原油储罐硫化氢脱除实验及应用

采用循环气提法脱除原油储罐中的硫化氢以达到降低储罐内硫化氢浓度的目的。某联合站卸油台零位罐的实验结果表明:经过7h的实验,零位罐观察口硫化氢浓度可由484mg/m3降低至9mg/m3。文章主要介绍了循环气提法在轮三联合站卸油台零位罐的实验过程、除硫剂的筛选及在某联合站原油储罐的应用情况。实践证明该方法能够有效降低储罐内硫化氢浓度。     

大型原油储罐地基沉降安全性分析

地基沉降是大型储罐建造或生产过程中面临的重大风险之一,尤其是地基不均匀沉降会造成大型储罐罐壁椭圆化,严重时造成浮盘卡阻。文章根据某10万m~3原油罐的实测沉降数据,利用傅里叶级数方法对沉降数据进行谐波提取和曲线拟合,开展了实测地基沉降储罐的结构有限元分析。有限元模型考虑了储罐与地基相互作用及罐体与罐底沉降的耦合作用,研究讨论了罐壁危险区域每层壁板的应力和变形分布规律。研究结果为企业开展储罐地基沉降安全评估提供了一定技术指导。     

机械清罐技术在长庆油田的应用

机械清罐技术与传统的人工清罐相比,缩短了清罐周期,避免了人员与油品的直接接触,降低了施工过程的安全风险。文章分析了油泥的产生、机械清罐的现场应用,将人工清罐和机械清罐进行对比。机械清罐技术原油的回收率高达98%,有效减少了对环境的污染。     

喷射浮选法在炼油污水处理中的应用

本文阐明了国内炼厂污水处理中喷射溶气浮选法的应用现状和处理水平,并以乌鲁木齐石油化工厂为例,概括了使用厂喷射系统的种类、喷射系统与流程的匹配、喷嘴的选择以及平稳操作的关键。通过比较,指出喷射浮选在四个方面优于传统气浮法。存在的主要问题是能耗较大,尚不够成熟,需要不断完善和提高,以利提高除油效果。由于加压溶气浮选法是去除废水中的油,悬附固体和胶体状物质的重要方法之一,因此     

石油机械环境适应性

本文系机械工业环境适应性调查报告之六,文中较详细地描述了我国各海区的海洋环境条件(海况、主要气象水文要素)和处于高寒地区油田的寒冷环境条件,主要介绍石油钻采机械在海洋环境和寒冷环境下的适应性。提出石油钻采机械环境适应性研究工作的发展方向。     

生物表面活性剂在石油工业中的应用

生物表面活性剂是由微生物在一定条件下合成的具有表面活性的物质。生物表面活性剂具有无毒、生物降解性能好等特性,在一些特殊工业领域和环境保护方面得到广泛应用,并有可能成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代品或升级为换代产品。目前,对生物表面活性剂的研究主要侧重于与石油有关的工业。文章用实验方法介绍了生物表面活性剂的种类、生产方法及在石油工业中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了预测。     

鲜活鱼罐头

鲜活鱼罐头的特征在于 :罐头由一密封的罐体和内装入水、水生物、内置增氧剂的增氧袋构成 ,罐体内留有空隙 ,空隙占罐体内体积的 0 5%～ 1 0 %。本品集观赏性和食用价值于一身 ,便于运输和存放。 (ＺＬ 992 2 31 64.7)鲜活鱼罐头     

陇东油田典型场站VOCs扩散模拟研究

对陇东油田某联合站通过现场调研测试和数值模拟,结合高斯烟羽扩散模型,重点分析了场站内的油气扩散机理。结果表明,要注意VOCs在储罐后方背风侧的叠加,易引发油气聚集;同时,由于重力和涡流的作用,VOCs扩散呈现整体向下趋势,上风向的建筑和防火堤对VOCs扩散进行阻碍,而在罐间、三相分离区和防火堤之间VOCs浓度达到爆炸极限范围,容易引起火灾爆炸。通过VOCs扩散模拟研究得出该站点需要加强密闭管理,原油储罐逸散的VOCs存在安全风险,需要采用油气集成回收系统进行收集处理。     

基于TANKS模型的储罐VOCs排放量核算

为了掌握集输过程中储罐挥发性有机物的排放量,采用美国环保署EPA提出的TANKS计算模型,对小型储罐的排放量进行核算。结果表明:储罐静置排放量占比13%,工作排放量占比87%。分析不同参数的计算结果,发现地区温度越高,风速越大,太阳能总辐射越大,则排放量越大;储罐体积和年周转量分别是影响储罐静置排放量和工作排放量的主要因素。提出了降低储罐温度、优化储罐类型的减排对策。     

气浮技术在海上平台含油污水处理中的应用

文章主要介绍了海洋石油平台含油污水处理工艺中气浮净化技术应用的情况,简要描述了微气泡产生的过程和机理,并分别对常规气浮和新气浮技术作了描述,在常规气浮技术方面着重介绍了喷射诱导气浮和溶气气浮,在新气浮技术方面着重对近年来出现的紧凑式旋流气浮(CFU)、微气泡发生装置和紧凑式旋流溶气气浮(CDFU)等进行详细阐述。认为新型气浮技术是海洋平台污水处理未来应用不可抗拒的方向。     

