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随着石油开发逐渐走向深海,海洋石油已成为石油工业的重要组成部分。海洋溢油是严重的环 境事件,是海洋石油面临的重要挑战之一。文章总结了钻完井溢油、海底管道溢油、油轮溢油三种常见情况下 的溢油情形,并对其原因进行了分析。针对海洋石油溢油,对视觉感受器、红外传感器、激光荧光传感器、无源 微波传感器、雷达、卫星六种探测技术的原理、适用条件等开展了论述。最后,文章对围油栏、撇油器、原位燃烧 等处理技术进行了论述,并提出建议,针对已发生溢油,可采用围油栏进行围控,采用撇油器、原位燃烧等方式 对围控的溢油进行处理。 相似文献
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根据海上围油栏围油原理,使用小型围油设备模拟出在围油栏除油后海上剩余溢油的质量M。收集稻壳、小米壳、小麦壳3种农作物废料作为吸油材料,室温下分别测出3种吸油材料对质量为M的溢油的饱和吸附时间。在吸附平衡的条件下,利用紫外分光光度计分别测出3种吸油材料吸附海水表面M质量溢油后的平衡吸附浓度ce。根据物理吸附理论,由平衡吸附浓度ce和平衡吸附量qe分别得出3种材料的Freundlich吸附等温式,从Freundlich吸附等温式比较了3种农作物废料的吸油性能。结果表明:稻壳的吸油性能最佳。 相似文献
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油码头生产过程中的溢油事故隐患主要集中在码头(泊位)、油品罐区、输运船舶及输油管道4个单元,文章通过查找和研究相关法律、法规、标准及规范等关于油码头溢油风险防控的要求,对不同类型的溢油事故提出了有针对性的风险防控措施,明确了油码头在溢油风险监督管理工作中应关注的重点,从而为油码头企业开展溢油风险防控措施自查提供参考。 相似文献
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涪陵页岩气田油基钻屑热解技术具有油回收率高、稳定可靠、安全环保的优点,针对其存在能耗高、易结焦、回收油品质量低等工程实际问题,在充分调研现场热馏炉式连续回收处理设备的基础上,自制了热 解模拟试验装置。通过研究单因素对热解效果的影响,优选了油基钻屑热解参数,试验表明:热解终温、停留时间、升温速率、真空度对油基钻屑热解效果均有影响,其中热解温度是影响油基钻屑热解效果的主要因素;其次 正交试验筛选出了油基钻屑热解最佳运行条件,当热解温度为400℃,停留时间为50min,升温速率为30℃/min, 真空度为0.1MPa,试验未发现结焦现象,处理后的油基钻屑残渣含油率为0.29%,满足GB4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》农用地标准(含油率小于0.30%);热解矿物油测试分析表明热解前后矿物油的组分分布 基本一致,以烷烃类(60%以上)和芳烃类(约占10%)为主,属典型油基钻屑中总石油烃类分布,热解试验并未 破坏基础油组分,回收矿物油的品质较高。 相似文献
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大规模的海洋溢油常常导致非常严重的环境污染事件和生态灾难,溢油事故应急是世界应急技术领域面临的重大技术难题。文章通过引用典型事故案例和国内事故概况说明了溢油事故的巨大风险及其危害,分析油品入水、扩散、漂移以及着陆四个不同事故演化阶段的污染特征,系统梳理溢油事故应急的物理、化学和生物处置方法,并通过对比各类方法的适用范围和优缺点,总结当前溢油应急处置技术、应急能力以及环境适应性等方面存在的不足,提出加强溢油应急处置能力应该在提高应急装备能力、开发新技术产品、建立全球联动机制等方面加强努力。 相似文献
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为减少油基钻屑对环境的不良影响和危害,并最大限度地回收资源,提出采用低温热脱附的方式 对其进行处理。通过钻井液油水固相分离装置并结合正交实验法对低温热脱附处理工艺进行模拟研究,选用 热重分析仪及气相色谱研究油基钻屑热解失重规律以及回收油总石油烃分布。结果表明:低温热脱附处理油 基钻屑的主要影响因素为处理温度,其次为停留时间,升温速率影响最小,350℃处理温度下,即可将油基钻屑 热脱附残渣含油率降至0.3%以下,满足GB4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》;油基钻屑中含水率的增 加有利于提高低温热脱附效果,原料含水率在5%~10%时热脱附效果及经济性最好;低温热脱附回收油品质 好,和原料总石油烃分布基本一致。 相似文献
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温度对吸油毡吸油性影响试验研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
分别利用低温和高温环境试验箱严格模拟环境温度,在不同温度环境下测试四种常用吸油毡对三种渤海原油的吸油性。试验同时测定三种原油的凝点,用于探索油品凝点对吸油毡吸油性的影响。试验结果表明:被测试的十二组吸油过程均属于物理过程,提出的关于吸油毡表面黏附和渗透作用的数学模式能较好描述这些过程;对于这三种原油而言,渗透吸油作用在冬季只适合于绥中原油;另外,吸油毡对三种原油,即使在夏秋季也无法达到最大吸油性;黏附和渗透吸油倍数同原油凝点以及吸油毡类型有关。四种吸油毡中,MXU1000系列的吸油性最好,羊毛毡的吸油性最低。 相似文献
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Induced air flotation was used to recover oil from synthetically prepared sludge containing oil. A commercial surfactant was used as the collector and frother. The effects of various parameters, namely flotation time, initial amount of oil in the feed and the amount of surfactant used on the recovery of oil were investigated. Within the range of operating conditions studied herein, the maximum oil recovery obtained was about 55%. A detailed study of flotation kinetics based on oil recovery was carried out. It showed that the process followed first-order kinetics. 相似文献
