加强污染源监测应解决的几个问题

本文提出当前污染源监测中应重点解决的问题，全面理解环境管理制度中涉及的污染源监测，优先解决重点污染源监测因子，做好应急监测的准备工作，调动各类监测站的积极因素，开展污染源监测技术科研工作，实行“污染者付费”原则，建立动态库，做好数据综合分析工作，加强监测站自身建设。     

中国动态

规划全国地下水污染防治 国务院常务会议近日讨论通过《全国地下水污染防治规划（2011～2020年）》。会议确定：到2015年,基本掌握地下水污染状况,初步控制地下水污染源,初步遏制地下水水质恶化趋势,全面建立地下水环境监管体系;到2020年,对典型地下水污染源实现全面监控,     

喀什地区环境监测站对工业污染源调查建挡

根据国家经委、城乡建设环境保护部的要求,喀什地区环境监测站从去年十二月开始,将用两年左右的时间,在喀什进行一次统一规范的工业污染源调查及建档工作。工业污染源调查及建档工作是调查和掌握工业污染物的排放状况,了解其生产过程中人源、能源的消耗及综合利用水平,是制定环境保护规划和计划,加强管理和评价环     

工业污水水质在线监测系统研究与推广应用

为了加强对污染源的监控,准确地掌握污染物排放情况,中国石油天然气股份有限公司组织开展了水质在线监测系统研究,并逐步建立了污染源在线监测系统。文章介绍了有关水质在线监测系统的研究现状以及研究成果应用和推广情况。     

开发利用工业污染源档案

工业污染源档案是指在工业污染源调查活动中形成的,对环境保护工作具有查考、利用价值,并且按照一定归档制度作为真实历史记录集中保管起来的文字材料、报表、原始记录、图件、监测资料、调查报告、技术总结、照片、声像材料以及最后成果等技术文件材料。开发工业污染档案信息资源,是科学分析、评价环境质量状况及其变化规律的迫切需要。以前我们对本省、本市的污染源不清、污染物构成不清、环境污染对人群健康和生态的影响不清以及污染的变化趋势不清。因此,无从掌握其变化的规律,难以提出切实可行的改善环境质量、控制污染物排放的对策。     

锦州市典型工业污染源地下水基础环境调查与评估

通过污染源筛选,采用对照区、污染区、清洁区优化的控制性布点与功能性布点方法,对典型工业污染源锦州石化分公司周边地下水基础环境状况进行调查和监测,掌握了背景、常规、特征污染因子污染状况及污染物分布时空规律,监测结果显示,除亚硝酸盐、阴离子洗涤剂等个别生活类污染因子和石油类超标外,其余监测因子均达标。石化行业特征因子石油类所有点位全部超标,说明锦州石化分公司已对周边地下水造成污染扩散影响。     

伊犁河水质的综合评价及分析

通过对伊犁河多年水质监测资料统计分析 ,对其进行了综合评价。分析比较了各断面、各水期的水质综合指数及年际变化 ,掌握了伊犁河水质分布规律、年际变化与污染物排序 ,以及伊犁河水质污染状况。     

保山市农田环境质量检测评价结果与分析

结合保山实际情况，把农田环境质量分为重点污染区和一般农区2类区域进行检测评价，采取农田环境质量与农产品质量同步进行检测的方法进行综合评价。通过检测评价，初步掌握了保山市农田环境状况，为保护和治理农田环境、促进农业可持续发展和优质农产品发展区域布局提供科学依据和实际指导。     

基于模糊综合评判法评价地下水环境质量的探讨——以新疆某市为例

模糊综合评判法是以模糊数学为基础,应用模糊关系合成的原理,将一些边界不清,不易定量的因素定量化,进行综合评价的一种方法。从其原理分析,在地下水环境质量评价方面可能取得更准确的结果。首先介绍了模糊综合评判法的计算步骤,然后以新疆某市2008年第4季度2个水质监测采样点的监测资料为依据,选择5种污染物为评价因子,运用模糊综合评判法进行运算,得出综合评价结果。评价结果表明,运用模糊综合评判法评价地下水质量是合理的,其评价结果能全面反映水质的综合状况。     

中国石油污染源在线监测工作存在问题与建议

介绍了污染源在线监测系统的组成,阐述了污染源在线监测系统在环境监管能力建设、环境监管效能提升及环境保护管理创新中发挥的作用。结合污染源在线监测系统在中国石油环境保护管理工作中的应用实践,分析了目前污染源在线监测工作中存在的认识不足、设备选型不良、运维管理不到位等主要问题,建议提高对污染源在线监测工作的重视程度、开展污染源在线监测设备及第三方运维服务评价、深化污染源在线监测数据应用。     

