Ti/PbO2电极与Ti/IrO2+Ta2O5电极催化体系降解酸性大红染料废水的比较研究

为比较Ti/PbO₂电极和Ti/IrO₂+Ta₂O₅电极催化体系降解酸性大红(GR)染料废水的处理效果,并确定体系最佳工艺参数。分别对Ti/PbO₂电极和Ti/IrO₂+Ta₂O₅电极催化体系内初始pH、染料初始浓度、电流密度、电解质浓度对GR染料降解率的影响进行了探索,比较工艺参数优化后两催化体系的GR降解率、电极形貌及TOC去除率。结果表明,工艺参数优化后(初始pH 6.38,染料初始浓度100 mg/L,电流密度50 mA/cm²,电解质浓度0.1 mg/L),Ti/PbO₂电极和Ti/IrO₂+Ta₂O₅电极催化体系GR去除率分别可达98.3%和61.1%,TOC去除率为25.4%和13.5%;结合电极表面形貌分析,Ti/IrO₂+Ta₂O_5<...     

O3/H2O2协同催化处理煤化工高盐有机废水的研究

煤化工高盐废水中有机物的处理是废水零排放项目能否成功运行的关键性因素,制备了一种铁基活性炭催化剂,并采用O₃/H₂O₂协同催化技术处理煤化工高盐废水,可以显著提高废水中有机物的处理效果。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、穆斯堡尔谱、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察处理工艺、氧化剂加入量和反应时间对废水中有机物去除效果的影响,评价催化剂的稳定性和催化性能。结果表明,本催化剂用于O₃/H₂O₂协同催化处理煤化工高盐有机废水时,TOC去除率提高至54.41%;连续稳定运行1800 h后催化剂的催化活性基本保持不变。提供的催化剂及O₃/H₂O₂协同催化工艺可以高效处理煤化工高盐废水中的有机物,解决废水零排放项目中的难点,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

我国电力行业CO2排放系数和CO2排放时空特征

为了改善与优化我国现存的能源消费结构,需要开展我国能源消费和能源消费CO2排放等方面的研究。使用1980—2007年期间逐年发电量、单位发电煤耗等统计数据,计算了不同时期我国单位发电CO2排放系数。其中,1980年电力行业的单位发电CO2排放系数为1.07kg/kW.h,2007年为0.78kg/kW.h。基于省级电力消费数据,结合不同时段的单位发电CO2排放系数,得出各地区单位生产总值电耗CO2排放系数,分析了我国电力消费所致的温室气体排放的省际空间特征。     

燃煤电厂CO2减排技术进展

温室气体CO2的减排问题已经引起了国际社会的极大关注。火电行业是CO2排放量的主体。燃煤电厂实施碳减排和碳零排放是走向清洁能源必由之路。目前,燃煤电厂实施CO2的减排主要是从常规燃煤电厂烟道气分离CO2,其中,电厂CO2捕集技术路线主要包括燃烧后脱碳、燃烧前脱碳、富氧燃烧以及化学链燃烧技术。     

有色金属行业CO2排放估算方法研究

通过对国内外有色金属行业温室气体排放估算方法研究现状的分析,将联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体排放清单指南、国际有色行业协会和环境科学研究中的一些常用算法,总结归纳应用于有色金属行业温室气体的排放量估算,从估算方法和结果上分析各种方法的优缺点和使用条件。以原铝生产CO2排放估算为例,对有色金属温室气体排放进行实证分析,为有色金属行业温室气体排放估算提供参选方法,促进有色金属工业的节能减排。     

河南省水泥生产过程中CO2排放量估算

水泥是重要的建筑材料,水泥工业的快速发展有力地支撑了我国经济的高速增长。但水泥生产过程中石灰石分解产生的CO2已成为重要的CO2排放源。根据2006年IPCC提供的水泥生产过程碳排放估算方法,采用全国吨水泥熟料比推算河南水泥熟料产量,对1990—2010年河南水泥生产过程CO2的排放量进行了估算,其结果可为河南省节能减排政策的制定提供科学依据。     

溶剂吸收法CO2捕集技术简述

CO2捕集是温室气体减排与利用的重要技术步骤之一。文章介绍了CO2捕集的气源及特点、捕集溶剂与填料的研究进展、能量集成和工艺优化以及化工流程模拟研究,提出该技术研究的重点与方向。     

“H2O·行动”的活动感想

去年,借世界水日到来之际,青岛洮南路小学提倡全体师生积极参与到节约用水的"H₂O·行动"中来。学校选取了"好习惯（Habit）、爱心（Heart）、责任（Obligation）"三个词汇所对应的英文首字母,它们的组成正好与化学符号H₂O相吻合,通过这样一种全新的方式为我们诠释和丰富了H₂O的内涵。活动仪式上,高年级的学生向全校师生介绍了通过小组研究性学习所了解到的世界水资源分布情况,以及中国水资源的人均占有     

Production of Fe2O3 from FeSO4·xH2O formed in galvanizing works

FeSO₄·xH₂O is generated in large amounts in galvanizing workshops. It can be reutilized by conversion to Fe₂O₃. In this study, the recovery of Fe₂O₃ from FeSO₄·xH₂O formed in the galvanizing process has been examined. The experimental work was carried out at various temperatures and times in the oxidizing medium. The reaction temperatures and times were selected as 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800 and 900°C, and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, respectively. In order to determine the amount of Fe₂O₃, a titrimetric method was applied. The reaction products were characterized by means of IR and XRD techniques.The extent of conversion is low at temperatures below 650°C. Almost all of the iron (II) sulfate in the original sample was converted to iron(III) oxide at 650°C (120 min), 700°C (90 min), 800°C (60 min) and 900°C (45 min).     