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In order to improve the oil recovery, injection of exogenous bacteria into the oil reservoir is one of the most widely used microbial flooding methods. In this study, a screened strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) was introduced to perform the microbial flooding. The biosurfactants produced by B. subtilis was one kind of cyclic lipopeptides, which could reduce the surface tension of the culture solution from 68 mN/m to 25 mN/m and also decrease the interfacial tension of water/oil from 25.6 to 4.6 mN/m. Emulsification tests indicated that the strain and the biosurfactants could degrade and emulsify the crude oil. In the oil displacement experiments, oil recovery was increased by 32.4% by injecting fermentation broth into the simulated formation. By respectively performing the emulsification and oil displacement tests, it was demonstrated that the biosurfactants and degradation of the microbes in the heavy components of the crude oil are the main factors to enhance the oil recovery. Besides, the optimal cultural temperature for strain of B. subtilis was set as 40°C. Nevertheless, the strain was inappropriate for the oil displacement under acidic conditions. In addition, the hydrophilic sands and an optimal culture solution volume of 0.7 pore volume (PV) would be in favor of the oil recovery. It was further confirmed that the efficiency of microbial flooding was much higher than that of the chemical oil displacement. 相似文献
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在含油污水水质分析的基础上,采用烧杯实验和分光光度法研究絮凝剂的絮凝效果。筛选出以无机絮凝剂硫酸铝与两性高分子聚合物CE-3090的复配体系,同时研究了影响絮凝效果的因素并探究了其影响机理。结果表明:在温度为40℃,pH为7.72,170 r/min时高速搅拌1 min,然后50 r/min低速搅拌5 min,硫酸铝的加量为90 mg/L、CE-3090的加量为0.5 mg/L,絮凝沉降30 min后其絮凝效果较好。实验证明:该复配处理剂处理含油污水后,含油量和杂质含量都达到了SY/T 5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》油田污水回注的要求。 相似文献
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The potential for oil spills in Arctic regions has increased significantly because of the development of petroleum resources. Response to an oil spill in the Arctic is likely to be much slower than that in the temperate region because of the remoteness of the area and its severe climate. In the face of these unique problems, accurate prediction of the extent and subsequent movement of an oil spill is vital to any cleanup effort. Presented is the framework of a program to study the movement of oil spills in the Arctic. Existing models of oil spreading and polar ice dynamics are reviewed and areas where new model development is required are defined. A system design is developed that may be used for developing a plan to act in the event of a major spill. 相似文献
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稠油热采系统综合能耗监测方法及评价 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
针对目前稠油热采系统节能措施和节能产品对某一环节单个节能产品的节能效果进行检测、评价的现状,提出了将稠油热采系统作为一个整体,采取组合节能措施及产品,给出了稠油热采系统的能耗监测流程、监测要求、程序与方法、数据分析评价方法等。形成了稠油热采系统综合能耗监测数据分析及效果评价方法。 相似文献
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