胶州湾水质及主要营养盐季节性变化分析

于2010年4个季度对胶州湾水质进行了调查,根据单因子污染指数法,利用计算机软件绘制了水质分区图,分析了胶州湾水质的最新状况及不同季节的水质变化情况,同时对胶州湾主要营养盐无机氮和活性磷酸盐的变化进行了分析。调查结果显示,2010年胶州湾水质定性评价为差,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度分别为0.393 mg/L、0.018 mg/L,高值区主要分布在胶州湾东北角,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度及空间分布随着季节的变化而呈现了一定的变化。     

胶州市农村地区地下水水质现状评价及保护措施

对胶州市农村地区地下水水质进行了监测分析,根据分析结果,利用单因子评价法和综合指数评价法,评价胶州市地下水污染程度。从评价结果可以看出,马店镇等乡镇水质较好,属清洁级;里岔镇等乡镇水质属轻污染级。通过查找原因,发现水质污染主要由农业面源、生活污水和畜禽养殖粪便所致,据此提出了建立污水集中处理厂,规范农村畜禽养殖行业和发展绿色农业等建议。     

胶州湾水质自动站周边水质及运行效果分析

据2016年胶州湾水质自动监测的数据结果,分析了水质变化趋势,并统计和评价其水质超标情况。结果表明:2016-04—11水质自动站海域溶解氧质量浓度和pH 的日均值均达到二类海水水质标准,达标率为100%;活性磷酸盐年均值为0.023mg/L,无机氮年均值为0.154mg/L,以硝酸盐为主(64.9%);无机氮和活性磷酸盐超标率均为16.7%,而且集中在降雨量较大的8月、9月,营养盐指标超标基本与海泊河的淡水输入有关;叶绿素a质量浓度与溶解氧、pH 和浊度呈显著正相关,浮游植物光合作用对该海域表层海水的水质参数影响较大;自动站监测和人工监测的营养盐在年际变化上呈现较一致的趋势,说明运用水质自动站监测该海域的营养盐变化趋势较为准确。     

FACTORS AFFECTING HERBICIDE YIELDS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED,JUNE 19941

ABSTRACT: Median concentrations and instantaneous yields of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were generally highest at sites in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin and in agricultural subbasins. Instantaneous herbicide yields are related to land use, hydrogeologic setting, streamflow yield, and agricultural row cropping practices. The significance of these relations may be affected by the interdependence of the factors. The percentage of basin area planted in corn is the most influential factor in the prediction of herbicide yield. Instantaneous yields of all five herbicides measured in June 1994 related poorly to averaged 1990–94 herbicide use. Annually averaged herbicide-use data are too general to use as a predictor for short-term herbicide yields. An evaluation of factors affecting herbicide yields could be refined with more-current land use and land cover information and a more accurate estimate of the percentage of basin area planted in corn. Factors related to herbicide yields can be used to predict herbicide yields in other basins within the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to develop an estimate of herbicide loads to Chesapeake Bay.     

沙质滩涂中可溶性油的释放动力学研究

沙质滩涂对石油类污染物的吸附是一种物理吸附过程，在一定的条件下，吸附于沙质滩涂中的石油类污染物又可能释放出来，对滨海环境造成新的污染。在对滨海沙滩（胶州湾）沙质滩涂-水系统石油污染调查的基础上，选择代表性的沙滩进行取样，系统测定不同沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学过程，并分析了盐度、pH、温度和含沙量对释放作用的影响。结果表明，沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学曲线符合对数型，即随着时间的延续释放速度逐渐降低，沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放平衡时间约为10h，沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放量随盐度和pH的增大而减少，随温度、含沙量和振荡频率的增加而增加。     

Urbanization and the Loss of Resource Lands in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