Precise and Economical Dredging Model of Sediments and Its Field Application: Case Study of a River Heavily Polluted by Organic Matter,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Environmental dredging is an efficient means to counteract the eutrophication of water bodies caused by endogenous release of nitrogen and/or phosphorus from polluted sediments. The huge operational cost and subsequent disposal cost of the dredged polluted sediments, as well as the adverse effect on the benthic environment caused by excessive dredging, make the currently adopted dredging methods unfavorable. Precise dredging, i.e., determining the dredging depth based on the pollution level, not only significantly decreases the costs but also leaves a uniform favorable environment for benthos. However, there is still no feasible process to make this promising method executable. Taking a river heavily polluted by organic compounds as an example, we proposed an executable precise dredging process, including sediment survey, model establishment, data interpolation, and calculation of dredging amount. Compared with the traditional dredging method, the precise one would save 16 to 45 % of cost according to different pollutant removal demands. This precise dredging method was adopted by the National Water Project of China to treat the endogenous pollution of Nanfei River in 2010. This research provides a universal scientific and engineering basis for sediment dredging projects.     

底泥疏浚与水环境修复

底泥疏浚是清除江河湖库内源污染的重要措施，其疏浚方案的制定有其重要的内涵，应对疏挖深度、疏挖形式、疏浚设备、底泥处置等问题给予科学的分析，真正实现通过疏浚改善水环境的目标，并能为进一步修复和重建良好的水生态系统创造条件。对疏浚可能带来的不利影响及疏浚效果欠佳的可能原因等进行了一定的分析。     

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Environmental Dredging in South Lake,China

Environmental dredging is a primary remedial option for removal of the contaminated material from aquatic environment. Of primary concern in environmental dredging is the effectiveness of the intended sediment removal. A 5-year field monitoring study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the environmental dredging in South Lake, China. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors, and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As) before and after dredging in sediment were determined and compared. Multiple ecological risk indices were employed to assess the contamination of heavy metals before and after dredging. Our results showed that the total phosphorus levels reduced 42% after dredging. Similar changes for Hg, Zn, As Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni were observed, with reduction percentages of 97.0, 93.1, 82.6, 63.9, 52.7, 50.1, 32.0, and 23.6, respectively, and the quality of sediment improved based on the criterion of Sediment Quality Guidelines by USEPA and contamination degree values (C_d) decreased significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the TN increased 49% after dredging compared to before dredging. Findings from the study demonstrated that the environmental dredging was an effective mechanism for removal of total phosphorus and heavy metals from South Lake. Nevertheless, the dredging was ineffective to remove total nitrogen from sediment. We conclude that the reason for the observed increase in TN after dredging was likely ammonia release from the sediment impairing the dredging effectiveness.     

湖库底泥疏浚工程环评技术要点

底泥疏浚是治理污染水体的重要手段之一,通过对污染底泥的疏浚,可清除内污染源。作为环境治理工程,在水资源和水环境保护方面具有重要作用,但是工程实施过程中将不可避免地要产生一些污染物,同时也会造成水体水生生态系统的破坏。本文结合国内已完成的滇池、巢湖、太湖底泥疏浚工程的环境影响报告,对此类项目环境影响评价的技术要点进行探索和分析,为开展类似项目环评提供借鉴。     

Effects of dredging on benthic diatom assemblages in a lowland stream

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dredging on the structure and composition of diatom assemblages from a lowland stream and to investigate whether the response of diatom assemblages to the dredging is also influenced by different water quality. Three sampling sites were established in Rodríguez Stream (Argentina); physico-chemical variables and benthic diatom assemblages were sampled weekly in spring 2001. Species composition, cell density, diversity and evenness were estimated. Diatom tolerance to organic pollution and eutrophication were also analyzed. Differences in physico-chemical variables and changes in benthic diatom assemblages were compared between the pre- and post-dredging periods using a t-test. Data were analyzed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination and cluster analysis. The effects of dredging in the stream involve two types of disturbances: (i) in the stream bed, by the removal and destabilization of the substrate and (ii) in the water column, by generating chemical changes and an alteration of the light environment of the stream. Suspended solids, soluble reactive phosphorus and dissolved inorganic nitrogen were significantly higher in post-dredging periods. Physical and chemical modifications in the habitat of benthic diatoms produced changes in the assemblage; diversity and species numbers showed an immediate increase after dredging, decreasing at the end of the study period. Changes in the tolerance of the diatom assemblage to organic pollution and eutrophication were also observed as a consequence of dredging; in the post-dredging period sensitive species were replaced by either tolerant or most tolerant species. These changes were particularly noticeable in site 1 (characterized by its lower amount of nutrients and organic matter previous to dredging), which showed an increase in the amount of nutrients and oxygen demand as a consequence of sediment removal. However, these changes were not so conspicuous in sites 2 and 3, which already presented a marked water quality deterioration before the execution of the dredging works.     

