物流企业碳风险管理机制研究

全球气候变化对世界各国产生从市场需求到监管政策等涉及碳足迹方面的影响,给企业带来了机遇和风险,迫使企业越来越重视碳风险管理。从碳风险定义出发,按照碳风险识别、碳风险评估与计量、碳风险应对、碳风险后评价等流程环节对物流企业碳风险管理机制进行研究,并对某企业进行案例分析。     

ESG表现、财务状况与系统性风险相关性研究——以沪深A股电力上市公司为例

环境、社会及公司治理(ESG)数据有助于认识我国企业的环保行为,同时也有助于深化对近年来企业经济行为的理解。本文立足于坚持绿色发展的现实背景,实证研究了财务状况、系统性风险对我国电力上市公司ESG表现的影响。研究发现:由于投资者与企业管理者对社会责任的忽视,电力企业系统性风险无法影响其ESG表现。研究还发现,较好的偿债能力、盈利能力和合理的资本结构可以促进公司ESG表现,但良好的营运能力会使公司忽视可持续发展的重要性。本文将系统性风险与电力行业ESG研究相结合,为未来的扩展研究提供了新的角度,并就加强信息披露监督、继续深化绿色市场发展提出了建议。     

协同实现降碳减污的管理需求与关键问题

建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,离不开降碳、减污、扩绿、增长的协同推进。一方面,推动减污降碳协同增效是我国发展阶段使然。与发达国家先解决了国内污染问题再应对气候变化的发展过程不同,我国正处于减污与降碳要求叠加、负重前行的关键期。在生态环境保护结构性、根源性、趋势性压力总体上尚未根本扭转的新发展阶段,协同推进降碳减污是我国经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。另一方面,同根、同源、同过程的特征使得实现降碳减污协同增效具有可行性。化石能源的燃烧和加工利用同时产生 CO₂ 等温室气体和SO₂、 NOx、颗粒物（PM）、挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）等大气污染物,推动降碳与减污的协同治理能够降低管理成本,获得环境质量改善、气候变化风险降低、低碳经济竞争力提升等多重政策效益,是提高生态环境治理现代化水平的重要途径。     

应对气候变化法的立法探究

为了实现碳排放达峰目标和碳中和愿景,明确应对气候变化的法律地位、工作目标和法律要求,规定部门职责及温室气体排放权的法律属性与交易机制,分解工作目标并开展评价考核,彰显国家应对气候的法治决心,亟须制定综合性基础法律——应对气候变化法。该法的制定已具备充足的研究起草基础和下位法支撑,建议尽快纳入全国人大常委会立法计划,并启动《环境保护法》等相关法律的修改。本文建议,将低碳发展和碳排放达峰、碳中和等纳入立法目的,设立总则、规划与标准、气候变化减缓、气候变化适应、管理和监督、国际合作、法律责任、附则八章,合理设立规范重点。健全统一监管与部门分工负责的体制和基金筹集、市场交易、社会共治等机制,全面构建国内应对气候变化管理制度体系,部署国际协商与合作措施,设置地方政府工作目标责任,对违法行为规定罚则。     

农村社会组织提升社会资本及应对生计风险的作用研究北大核心

在实现共同富裕的道路上,提升农户社会资本和降低农户生计风险是乡村振兴持续关注的热点问题。在理论分析社会组织如何提升和改进社会资本后,聚焦农村社会组织如何影响农户社会资本的积累与提升、农户生计风险防范策略意愿,利用祁连山国家级自然保护区内武威市、张掖市995位农户的调查数据构建多元Logistic回归模型,分析参加社会组织状态及类别、地区差异等因素对农户生计风险防范策略意愿的影响。结果表明:(1)参加社会组织类别因素对农户生计风险防范策略意愿的影响作用显著,其中:服务类社会组织影响最大,文化类次之,经济类最小。(2)健康状况、受教育水平对农户生计风险防范策略的影响显著,受教育水平对其影响存在“脱钩”现象。(3)武威市农户参加社会组织对农户生计风险应对的影响显著小于张掖市。     

