实施最严格的野生动物保护:中国现状与改革方向

随着全球工业化和城市化的快速发展,野生动物及其栖息地保护面临着前所未有的挑战。本文识别了我国的野生动物保护存在的主要问题:(1)现行《野生动物保护法》对野生动物保护范围界定过窄,资源利用主导思维干扰了野生动物保护,缺乏对生态系统与生物安全的足够重视。(2)由于现行野生动物保护立法、执法和管理制度不健全甚至缺失,导致野生动物驯养繁殖交易市场长期混乱,甚至成为非法野生动物交易的"洗白工具"。(3)社会公众群体尊重和保护野生动物意识淡薄,全民参与和监督举报机制不健全。本文认为,我国应该实施最严格的野生动物保护制度,实现人与野生动物平等、文明、和谐相处,建议:(1)树立尊重野生动物物种生存权、人与野生动物文明和谐相处的理念,摒弃野生动物资源利用观,重构人与野生动物平等共存关系。(2)清晰界定野生动物法律定义,扩大野生动物保护范围,围绕捕猎、繁育、运输、储存、转让、食用等环节,全面、科学、精准地构建最严格的野生动物保护制度。(3)立足于全面保护野生动物,严格禁止滥食滥用野生动物和过度商业化利用,实行野生动物保护利用特许制度,并大幅提高标准严格控制交易和利用,建立职责清晰的执法监管和惩治体系。(4)建立最严格的野生动物保护公众参与和司法治理体系,实施野生动物非法贸易、猎杀的行政公益诉讼制度,引导公众建立爱护保护野生动物、不食不用野生动物的文明行为,最终实现人类社会与野生动物的文明和谐共处。     

《野生动物保护法》修改的热点问题与建议

目前我国正在修改《野生动物保护法》,其中一些热点问题引发社会讨论。建议在立法目的方面,可规定保护栖息地、规范野生动物资源利用和维护生物多样性。在保护对象方面,采用重点保护与一般保护相结合,改变"三有"的归类标准,扩大栖息地的保护范围。在驯养繁殖方面,明确"科学驯养繁殖"的方针,制定名录规范人工繁育和综合利用,保护动物福利,实行科学野化放归。在社会治理方面,明确信息公开和公众参与原则,拓宽公众参与渠道,建立基金,赋予社会组织提起公益诉讼的权利,发挥产业协会的自律作用。在法律责任方面,进一步明确消费者和监管者的责任,增加违法行为的种类,加大处罚力度,重点监管网络市场,建立野生动物致害补偿基金。     

中华人民共和国野生动物保护法

为了保护和拯救我国珍稀、频危的野生动物,发展和合理利用野生动物资源,维护生态平衡,1988年11月8日,由全国人大常委会四次会议审议并正式通过了我国第一部野生动物保护法。它包括总则、野生动物保护、野生动物管理、法律责任和附则等共五章四十二条,本法将于1989年3月1日起施行。《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》是继《环境保护法》,《森林法》、《草原法》、《矿产资源保护法》等之后公布的又一部保护自然资源和生态环境,制止乱捕滥猎,特别是珍、稀野生动物资源,促进野生动物资源的保护、驯养科学研究及合理开发将是一部重要的法律武器。四川是全国最大的省自然保护区较多,特别是闻名世界的珍、稀频危野生动物国家一级保护的大熊猫、金丝猴、中华鲟等是人类开展科学研究、文化交流、经济开发等重要的物质资源。本刊这期为扩大宣传这一重要法律的目的、意义和内容,全文刊载,希望环保、林业、水利、渔业等行政主管部门积极重视广为宣传,身体力行,并建议四川省人大常委会尽快根据本法精神和我省野生动物资源情况制定完善、有力、可行的具体实施办法,以保证本法律的有效实施。     

未自然分布于我国的陆生野生动物及其制品的价值认定问题研究

未自然分布于我国的野生动物及其制品的价值认定是破坏野生动物资源类犯罪案件中备受争议的内容,具体涉及《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅰ、Ⅱ物种直接平移为国内一、二级保护动物管理的级别核准方式、参照同种国内保护动物核定价值时出现的交叉核定困境,以及确认涉案价值所依据的价格鉴定结果迥异的问题。这些问题既有碍于将有限的执法资源用于珍贵、濒危的野生动物种群,也不必要地加重了对被告人的刑事处罚。为此,需要通过人工核准、就低原则的普遍适用等措施,保障价值认定过程的正当性,在坚持罪责刑相适应的基础上保护生物多样性。     