Dredging of drainage ditches increases short-term transport of soluble phosphorus

Managed drainage ditches are common in the midwestern United States. These ditches are designed to remove water from fields as quickly as possible, and sediment buildup necessitates dredging, to ensure adequate water removal. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of ditch dredging on soluble phosphorus (P) transport. Ditch sediments were collected from a drainage ditch in northeastern Indiana immediately before and after dredging. The sediments were placed in a stream simulator, and stream water was loaded with 0.55 mM P for 5 d (adsorption experiment). Water was then removed, and "clean" water (no P added) was used for a desorption experiment, lasting 1 d. During the adsorption experiment, pre-dredged sediments were able to remove P from the water column quicker, and P concentrations 120 h after introduction of high P water were lower for the pre-dredged sediments (0.075 mM P) than the dredged sediments (0.111 mM P). During the desorption experiment, P was released to the water column slower in the pre-dredged treatment than the dredged treatment (instantaneous flux at t = 0 was 0.205 microM P h(-1) for pre-dredged and 0.488 microM P h(-1) for dredged). This occurred despite higher Mehlich 3-extractable P in the pre-dredged sediments than the dredged sediments. Equilibrium phosphorus concentrations (EPCo) were lower in the pre-dredged sediments during both adsorption and desorption experiments. Transport of soluble P immediately after dredging will likely increase in drainage ditches; however, dredging is a necessary management tool to ensure adequate discharge of water from surrounding fields.     

Regulated flushing in a gravel-bed river for channel habitat maintenance: A Trinity River fisheries case study

The operation of Trinity and Lewiston Dams on the Trinity River in northern California in the United States, combined with severe watershed erosion, has jeopardized the existence of prime salmonid fisheries. Extreme streamflow depletion and stream sedimentation below Lewiston have resulted in heavy accumulation of coarse sediment on riffle gravel and filling of streambed pools, causing the destruction of spawning, nursery, and overwintering habitat for prized chinook salmon (Salmo gairdnerii) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Proposals to restore and maintain the degraded habitat include controlled one-time remedial peak flows or annual maintenance peak flows designed to flush the spawning gravel and scour the banks, deltas, and pools. The criteria for effective channel restoration or maintenance by streambed flushing and scouring are examined here, as well as the mechanics involved.The liabilities of releasing mammoth scouring-flushing flows approximating the magnitude that preceded reservoir construction make this option unviable. The resulting damage to fish habitat established under the postproject streamflow regime, as well as damage to human settlements in the floodplain, would be unacceptable, as would the opportunity costs to hydroelectric and irrigation water users. The technical feasibility of annual maintenance flushing flows depends upon associated mechanical and structural measures, particularly instream maintenance dredging of deep pools and construction of a sediment control dam on a tributary where watershed erosion is extreme. The cost effectiveness of a sediment dam with a limited useful economic life, combined with perpetual maintenance dredging, is questionable.     

MACROPHYTE COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN A DREDGED WISCONSIN LAKE1

ABSTRACT This paper describes the change in the macrophyte community caused by dredging a small Wisconsin lake. In water depths up to 1.5 m, revegetation was rapid after dredging. The plant community changed from one dominated by large-leafed Potamogeton (pondweed), Megalodonta beckii (water marigold), and Elodea canadensis (waterweed) to one dominated by Chara (stonewort), Najas flexilis (naiad), and Myriophyllum (milfoil). Plant growth ended at the 4 m depth and growth recovered much more slowly in water depths between 1.5 and 4 m. The area between 1.5 m and 2.5 m in particular supported a monotypic milfoil stand after dredging.     

Monitoring total suspended solids by using nephelometry

Correlation curves were developed relating nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) with total suspended solids (TSS) for diked upland dredged material placement site effluents of three US Army Corps of Engineers (COE) maintenance dredging projects in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. The procedure was developed in an effort to ensure compliance with Maryland's 400 milligrams per liter (mg/l) TSS standard for COE dredging projects. Samples of the sediments to be dredged were collected and analyzed, correlating turbidity readings with TSS determined by standard gravimetric techniques. The correlation curves were provided to the COE inspectors to measure the effluent with a turbidity meter and to extract a TSS concentration from the correlation curve. Samples collected and analyzed after initiation of the dredging indicated that the correlation curves were an overestimate of the actual TSS concentrations of the effluent discharges. The procedure, endorsed by the State of Maryland, provided immediate on-site TSS analysis eliminating the previously encountered delays in obtaining gravimetric analysis of effluent discharges and potential contract management problems.     

“We cannot let this happen again”: reversing UK flood policy in response to the Somerset Levels floods, 2014

The Multiple Streams Framework offers a theoretical account of how policy proposals move from latent possibilities to becoming favored for implementation. We apply this framework in the context of the policy response to the 2013–2014 flooding of the Somerset Levels and Moors. Stakeholder interviews and analysis of news media coverage evidence the way in which a specific policy option that had fallen out of favor with the national Environment Agency – dredging – came to the fore and was eventually adopted during the period in which the conjunction of problem, policy, and political pressures came to a head. Local political activists mobilized a wider campaign with the help of social media and capitalized on national political sensitivities to successfully promote dredging. What is less clear is the longevity of the policy reversal, given funding constraints.