4种实用配方饲料对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响

试验用鱼选择锦鲤.根据动物摄食行为学原理,采用迷宫法和摄食率法为试验方法,配制4种添加甘氨酸的实用饵料,研究其对锦鲤诱食活性和生长的影响,实验结果用Excel和SPSS17.0软件进行分析.结果表明,4种实用饵料都对锦鲤具有诱食反应.其中,火棘(35m甘氨酸)P=0.003＜ 0.05,浒苔(35mg甘氨酸)P=0.001＜0.05,诱食效果有极显著意义.与对照组相比,喂食实用饵料的锦鲤增重率都有所提高,其中浒苔+50mg甘氨酸最为明显,达到8.44％,饵料系数降低到4.123.     

中草药复合诱食剂对锦鲤的生长影响

选用80尾初始体长4.7cm左右、体色均一健康的锦鲤,随机分为4个组。其中,Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为实验组,分别在基础饲料中添加100mL/kg、150mL/kg、200mL/kg的中草药复方。研究一副中草药复方对锦鲤诱食活性的影响,记录试验数据,并用Excel和SPSS软件进行分析。饲喂15d的结果表明,本实验所用该副中草药复方对锦鲤具有诱食反应。其中,Ⅱ组P=0.0010〈0.05、Ⅲ组P=0.0042〈0.05、Ⅳ组P=0.016〈0.05,说明其诱食效果有显著意义。不同浓度的中草药复方对锦鲤生长效果的影响差异很大,其中Ⅲ对锦鲤有显著的促生长作用。与对照组相比,增重率提高了23.090%,饵料系数降低了0.459。     

中药复方对锦鲤诱食活性及促生长的影响

以锦鲤为试验对象,研究中药复方制剂对锦鲤的诱食活性及促生长的影响。实验分为4组,Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为实验组,分别在基础饲料中添加150mL/kg、200mL/kg、250mL/kg的中药复方。喂食20d后的结果表明,各实验组均有较强的诱食活性(P<0.05),Ⅱ组效果最显著(P<0.01);Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组质量增加率和肥满度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组效果最显著(P<0.01),各实验组均能明显降低饲料系数(P<0.05)。     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥中温厌氧消化处理研究

应用污水处理厂剩余污泥开展污泥中温厌氧消化实验，对一系列影响污泥厌氧消化反应的因素进行了考察。实验结果表明：由于污泥C／N值较低，单独消化非常困难，有机物分解率比较低，分解速度慢，气体发生量少。在35℃时，污泥投配率为7．5％～10％，基质的去除率可达到35．54％。37．62％，去除单位基质的产甲烷量为O．265～O.274m^3／kgCOD。     

用配合饲料饲喂乌梢蛇的试验研究

试验选用的乌梢蛇均为亚成蛇，平均体重291．79g。试验分2组进行，试验期45d。对照组用活饵投喂，处理组全程均用配合饲料人工填喂。活饵为泽蛙，人工饵料用鱼肉、明胶、添加剂等配成（粒度规格1—1．5cm^3）。各组饲养条件相同，试验结束时逐组逐个测量体重、体长、尾长，并计算存活率。试验结果表明，人工饵料组的增重、体长、尾长好于对照组，但人工饵料组的存活率低于对照组。     

中药复合饲料对锦鲤诱食效果与生长影响的研究

选择3种中药配方,以其水提液对体长3-5cm锦鲤进行诱食活性(触球法)试验.每组实验重复5次,实验结果采用Excel和SPSS软件分析.结果表明,配方1对锦鲤的诱食有抑制作用,配方2与配方3对锦鲤有诱食反应,抑制或诱食的强弱与中药的浓度有关.其中,配方1 P=0.004＜ 0.05,配方2 P=0.0005＜ 0.05,配方3 P=0.0003＜ 0.0,经复合饵料饲喂后,实验鱼体长和体重都比基础饵料增长显著,说明3种饵料对锦鲤的生长都有促进作用.其中,配方2降低饵料系数0.2801,增重率达17.66％.     