We made use of land cover maps, and land use change associated with urbanization, to provide estimates of the loss of natural resource lands (forest, agriculture, and wetland areas) across the 168,000 km² Chesapeake Bay watershed. We conducted extensive accuracy assessments of the satellite-derived maps, most of which were produced by us using widely available multitemporal Landsat imagery. The change in urbanization was derived from impervious surface area maps (the built environment) for 1990 and 2000, from which we estimated the loss of resource lands that occurred during this decade. Within the watershed, we observed a 61% increase in developed land (from 5,177 to 8,363 km²). Most of this new development (64%) occurred on agricultural and grasslands, whereas 33% occurred on forested land. Some smaller municipalities lost as much as 17% of their forest lands and 36% of their agricultural lands to development, although in the outlying counties losses ranged from 0% to 1.4% for forests and 0% to 2.6% for agriculture. Fast-growing urban areas surrounded by forested land experienced the most loss of forest to impervious surfaces. These estimates could be used for the monitoring of the impacts of development across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and the approach has utility for other regions nationwide. In turn, the results and the approach can help jurisdictions set goals for resource land protection and acquisition that are consistent with regional restoration goals.     

Valuing algal bloom in the Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria: A choice experiments approach

Increased interest in water quality in coastal and marine areas stemming from the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive has led to important questions in relation to policies that address nutrient loadings. This paper presents the results from a choice experiment study to assess the recreational damage associated with algal blooms caused by nutrients flows into Varna Bay, Bulgaria. Varna Bay is an important beach destination on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Algal bloom events have been experienced frequently in the area. A choice experiment questionnaire was developed and applied in the Varna Bay area to assess the extent to which the quantity of algal blooms and the duration of the bloom affect recreational activities. The amount of bloom was found to be important, as respondents were on average willing to pay a one off tax of 18.97 Leva (€9.73) for a program that provides beaches free from algal blooms.     

Estimating the Extent of Impervious Surfaces and Turf Grass across Large Regions

The ability of researchers to accurately assess the extent of impervious and pervious developed surfaces, e.g., turf grass, using land‐cover data derived from Landsat satellite imagery in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is limited due to the resolution of the data and systematic discrepancies between developed land‐cover classes, surface mines, forests, and farmlands. Estimates of impervious surface and turf grass area in the Mid‐Atlantic, United States that were based on 2006 Landsat‐derived land‐cover data were substantially lower than estimates based on more authoritative and independent sources. New estimates of impervious surfaces and turf grass area derived using land‐cover data combined with ancillary information on roads, housing units, surface mines, and sampled estimates of road width and residential impervious area were up to 57 and 45% higher than estimates based strictly on land‐cover data. These new estimates closely approximate estimates derived from authoritative and independent sources in developed counties.     

土地适宜性评价研究

本文以土地生态学和经济学为理论基础,首次用系统评价方式研究山区土地质量与用途之间的匹配关系。评价特点是以定量评价为主,土地质量为基础,土地生产率为综合评价指标,土地类型为评价单元,当前和潜在适宜性同步评价。当前适宜性由适宜纲、不适宜纲和不相关三部分组成。适宜纲分高度适宜、中度适宜和勉强适宜3个级。每一单元都作水田、旱地、园地、林地、牧地的多宜性评价。由评价表可得11幅土地适宜性评价系列图。研究成果具有直观性和实用性特点,全面适应我国南方山区土地资源的开发利用和整治保护的需要。     

HYDROLOGIC LANDSCAPES ON THE DELMARVA PENINSULA PART 2: ESTIMATES OF BASE-FLOW NITROGEN LOAD TO CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: Base-flow samples were collected from 47 sampling sites for four seasons from 1990–91 on the Delmarva Peninsula in Delaware and Maryland to relate stream chemistry to a “hydrologic landscape” and season. Two hydrologic landscapes were determined: (1) a well-drained landscape, characterized by a combination of a low percentage of forest cover, a low percentage of poorly drained soil, and elevated channel slope; and (2) poorly drained landscape, characterized by a combination of an elevated percentage of forest cover, an elevated percentage of poorly drained soil, and low channel slope. Concentrations of nitrogen were significantly related to the hydrologic landscape. Nitrogen concentrations tended to be higher in well-drained landscapes than in poorly drained ones. The highest instantaneous nitrogen yields occurred in well-drained landscapes during the winter. These yields were extrapolated over the part of the study area draining to Chesapeake Bay in order to provide a rough estimate of nitrogen load from base flow to the Bay and its estuarine tributaries. This estimate was compared to an estimate made by extrapolating from an existing long-term monitoring station. The load estimate from the stream survey data was 5 ± 10⁶ kg of N per year, which was about four times the estimate, made from the existing long-term monitoring station. The stream-survey estimate of base flow represents about 40 percent of the total nitrogen load that enters the Bay and estuarine tributaries from all sources in the study area.