碳责任、碳市场与碳交易

气候变化已成为全球共同关注的环境问题,减少温室气体排放,积极应对气候变化,需要世界各国/地区、组织/机构、企业/公司、行业/部门乃至个人共同为之努力。2020年9月,我国提出“碳达峰碳中和”目标（以下简称“双碳”目标）。推进碳达峰碳中和,是党中央经过深思熟虑作出的重大战略决策,是我国对国际社会的庄严承诺,也是推动高质量发展的内在要求。     

主要发达国家碳达峰碳中和的实践经验及对中国的启示

气候变化问题是人类社会共同面临的重大挑战，关系到人类生存和各国利益。推进碳达峰碳中和是中国的一项重大战略决策，是负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺，也是推动高质量发展的内在要求。本文归纳分析欧盟、美国、日本、韩国、德国、英国等主要发达经济体碳达峰的经济社会特征、碳中和的路径共识，系统梳理推动实现碳达峰碳中和的经验举措，对比分析中国国内进展和差距，并提出重点借鉴的国际经验与启示。研究发现，中国已经逐步具备实现碳达峰国家的基本特征，但相比发达国家，在降碳效果核算评估、低碳安全高效能源系统构建、碳价格传导机制设计、低碳技术创新和新业态模式打造、法规制度系统化构建等方面仍有差距，仍需加强政策驱动和重点国际经验借鉴，进一步优化“双碳”目标评估指标体系，将构建清洁、低碳、安全、高效能源系统作为能源生产和消费革命的主要目标，有序推进碳排放权交易市场建设和能源资源市场化价格调控，强化绿色低碳技术的研发创新，加快构建形成系统性推动“双碳”目标的法规体系。     

煤层气生产现场环境风险辨识与评估

文章对煤层气企业突发环境风险进行了分析,对其涉及的环境风险性物质、环境风险产生的环节、环境风险产生的机理和危害、环境风险的防范措施进行了系统的研究,对环境事件进行了计算与预测。从基础制度完善、现场防控到位、应急准备充分等三方面入手,提出了建立健全环境风险防控管理制度、明确责任机构及人员、落实环境影响评价要求、针对性开展环保培训、现场设置"三废"防控设施以及科学制定应急预案与配备专业应急救援队伍等实用的风险防范措施,以有效减小煤层气企业的环境风险问题。     

我国开发性金融部门绿色投资价值的气候影响和风险研究

为应对气候变化,我国开发性金融部门探索绿色投资倒逼其低碳转型之路,相应的气候变化对其绿色投资的影响和风险值得深入研究。运用气候压力测试模型、WITCH模型和气候VaR对我国开发性金融机构绿色投资的气候冲击影响、气候风险进行实证研究。研究发现,极端气候冲击会对我国的开发性金融机构的投资价值及其投资表现产生负面影响;我国开发性金融机构绿色债券的票面利率受气候变化影响程度各异,国家开发银行随着气温的上升而增加,中国农业发展银行随着气温的下降而减少;我国开发性金融机构绿色投资气候风险各异,中国农业发展银行绿色投资的气候风险相对较大。研究成果为我国开发性金融部门应对气候变化的低碳转型和绿色投资的风险管理提供决策参考。     

页岩气开发场地地下水污染风险评价研究进展

页岩气勘探开发场地的潜在污染风险不同于普通场地,而针对页岩气开发全过程的场地土壤地下水污染风险评价研究较为薄弱。文章综述了污染场地风险评价的理论与方法,介绍了岩溶介质地下水及溶 质运移模拟的研究进展,指出由于页岩气开发场地的复杂性,基于污染物在土壤地下水系统迁移的过程模拟法（考虑岩溶通道）较适用于页岩气开发全过程污染风险评价,强调应加强页岩气开发不同生产阶段土壤、地下水 污染监测,拓展风险评价指标筛选的理论与方法。同时,应强化岩溶通道及裂隙相关参数的获取,并开展土壤-地下水耦合评价及页岩气开发全过程（勘探—钻井—压裂返排—生产）风险评价,为页岩气绿色开发提供理论指导。     

A methodological framework and tool for assessing the climate change related risks in the banking sector

Although climate change risks have been studied for a number of economic sectors, banking has received relatively little attention. The paper proposes a methodology and an associated decision-support tool for quantifying, in monetary terms, the risks for banks from the exposure of their loan recipients and/or applicants to climate change. The framework and tool are applied to a case study based on input from a Greek bank; results indicate that climate change risks for banks are considerable, and thus decision makers need to estimate their magnitude and possibly consider these within the credit management process, and in environmental planning.     