浅谈民航空管工程电磁辐射影响及环境管理问题与对策

当前我国民航事业处于快速发展的关键时期,对空管系统建设提出了更高的要求,进一步加强空管工程前期工作和建设管理,提高空管综合保障能力迫在眉睫。文章以北京新机场为例,介绍了空管工程典型辐射源的电磁环境影响,对其电磁辐射环境管理存在的问题进行了探讨并提出了对策。     

Power generation with CO2 capture: Technology for CO2 purification

The goal of this paper is to find methodologies for removing a selection of impurities (H₂O, O₂, Ar, N₂, SO_x and NO_x) from CO₂ present in the flue gas of two oxy-combustion power plants fired with either natural gas (467 MW) or pulverized fuel (596 MW). The resulting purified stream, containing mainly CO₂, is assumed to be stored in an aquifer or utilized for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes. Focus has been given to power cycle efficiency i.e.: work and heat requirements for the purification process, CO₂ purity and recovery factor (kg of CO₂ that is sent to storage per kg of CO₂ in the flue gas). Two different methodologies (here called Case I and Case II) for flue gas purification have been developed, both based on phase separation using simple flash units (Case I) or a distillation column (Case II). In both cases purified flue gas is liquefied and its pressure brought to 110 atm prior to storage.Case I: A simple flue gas separation takes place by means of two flash units integrated in the CO₂ compression process. Heat in the process is removed by evaporating the purified liquid CO₂ streams coming out from both flashes. Case I shows a good performance when dealing with flue gases with low concentration of impurities. CO₂ fraction after purification is over 96% with a CO₂ recovery factor of 96.2% for the NG-fired flue gas and 88.1% for the PF-fired flue gas. Impurities removal together with flue gas compression and liquefaction reduces power plant output of 4.8% for the NG-fired flue gas and 11.6% for the PF-fired flue gas. The total amount of work requirement per kg stored CO₂ is 453 kJ for the NG-fired flue gas and 586 kJ for the PF-fired flue gas.Case II: Impurities are removed from the flue gas in a distillation column. Two refrigeration loops (ethane and propane) have been used in order to partially liquefy the flue gas and for heat removal from a partial condenser. Case II can remove higher amounts of impurities than Case I. CO₂ purity prior to storage is over 99%; CO₂ recovery factor is somewhat lower than in Case I: 95.4% for the NG-fired flue gas and 86.9% for the PF-fired flue gas, reduction in the power plant output is similar to Case I.Due to the lower CO₂ recovery factor the total amount of work per kg stored CO₂ is somewhat higher for Case II: 457 kJ for the NG-fired flue gas and 603 kJ for the PF-fired flue gas.     

CO2-free paper?

Black liquor gasification–combined cycle (BLGCC) is a new technology that has the potential to increase electricity production of a chemical pulping mill. Increased electricity generation in combination with the potential to use biomass (e.g. bark, hog fuel) more efficiently can result in increased power output compared to the conventional Tomlinson-boiler. Because the BLGCC enables an integrated pulp and paper mill to produce excess power, it can offset electricity produced by power plants. This may lead to reduction of the net-CO₂ emissions. The impact of BLGCC to offset CO₂ emissions from the pulp and paper industry is studied. We focus on two different plant designs and compare the situation in Sweden and the US. The CO₂ emissions are studied as function of the share of recycled fibre used to make the paper. The study shows that under specific conditions the production of “CO₂-free paper” is possible. First, energy efficiency in pulp and paper mills needs to be improved to allow the export of sufficient power to offset emissions from fossil fuels used in boilers and other equipment. Secondly, the net-CO₂ emission per ton of paper depends strongly on the emission reduction credits for electricity export, and hence on the country or grid to which the paper mill is connected. Thirdly, supplemental use of biomass to replace fossil fuel inputs is important to reduce the overall emissions of the pulp and paper industry.     

Dynamis CO2 quality recommendations

In the carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain, transport and storage set different requirements for the composition of the gas stream mainly containing carbon dioxide (CO₂). Currently, there is a lack of standards to define the required quality for CO₂ pipelines. This study investigates and recommends likely maximum allowable concentrations of impurities in the CO₂ for safe transportation in pipelines. The focus is on CO₂ streams from pre-combustion processes. Among the issues addressed are safety and toxicity limits, compression work, hydrate formation, corrosion and free water formation, including the cross-effect of H₂S and H₂O and of H₂O and CH₄.     

STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS RECEIVING DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS OF H+, NH4, NO3−, AND SO42−1

ABSTRACT: Weekly precipitation and stream water samples were collected from small watersheds in Denali National Park, Alaska, the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, and the Calumet watershed on the south shore of Lake Superior, Michigan. The objective was to determine if stream water chemistry at the mouth and upstream stations reflected precipitation chemistry across a range of atmospheric inputs of H⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?_?, and SO₄^2?. Volume-weighted precipitation H⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?_?, and SO₄^2? concentrations varied 4 to 8 fold with concentrations highest at Calumet and lowest in Denali. Stream water chemistry varied among sites, but did not reflect precipitation chemistry. The Denali watershed, Rock Creek, had the lowest precipitation NO₃^?_? and SO₄^2? concentrations, but the highest stream water NO₃^?and SO₄^2? concentrations. Among sites, the ratio of mean monthly upstream NO₃^?_? concentration to precipitation NO₃^?_- concentration declined (p < 0.001, R²= 0.47) as precipitation NO₃^?_? concentration increased. The ratio of mean monthly upstream to precipitation SO₄^2? concentration showed no significant relationship to change in precipitation SO₄^2? concentration. Watersheds showed strong retention of inorganic N (> 90 percent inputs) across inputs ranging from 0.12 to > 6 kg N ha^?1 y^?1. Factors possibly accounting for the weak or non-existent signal between stream water and precipitation ion concentrations include rapid modification of meltwater and precipitation chemistry by soil processes, and the presence of unfrozen soils which permits winter mineralization and nitrification to occur.     

Methodology for CO2 chain analysis

The paper presents a methodology for CO₂ chain analysis with particular focus on the impact of technology development on the total system economy. The methodology includes the whole CO₂ chain; CO₂ source, CO₂ capture, transport and storage in aquifers or in oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery. It aims at supporting the identification of feasible solutions and assisting the selection of the most cost-effective options for carbon capture and storage. To demonstrate the applicability of the methodology a case study has been carried out to illustrate the possible impact of technology improvements and market development. The case study confirms that the CO₂-quota price to a large extent influence the project economy and dominates over potential technology improvements. To be economic feasible, the studied chains injecting the CO₂ in oil reservoirs for increased oil production require a CO₂-quota price in the range of 20–27 €/tonne CO₂, depending on the technology breakthrough. For the chains based on CO₂ storage in saline aquifers, the corresponding CO₂-quota price varies up to about 40 €/tonne CO₂.     

Pipeline design for a least-cost router application for CO2 transport in the CO2 sequestration cycle

CO₂ capture and geological storage (CCS) is considered as a viable option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions during the transition phase towards the use of clean and renewable energy. This paper concentrates on the transport of CO₂ between source (CO₂ capture at plants) and sink (geological storage reservoirs). In the cost estimation of CO₂ transport, the pipeline diameter plays an important role. In this respect, the paper reviews equations that were used in several reports on CO₂ pipeline transport. As some parameters are not taken into account in these equations, alternative formulas are proposed which calculate the proper inner diameter size based on flow rate, pressure drop per unit length, CO₂ density, CO₂ viscosity, pipeline material roughness and topographic height differences (the Darcy–Weisbach solution) and, in addition, on the amount and type of bends (the Manning solution). Comparison between calculated diameters using the reviewed and the proposed equations demonstrate the important influence of elevation difference (which is not considered in the reviewed equations) and pipeline material roughness-related factor on the calculated diameter. Concerning the latter, it is suggested that a Darcy–Weisbach roughness height of 0.045 mm better corresponds to a Manning factor of 0.009 than higher Manning values previously proposed in literature. Comparison with the actual diameter of the Weyburn pipeline confirms the accuracy of the proposed equations. Comparison with other existing CO₂ pipelines (without pressure information) indicate that the pipelines are designed for lower pressure gradients than 25 Pa/m or for (future) higher flow rates. The proposed Manning equation is implemented in an economic least-cost route planner in order to obtain the best economic solution for pipeline trajectory and corresponding diameter.     

The impact of heterogeneity on the distribution of CO2: Numerical simulation of CO2 storage at Ketzin

Numerical modelling of multiphase flow is an essential tool to ensure the viability of long-term and safe CO₂ storage in geological formations. Uncertainties arising from the heterogeneity of the formation and lack of knowledge of formation properties need to be assessed in order to create a model that can reproduce the data available from monitoring. In this study, we investigated the impact of unknown spatial variability in the petrophysical properties within a sandy channel facies of a fluviatile storage formation using stochastic methods in a Monte Carlo approach. The stochastic method has been applied to the Ketzin test site (CO₂SINK), and demonstrates that the deterministic homogeneous model satisfactorily predicts the first CO₂ arrival time at the Ketzin site. The equivalent permeability was adjusted to the injection pressure and is in good agreement with the hydraulic test. It has been shown that with increasing small-scale heterogeneity, the sharpness of the CO₂ front decreases and a greater volume of the reservoir is affected, which is also seen in an increased amount of dissolved CO₂. Increased anisotropy creates fingering effects, which result in higher probabilities for earlier arrival times. Generally, injectivity decreases with increasing heterogeneity.