红卵黄鸭蛋生产技术研究及效果分析

鸭蛋营养丰富,易被人体消化吸收,深受人们喜爱,而其中红卵黄鸭蛋更是鸭蛋中的精品。实验结果表明：采用特色配方饲料,加上放牧与补馈相结合的饲养技术,实验组鸭群产蛋率保持在八成以上,并且鸭蛋卵黄呈现鲜明的红色,其钙、磷、锌、碘的含量显著高于普通鸭蛋;其中10种必需氨基酸的含量为5．83％,对照组为5．28％,表明红卵黄鸭蛋比对照组普通鸭蛋营养更丰富,生产红卵黄鸭蛋的经济效益显著高于对照组的经济效益。     

固定化酵母菌对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

采用海藻酸钙加活性碳的方法对酵母菌进行固定化。正交试验结果表明，三者合适配比为海藻酸钠3％，活性碳10％，氯化钙4％。此方法制得的凝胶颗粒机械强度好、经久耐用。固定化酵母菌凝胶小球最适条件为：培养时间为48h，培养温度为37℃，培养基pH为3．0，凝胶量为10g。固定化细胞经多次脱色后能重复使用，4次脱色后其脱色率还达79．2％。     

石油降解菌的分离筛选及混合菌群的构建与优化

以河南濮阳油田超重质原油为研究对象,从污染井场土壤中分离并筛选出几株高效降解细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。由于不同类型微生物对碳源的利用目标和方式有所不同,而将3类不同类型菌种进行排列组合进行降解实验,最终优选出一组石油降解优势菌群。该文还利用正交优化法对降解菌的最佳添加量进行计算,结果显示,最佳接种量为X25：1．5％,Z3：1％,X18：1％,Z28：2％。利用该优化结果进行降解实验,石油的降解率在一定程度上提高了。在对濮阳、南阳和延长油田不同原油进行为期8d的降解实验中,显示了较高的降解效率,降解率分别为56．93％、65．66％、82．69％。实验证明,该降解菌群能不仅能有效够降解超重油,而且对重质原油和轻质原油表现出更好的降解能力。因此,该研究为石油污染物的降解提供了有效的菌种资源。     

脱硫细菌的培育及最佳生长条件的研究

从云南某硫化矿酸性废水中，分离出一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌，其最佳生长条件的研究表明，最佳培养温度为30％左右，最佳生长pH为2．0～2．5，最佳生长初始Fe^2＋浓度为0．15mol／L左右，同时在进行细菌培养时接种量取在10％是比较恰当的。     

Influence of phytase addition to poultry diets on phosphorus forms and solubility in litters and amended soils

Diet modification to decrease phosphorus (P) concentration in animal feeds and manures can reduce surpluses of manure P in areas of intensive animal production. We generated turkey and broiler litters from two and three flock trials, respectively, using diets that ranged from "high" to "low" in non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and some of which contained feed additives such as phytase. Phosphorus forms in selected litters were analyzed by sequential chemical fractionation and solution (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Selected litters were also incubated with four contrasting soils. Reducing dietary NPP and using phytase decreased total P in litters by up to 38%. Water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) in litters was decreased 21 to 44% by feeding NPP closer to animal requirement, but was not affected by phytase addition. Solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy showed that feeding NPP closer to requirement decreased orthophosphate in litters by an average of 38% and that adding phytase to feed did not increase the concentration of orthophosphate in litters. Phytase also decreased phytate P in litters by 25 to 38%, demonstrating that it increases phytate P hydrolysis. Incorporation of litters with soils at the same total P rate increased WSP in soils relative to the control; this increase was correlated to soluble P added with litters at 5 d, but not by 29 d. Changes in soil Mehlich-3 phosphorus (M3-P) were related to total P added in litter, rather than soluble P. We conclude that feeding NPP closer to requirement and using feed additives such as phytase decrease total P concentrations in litters, while having little effect on P solubility in litters and amended soils.     