Growth of the Decision Tree: Advances in Bottom‐Up Climate Change Risk Management

There has recently been a return in climate change risk management practice to bottom‐up, robustness‐based planning paradigms introduced 40 years ago. The World Bank's decision tree framework (DTF) for “confronting climate uncertainty” is one incarnation of those paradigms. In order to better represent the state of the art in climate change risk assessment and evaluation techniques, this paper proposes: (1) an update to the DTF, replacing its “climate change stress test” with a multidimensional stress test; and (2) the addition of a Bayesian network framework that represents joint probabilistic behavior of uncertain parameters as sensitivity factors to aid in the weighting of scenarios of concern (the combination of conditions under which a water system fails to meet its performance targets). Using the updated DTF, water system planners and project managers would be better able to understand the relative magnitudes of the varied risks they face, and target investments in adaptation measures to best reduce their vulnerabilities to change. Next steps for the DTF include enhancements in: modeling of extreme event risks; coupling of human‐hydrologic systems; integration of surface water and groundwater systems; the generation of tradeoffs between economic, social, and ecological factors; incorporation of water quality considerations; and interactive data visualization.     

Farmers’ Perceived Risks of Climate Change and Influencing Factors: A Study in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Many countries are confronting climate change that threatens agricultural production and farmers’ lives. Farmers’ perceived risks of climate change and factors influencing those perceived risks are critical to their adaptive behavior and well-planned adaptation strategies. However, there is limited understanding of these issues. In this paper, we attempt to quantitatively measure farmers’ perceived risks of climate change and explore the influences of risk experience, information, belief in climate change, and trust in public adaptation to those perceived risks. Data are from structured interviews with 598 farmers in the Mekong Delta. The study shows that perceived risks to production, physical health, and income dimensions receive greater priority while farmers pay less attention to risks to happiness and social relationships. Experiences of the events that can be attributed to climate change increase farmers’ perceived risks. Information variables can increase or decrease perceived risks, depending on the sources of information. Farmers who believe that climate change is actually happening and influencing their family’s lives, perceive higher risks in most dimensions. Farmers who think that climate change is not their concern but the government’s, perceive lower risks to physical health, finance, and production. As to trust in public adaptation, farmers who believe that public adaptive measures are well co-ordinated, perceive lower risks to production and psychology. Interestingly, those who believe that the disaster warning system is working well, perceive higher risks to finance, production, and social relationships. Further attention is suggested for the quality, timing, and channels of information about climate change and adaptation.     

Prioritizing ecological and human welfare risks from environmental stresses

The ecological systems of Earth are subjected to a wide array of environmental stresses resulting from human activities. The development of appropriate environmental protection and management policies and the appropriate allocation of resources across environmental stresses require a systematic evaluation of relative risks. The data and methodologies for comprehensive ecological risk assessment do not exist, yet we do have considerable understanding of econological stress-response relationships. A methodology is presented to utilize present knowledge for assignment of relative risks to ecological systems and human welfare from anthropogenic stresses. The resultant priorities, developed for the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) relative risk reduction project, highlight global climate change, habitat alteration, stratospheric ozone depletion, and species depletion as the highest environmental risks, significantly diverging from the present emphasis by EPA and the public on toxic chemical issues. Enhanced attention to ecological issues by EPA and development of ecological risk assessment methodologies that value ecological and economic issues equitably are key recommendations.     

Understanding Managers’ Views of Global Environmental Risk

This research investigated managers’ views of two global environmental risks: climate change and loss of biodiversity. The intent was to understand why different managers place varying levels of attention and priority on these issues. The data came from in-depth interviews with 28 senior corporate managers across Canada and a range of sectors, although most were employed in the energy sector. Approximately half had direct environmental responsibilities and half had other management duties. Grounded theory was used to collect and analyze the data. From the results, a theoretical framework was constructed to explain important factors that can influence managers’ mental models of environmental risk. Four factors relevant to managers’ appraisal of the threat of environmental risk include: (1) salience, (2) intrinsic value of nature, (3) knowledge, and (4) perceived resilience of nature. In addition, four factors relevant to managers’ view of the appeal of a particular response strategy were: (1) avoidability, (2) perceived costs and benefits, (3) fairness and equity, and (4) effectiveness. The time horizon for decision making was seen as being important in both portions of the mental model.     