略谈生态文明保护视野下的《野生动物保护法》修改

制定于计划经济时期的《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》已远远落后于野生动物保护和建设生态文明的现实需求,对其进行修改已是箭在弦上。此次修法,应就这部法律的规范范围进行合理界定,科学与客观地处理保护与利用的关系．通过具体明确的法律制度体现立法的目的,对各方主体的职责内容予以细化,确立周密的责任追究机制,总结执法实践填补责任漏洞。应开门立法,广纳建议,提高立法的科学性、可行性与可接受性。     

论动物权属制度

近年来，学界对自然资源权属制度多有探讨，野生动物资源也不例外，本文主要论证了野生动物资源必须实行国家所有权才能保证其生态效用的实现，而对饲养繁殖的动物实行私人所有权和所有权交易制度，则可以激活饲养繁殖市场，间接保护野生动物。     

生物多样性下野生动物保护名录制度研究

野生动物保护名录作为覆盖我国众多野生动物类型的法律保护形式,其既是受保护物种的集合,也是一项制度规范,一份法律清单,更是一个系统性概念。以"重点保护"为原则指引,出于对生物多样性下珍贵、濒危物种保护紧迫性的现实考虑,对名录制度制定的必要性与可行性进行了考究,重点分析了名录制度的生物多样性保护意义及目前存在的问题,并从制度设计理念转变、动态调整机制设立及推动公众保护机制形成等方面给出名录制度的完善对策,以期新时代名录能发挥好保护生物多样性的积极作用。     

试述《野生动物保护法》的修改

《野生动物保护法》施行三十余年,对于促进野生动物保护起着至关重要的作用.然而,在新冠肺炎疫情的冲击下,其中的部分内容显露出不足,全国人大常委会出台的《决定》可以应一时之急,但最根本的办法是对《野生动物保护法》进行修改.通过对现行法律的考察,检视《野生动物保护法》在立法理念、监管职能以及法律责任等方面存在的问题,并提出相...     

看环保

我们承诺:保护湿地,不食野生动物。 2004年元旦期间,湖南岳阳市八中和岳师附小率先开展湿地保护宣传。他们在城区和东洞庭湖保护区腹地,走街串巷,进村入户、深入田间地头,向市民公众、宾馆饭店、村民渔户发送湿地宣传资料和禁食野生动物倡议书,还组织观鸟活动。     

珍稀动植物

《国家重点保护野生动物名录》1988年12月10日国务院批准野牦牛偶蹄目牛科国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物形态特征野牦牛是家牦牛的祖先,曾经分布很广泛,现在仅存在青藏高原上。野牦牛体重可达1000公斤以上,身体呈黑褐色,体侧下方和腿部有浓密的长毛,适于     

A Survey of Strategies Adopted by UK Wildlife Trusts in the Promotion of Gardening for Wildlife

With the decline of wildlife due to, among other things, agricultural intensification, gardening for wildlife has an increasingly recognized role in the conservation of biodiversity and habitats. The United Kingdom (UK) Wildlife Trusts have a key role in the promotion of awareness and best practice of wildlife gardening. In spring 2001, a survey of all 46 United Kingdom County Wildlife Trusts was carried out, focussing on their level of awareness of the issue, whether they actively promoted it, and what literature they employ, and whether they form partnerships in implementing this project.The survey achieved an 83 percent reply rate. The Trusts carried out a wide variety of promotional activities, although its importance as an issue varied from Trust to Trust. Some Trusts have developed excellent promotional literature and strategies, but there could be a greater degree of sharing of ideas and cross fertilization to avoid reinventing the wheel. Few Trusts had developed partnerships, although local government was the most frequent partner.     

Destruction of Forests and Wildlife in the Kashmir Wilderness

Much of the forest wealth on the plains and in the hilly areas of India has been foolishly destroyed, and the rich heritage of wildlife has been slaughtered mostly for only temporary gain. The wanton axing of the larger indigenous trees and the uprooting of other floristic elements in the hills and on the lower slopes of the mountains, gradually impoverishes them, and may be followed by erosion that ultimately leaves the slopes barren. These alarming threats to the chir (Pinus roxburghii) and fir (Abies pindrow) forests of Kashmir will have disastrous consequences. Once densely-forested, the mountain slopes in Kashmir have become largely naked through too-heavy tapping and cutting of the trees; with concomitant landslides, frequent floods, and loss of fertile topsoil. Unfortunately, the people living in the areas of the chir and fir trees, do not play a proper part in their protection, and the last two decades have witnessed, year by year, the rapid march of urbanization and manifold destructive activities which have taken a heavy toll on these precious species. Urgent conservation measures are essential to preserve these endangered trees in Kashmir.     