Pulverized coal stream ignition delay under conventional and oxy-fuel combustion conditions

The coal stream ignition process is critical to the performance of modern pulverized coal burners, particularly when operating under novel conditions such as experienced in oxy-fuel combustion. However, experimental studies of coal stream ignition are lacking, and recent modeling efforts have had to rely on comparisons with a single set of experiments in vitiated air. To begin to address this shortfall, we have conducted experiments on the ignition properties of two U.S. and two Chinese coals in a laminar entrained flow reactor. Most of the measurements focused on varying the coal feed rate for furnace temperatures of 1230–1320 K and for 12–20 vol.% O₂ in nitrogen. The influence of coal feed rate on ignition with a carbon dioxide diluent was also measured for 20 vol.% O₂ at 1280 K. A second set of measurements was performed for ignition of a fixed coal feed rate in N₂ and CO₂ environments at identical furnace temperatures of 1200 K, 1340 K, and 1670 K. A scientific CCD camera equipped with a 431 nm imaging filter was used to interrogate the ignition process. Under most conditions, the ignition delay decreased with increasing coal feed rate until a minimum was reached at a feed rate corresponding to a particle number density of approximately 4 × 10⁹ m^?3 in the coal feed pipe. This ignition minimum corresponds to a cold flow group number, G, of ～0.3. At higher coal feed rates the ignition delay increased. The ignition delay time was shown to be very sensitive to (a) the temperature of the hot coflow into which the coal stream is introduced, and (b) the coal particle size. The three high volatile bituminous coals showed nearly identical ignition delay as a function of coal feed rate, whereas the subbituminous coal showed slightly greater apparent ignition delay. Bath gas CO₂ content was found to have a minor impact on ignition delay.     

Economic simulation modeling of reprocessing alternatives for corn masa byproducts

Increasing production of corn masa for tortillas, chips, and related snack foods is resulting in large quantities of organic residuals requiring environmentally sound management. These byproduct streams appear suitable for use as livestock feed material, thus eliminating landfilling costs. Possibilities for developing livestock feed include direct shipping to livestock feeding facilities, blending prior to shipping, extrusion processing, pellet mill processing, and dehydration. To assess the viability of these options for reprocessing masa byproducts as livestock feed materials, an economic model was developed and applied to each of these alternatives. Through a series of simulation runs with this model, it was determined that direct shipping was by far the most inexpensive means of recycling masa processing residuals (10–57 $/Mg). Other alternatives examined in increasing order of costs included blending prior to shipping, extrusion, pellet mill processing (3–15, 5–18, and 4–18 times greater than direct shipping, respectively), while dehydration was clearly cost-prohibitive (33–81 times greater). Bagged feed was slightly more expensive to produce than bulk feed (1.1 times greater), and reprocessing costs increased as delivery distance increased, due to increased labor, equipment, and fuel costs, but decreased as byproduct generation rate increased, due to the development of the economies of scale. Alternately, based on a tipping fee of 50 $/Mg, the total estimated cost to landfill ranged from 65 to 112 $/Mg. Based on this cost analysis, direct shipping and feeding to livestock is the recycling option of choice for masa processing byproducts. Although specific details of process configurations and associated costs will vary, similar results are likely for other high moisture food processing residuals destined for utilization as livestock feed or components thereof.     

Effect of stocking density and food quality on the growth and fecundity of an epigeic earthworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis>) during vermicomposting

Physico-chemical characteristics of the feed and optimum worm density are important parameters for the efficient working of a vermicomposting system. Overcrowding of worms can affect the efficiency of a vermicomposting system even if all other parameters have been optimized. This article reports the effect of stocking density and feed quality on the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida under laboratory conditions. The feed mixtures contained cow dung and textile mill wastewater sludge in different ratios. Three feed mixtures and five stocking rates (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12) were tested for 12 weeks. The results showed that E. fetida growth rate was faster at higher stocking densities; however, biomass gain per worm was faster at lower stocking densities. Sexual maturity was attained earlier at higher stocking densities. Growth rate was highest in 100% cow dung at all the stocking densities when compared to textile mill wastewater sludge containing feed mixtures. A worm population of 27–53 worms per kg of feed was found to be the most favorable stocking density.     