Is there a role for not‐for‐profit or for‐purpose organizations in supporting governance professionals to engage with climate‐related opportunities and risks?

Climate change in Australia has become a political risk (for political parties) and a physical, transitional, and regulatory risk for businesses. Not‐for‐profits (NFPs) and for‐purpose (FPs) organisations, for example, Climate Alliance Limited, have acted in the absence of national climate risk policy, to support businesses to become better informed to manage their exposure to this risk, and helping them to set their own commitments and pathways to low and net zero carbon businesses. The objective of this article is to demonstrate, through the case study method, how one Australian NFP/FP has influenced the business sector and regulation. Climate Alliance Limited has done this through its interventions of (1) sharing case studies (best practices) on successful transitions to a low carbon business model and linking climate risk to business risk; (2) bringing thought leaders (advocacy) from the Bank of England and UK Prudential Regulator into the Australian finance and business sector; and (3) by offering a program (reward and recognition), showcasing how business leaders have and are adapting to climate risks and capturing business value.     

A Decision‐Analytic Approach to Managing Climate Risks: Application to the Upper Great Lakes1

Brown, Casey, William Werick, Wendy Leger, and David Fay, 2011. A Decision‐Analytic Approach to Managing Climate Risks: Application to the Upper Great Lakes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):524‐534. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00552.x Abstract: In this paper, we present a risk analysis and management process designed for use in water resources planning and management under climate change. The process incorporates climate information through a method called decision‐scaling, whereby information related to climate projections is tailored for use in a decision‐analytic framework. The climate risk management process begins with the identification of vulnerabilities by asking stakeholders and resource experts what water conditions they could cope with and which would require substantial policy or investment shifts. The identified vulnerabilities and thresholds are formalized with a water resources systems model that relates changes in the physical climate conditions to the performance metrics corresponding to vulnerabilities. The irreducible uncertainty of climate change projections is addressed through a dynamic management plan embedded within an adaptive management process. Implementation of the process is described as applied in the ongoing International Upper Great Lakes Study.     

Adaptive capacity and climate change: the role of community opinion leaders

The contribution of the informal community sector to the development of collective response strategies to socioecological change is not well researched. In this article, we examine the role of community opinion leaders in developing and mobilising stocks of adaptive capacity. In so doing, we reveal a largely unexplored mechanism for building on latent social capital and associated networks that have the potential to transcend local-scale efforts – an enduring question in climate change adaptation and other cross-scalar sustainability issues. Participants drawn from diverse spheres of community activity in the Sunshine Coast, Australia, were interviewed about their strategies for influencing their community objectives and the degree to which they have engaged with responding to climate change. The results show community opinion leaders to be politically engaged through rich bridging connections with other community organisations, and vertically with policy-makers at local, state, national and international levels. Despite this latent potential, the majority of community opinion leaders interviewed were not strategically engaged with responding to climate change. This finding suggests that more work is needed to connect networks knowledgeable about projected climate change impacts with local networks of community opinion leaders. Attention to the type of community-based strategies considered effective and appropriate by community opinion leaders and their organisations also suggests avenues for policy-makers to facilitate community engagement in responding to climate change across sectors likely to be affected by its impacts. Opportunities to extend understanding of adaptive capacity within the community sector through further research are also suggested.     

Moving beyond “mitigation and adaptation”: examining climate change responses in New Zealand

Despite the apparent failure of international negotiations and renewed criticism of the accuracy of climate science, responses to climate change continue in households, cities, fields, and meeting rooms. Notions of “doing something about”, or “taking action on” or “mitigating and adapting” to climate change inform practices of carbon trading, restoring native forests, constructing wind turbines, insulating houses, using energy efficient light bulbs, and lobbying politicians for more or less of these actions. These expressions of agency in relation to climate change provide the focus of our enquiry. We found that relationships or social networks linked through local government are building capabilities to respond to climate change. However, the framework of “mitigation–adaptation” will need to be supplemented by a more diverse suite of mental models for making sense of climate change. Use of appropriate languages, cultural reference points, and metaphors embedded in diverse histories of climates and change will assist actors in their networked climate change responses.