足迹、虚拟水以及虚拟水战略的概念和内涵。通过水足迹来揭示人类对水资源的实际需求和占用，介绍了虚拟水战略的研究展望及存在的不足，通过应用虚拟水战略可以缓解水资源短缺现状，保证水资源与人口、耕地的地域组合均衡。     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

Relative Value of Water for Hydropower and Municipal Supply in Southeastern Reservoirs

Population growth in the Southeast has driven withdrawals for municipal water beyond the limits of local supplies. With few options left for development of virgin sources, a number of urban areas are looking toward demand management and additional supplies by reallocating storage in reservoirs that were built primarily or in part for hydropower. Hydropower has become a lesser part of the mix of energy sources, and the question arises as to value of water for that purpose relative to its value for municipal use. Three cases are used to examine the issue. Effects of withdrawal for municipal water supply on output of electric energy are estimated. Benefits of foregone energy are evaluated using the least cost alternative for replacement, and benefits for municipal water are estimated using costs for development of new sources. Benefits for use as municipal water are found to be considerably higher than benefits for hydroelectric energy at existing prices, even higher than the least cost alternative for replacement. Given the spatial distribution of the cases, that finding would appear to hold in general across the region.     

Water Footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank1

Abstract: Water in the West Bank of Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability. Water is used from own sources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Moreover, water is consumed in its virtual form through consumption of imported goods, such as crops and livestock, the production of which used water in the country of production. In addition, wastewater in many parts of the West Bank is disposed off without treatment into the wadis, deteriorating the quality of the water resources in the area and, therefore, further reducing the quantity of good quality water available. This paper calculates the water footprint for the West Bank. The consumption component of the water footprint of the West Bank was found to be 2,791 million m³/year. Approximately 52% of this is virtual water consumed through imported goods. The West Bank per capita consumption component of the water footprint was found to be 1,116 m³/cap/year, while the global average is 1,243 m³/cap/year. Out of this number 50 m³/cap/year was withdrawn from water resources available in the area. Only 16 m³/cap/year (1.4%) was used for domestic purposes. This number is extremely low and only 28% of the global average and 21% of the Israeli domestic water use. The contamination component of the water footprint was not quantified but was believed to be many times larger than the consumption component. According to the official definition of water scarcity, the West Bank is suffering from a severe water scarcity. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the West Bank, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and that is geared towards a conservation oriented approach of “use, treat, and reuse.”     

虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

浙江省上虞市水资源分析及饮用水水源地水质现状评价研究

本文通过大量的基础数据调研,获取了浙江省上虞市水资源现状及饮用水水源地水质现状的第一手资料,对当地的水资源空间分布现状及水资源平衡进行了科学分析,并结合当地的社会经济发展趋势及城市发展中的用水需求增长趋势,提出了科学合理的水源地建设与保护建议。自2009年6月起,对汤浦水库、四明湖水库、隐潭溪、下管溪、总干渠等5个水源地进行了长期连续监测,为进一步保护优质水源地,城乡统筹一体化供水系统的建设提供科学依据。监测结果表明,作为重要备用水源地的总干渠目前呈现有机微污染特征,需要加强水源保护区内的环境管理,尽快设立水源保护区,确定合理的入河污染物的源头削减任务,以确保2010年前达到水功能区的水质目标。     

用窄点原理进行节水分析

简要地对窄点原理进行了介绍。用窄点原理对工程设计进行了具体分析，在排污量相同的情况下，分别采用洁净水接纳污染物、采用满足进水浓度要求但无回用的废水接纳污染物和采用窄点技术且可回用废水但无水处理过程的废水接纳污染物三种供水方式。比较不同的供水方式所需的不同耗水量。从而得出窄点分析原理对节水，节能和降污保护环境具有的重大意义。     

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin,Northern China1

Ji, Yuhe, Liding Chen, and Ranhao Sun, 2012. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 999‐1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00671.x Abstract: Water resources are becoming increasingly stressed under the influence of climate change and population growth in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Assessing the temporal and spatial variability of water supply stress is urgently needed to mitigate water crisis caused by water resource reallocation. Water supply and use data were compiled for the time period of 1998‐2003 in this synthesis study. The Water Supply Stress Index (WSSI) as defined as Water Demand/Water Supply was used to quantitate whether water supply could meet the demand of human activities across the study region. We found a large spatial gradient of water supply stress in the study region, being much higher in the eastern subbasins (ranging from 2.56 to 4.31) than the west subbasins (ranging from 0.56 to 1.92). The eastern plain region not only suffered more serious water supply stress but also had a much higher interannual variability than the western hilly region. The uneven spatial distribution of water supply stress might result from the distribution of land use, population, and climate. Future climate change and rapid economic development are likely to aggravate the existing water crisis in the study region.     

秦皇岛市水资源现状与可持续利用对策研究

随着社会经济的发展,水资源消耗日益增加,供需矛盾日益突出。秦皇岛市已面临水资源日益紧张的严峻形势,节流和开源,建立节水型社会体系,积极开发利用再生水、海水和雨水等非常规水源以及合理地配置和利用水资源,是实现秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用的有效措施。