Evaluating livestock system environmental performance with whole-farm nutrient balance

As a part of the USEPA's concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) final rule, all CAFOs are required to develop and implement a nutrient management plan (NMP). The USEPA's emphasis on better management of nutrients appropriately targets a critical environmental issue associated with animal production. The concentration of animals in livestock feeding operations, often separate from feed grain production, requires importing of substantial quantities of feed nutrients. Due to the inefficiencies of nutrient utilization in livestock production, quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in manure greater than can be utilized in local crop production often result. With the focus of the USEPA's NMP rules on internal farm manure management planning, nutrient concentrations resulting from animal concentration may not be adequately addressed by compliance with the USEPA rules alone. A review of two mandatory and two voluntary nutrient management strategies is made by comparing whole-farm nutrient balance for a case-study beef cattle feedlot. The results suggest that voluntary BMPs, such as modification to animal feeding program and exporting of manure, can have greater environmental benefits (30-60% reduction in P accumulation for case-study farm) than mandatory NMPs and buffers (5-7% reduction in P accumulation for case-study farm) for a typical beef cattle feedlot. Whole-farm nutrient balance procedures can also be valuable for reviewing the nutrient performance of livestock systems.     

Methane emissions from free-ranging cattle: comparison of tracer and integrated horizontal flux techniques

Accurate measurements of methane (CH4) emission rates from livestock in their undisturbed natural environments are required to assess their impacts on radiative forcing (i.e., enhanced greenhouse effect) and the environment. Here we compare results from two nonintrusive techniques for the measurement of CH4 emissions from cattle. The cows were kept in an outdoor feeding strip that allowed them to follow natural behavioral patterns but contained them within a well defined space. In the first technique, nitrous oxide (N2O) was released as a tracer at the upwind edge of the feeding strip, and the downwind concentrations of N2O and CH4 were measured simultaneously using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Average CH4 emission per cow was calculated each half-hour on three separate days from the correlation between the two gases. The second technique was the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) or 1-D mass-balance method, in which we used the measured vertical profiles of CH4 concentration and windspeed downwind of the cows to determine the total CH4 emission. Comparing the IHF results to the known release rate of N2O allowed us to test the IHF technique independently. We found agreement within 10% for all comparisons on all days. The daily CH4 emission rate averaged over all tracer and IHF measurements was 342 g CH4 head(-1) d(-1). This is within the range of previous measurements for mature lactating dairy cattle (200-430 g CH4 head(-1) d(-1)) but higher than expected for yearling cattle. The high CH4 emissions are accompanied by high CO2 emissions determined from the FTIR measurements. The bias is most likely due to the measurements being made during and after supplementary feeding of the cattle.     

Optimization of the continuous biosorption of copper with sugar-beet pectin gels

Sugar-beet pectin xerogels obtained from residues of the sugar industry are an adequate material for metal recovery from effluents in continuous systems. The xerogels were used as a biosorbent for copper removal in a fixed-bed column. The performance of the system was evaluated in different experimental conditions: flow rate, bed height, inlet metal concentration and feeding system (drop and reverse). The effect on the biosorption parameters (saturation time, amount of adsorbed and treated metal, column performance and metal uptake) and the shape of the breakthrough curves was determined. The saturation time increased with increasing bed height but decreased with increasing feed flow rate and inlet metal concentration. Preferential flow channels greatly influenced the metal uptake and column performance. Copper was completely desorbed with 0.1 M HNO₃. Additionally, the column data fitted both the linear and nonlinear expressions of the Thomas model.