Human Diets and Animal Welfare: the Illogic of the Larder

Few moral arguments have been made against vegetarian diets. One exception is the “Logic of the Larder:” We do animals a favor by purchasing their meat, eggs, and milk, for if we did not purchase these products, fewer animals would exist. This argument fails because many farm animals have lives that are probably not worth living, while others prevent a significant number of wild animals from existing. Even if this were not so, the purchase of animal products uses resources that could otherwise be used to bring a much greater number of animals into existence.     

Keeping pace with technology: drones,disturbance and policy deficiency

This paper analyses regulatory responses to rapid intensification of the use of drones/remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in the context of wildlife protection. Benefits and disadvantages of the technology to wildlife are examined, before three key limitations in policy and law are identified: failure to address wildlife disturbance in RPA regulation; reliance upon insufficiently comprehensive existing wildlife protection legislation to manage disturbance effects; and limited species-specific research on disturbance. A New Zealand case study further reveals an inconsistent regulatory approach struggling to keep pace with innovation, inadequate regulatory capture of environmental effects due to exemption as “aircraft”, and no recognition that specific geographical locations, such as coastal areas, distinguished by recreational pressures and high numbers of threatened species require special consideration. Recommendations include acknowledging the impact on wildlife in policy, gap analysis of legal arrangements for protection from disturbance (including airspace), and adoption of minimum approach distances to threatened species.     

Component modeling for the spatial representation of wildlife movements

This paper has two main objectives: (1) to discuss the basics of component modeling and its conceptual implications in environmental modeling; and (2) based on this discussion, to present a component-based design to support the simulation of wildlife movements. Components are independently developed, ready-to-use software units that can be assembled together to construct a modeling system. The conceptual implications of component modeling for the representation of environmental phenomena are discussed. A comparison is made between these conceptual implications and those of the more familiar object-oriented approach. A component-based design for supporting the simulation of wildlife movements is presented in this paper in order to illustrate how component modeling can be used to support the spatial representation of ecological phenomena and processes.     

野生动植物及其产品交易市场存在的问题及对策分析

分析了当前我国野生动植物利用产业发展所显现的资源培育产业发展迅速、企业规模化和集约化发展趋势明显、进口贸易激增等特征，对我国野生动植物及其产品的交易市场现状及其存在的非法交易多、市场杂乱、监管难度大等问题进行了深入分析，提出构建野生动植物及其产品专业市场体系和野生动植物及其产品的标记体系相结合的监管制度的政策建议。     

Improving our legacy: incorporation of adaptive management into state wildlife action plans

The loss of biodiversity is a mounting concern, but despite numerous attempts there are few large scale conservation efforts that have proven successful in reversing current declines. Given the challenge of biodiversity conservation, there is a need to develop strategic conservation plans that address species declines even with the inherent uncertainty in managing multiple species in complex environments. In 2002, the State Wildlife Grant program was initiated to fulfill this need, and while not explicitly outlined by Congress follows the fundamental premise of adaptive management, 'Learning by doing'. When action is necessary, but basic biological information and an understanding of appropriate management strategies are lacking, adaptive management enables managers to be proactive in spite of uncertainty. However, regardless of the strengths of adaptive management, the development of an effective adaptive management framework is challenging. In a review of 53 State Wildlife Action Plans, I found a keen awareness by planners that adaptive management was an effective method for addressing biodiversity conservation, but the development and incorporation of explicit adaptive management approaches within each plan remained elusive. Only ~25% of the plans included a framework for how adaptive management would be implemented at the project level within their state. There was, however, considerable support across plans for further development and implementation of adaptive management. By furthering the incorporation of adaptive management principles in conservation plans and explicitly outlining the decision making process, states will be poised to meet the pending challenges to biodiversity conservation.     

FISH AND WILDLIFE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1

.Fish and wildlife enhancement through water resources development implies fish and wildlife will be enhanced or benefit directly from such development. As a matter of practicality, the opposite may be the case in that wildlife lands of prime value and stream fisheries are often lost or severely altered as a result of reservoir construction or stream channelization. Additionally, estuarine fish and wildlife can also suffer from water resources development due to reductions in volume of fresh waters reaching the estuaries and adjacent marshes. In some instances waterfowl habitat can be created by reservoir construction and with good planning waterfowl habitat and use may be enhanced. To offset losses of thousands of acres of wildlife habitat when a river system is to be totally harnessed, planners could set aside sufficiently large natural areas dedicated for use by wildlife. This, however, would be replacement rather than enhancement. Reservoir fisheries can be enhanced with good planning to include timber clearing, shoreline clearing, boat road clearing, variable level drawoff devices and tailrace escapement channels. To sum up, it is possible for some species offish and wildlife to be enhanced through water resources development but only at the expense of others, and then only through careful and integrated planning.