大世界必需保护小基因

保护生物多样性不仅关乎人类的生存和发展,而且是方方面面的需要。保护生物多样性的方法有多种,可持续利用是原地保护、迁地保护之外的又一种重要的保护方式。在经济建设过程中,既要保护生物多样性,又要发展地方经济,是一件极难做到的事。在重大工程项目实施之前,环境评价工作如果能够做得很好,就能较好地协调发展与保护的矛盾。中国保护生物多样性将为世界保护生物多样性做出巨大的贡献,它的成功经验可供其他国家借鉴,有利于世界生物多样性的保护和维持。     

生物多样性的研究及其保护

作为现代生态学三大研究热点之一,生物多样性的研究和保护已引起世界的广泛关注。本文对生物多样性的概念和研究作了简要综述,着重探讨了生物多样性分布和形成的机制及有关理论,同时指出研究生物多样性的最终目的在于生物多样性的保护及持续利用。     

系统性生物多样性保护法律体系的定位与构建

随着国家政策导向提出实现生物多样性整体性、系统性保护的要求,新时期背景下的生物多样性保护除了注重实现生物多样性在自然生态系统、生物物种、遗传资源(基因)三方面的协同性整体性保护以外,还强调了实现自然生态系统平衡、维护国家安全等总体性目标。在此背景下,本文建议,生物多样性保护法律体系也应当在推动立法实践、提升国家安全治理能力、整合现有立法资源等方面发挥其应有价值。从系统性的角度出发,明确法律体系贯彻生物多样性整体性保护理念、执行国家战略部署以及平衡多元化利益的应有定位,并在此基础上从整体性目标的树立、网格联动性的体系构建、合理配置现行法律制度等方面探寻系统性法律体系的构建路径,将有效发挥我国生物多样性保护法律体系在服务社会需求、回应国家政策导向等方面的制度支撑价值。     

生物多样性保护:为了发展而保护

中国是一个自然条件极其复杂、生物多样性极其丰富的国家,但同时中国的生物多样性也遭到了极为严重的破坏。所以,履行《生物多样性公约》不仅是中国应当承担的国际义务,也是保护本国生物资源的现实需要。由此可见,生物多样性保护主要包括了两方面的内容:一是以履行国际公约为主导,通过完善国内相关的法律法规,保护和可持续利用中国独特的生物资源与生态服务,确保公平和公正的惠益分享;二是平衡经济发展与生物多样性保护之间的关系,将生物多样性保护纳入各级政府的国民经济与社会发展规划,将生物多样性保护与减少贫困相结合,在保护的过程中实现社会经济的可持续发展。     

老山森林生物多样性及其保护对策

在对南京老山森林生物进行广泛调查的基础上,计算了生物的多样性和均匀度,研究了其生物多样性现状,提出了多项对策以实现生物多样性的有效保护和持续发展,如对生物栖息地的保护,包括正确处理旅游开发与栖息地保护之间的关系、禁伐天然次生林和加强对缓冲区的保护、种群的优先保护模式、廊道的建立、全面整体的保护利用、深入开展科研、扩大宣传教育,以及建立健全管理制度和法规条例,完善政策保障体系等.     

环保社会组织依法参与生物多样性保护的困难检视与路径优化

环保社会组织作为政府与公民之间的桥梁成为生物多样性保护多元参与机制的重要一环,生物多样性的内在特性与时代法治特征也推动着环保社会组织的参与。但当前环保社会组织参与生物多样性保护面临着规范体系不健全、规范运行机制不稳固、参与保护效果稳定性不足的困境,主要源于公私主体意识对立、自然资源法律体制机制未完善、环保社会组织持续能力建设有待加强三个因素,其根源在于我国对于生物多样性保护与利用的认识程度以及反映到规范政策与法律运行的适应程度。应将基于自然的解决方案作为生物多样性保护指导思路,综合包容多样利益方,优化生物多样性保护整体规制运行。具体来说,通过优化整合生物多样性保护规范体制中环保社会组织规范结构、参与运行机制、持续性功能发展机制,逐步规范环保社会组织在生物多样性规范机制中的位置与路径,从而实质推进我国生物多样性保护多元参与体制的构建与完善。     

《生物多样性公约》的产生背景和主要内容

因栖息地被破坏、过度利用、环境污染、外来物种入侵、气候变化等原因,地球上的生物多样性面临严重破坏,如何解决这一问题,真正走上可持续发展之路,是《生物多样性公约》的产生背景,而保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分、公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益则是《生物多样性公约》的主要内容和目标。     

对生物剽窃国内法律规制的思考

<正>"生物剽窃"现象在各发展中国家以及落后国家愈演愈烈,在我国也存在着严重的生物遗传资源流失现象。我国于1992年通过了《生物多样性公约》,但是公约只是对生物多样性保护做了原则性规定,对于国内的法律规制缺少法律保障。我国有关生物遗传资源国内立法保护稀缺且分散。国内立法规制与国家所有权原则、惠益公平分享原则以及来源披露原则密切相关。本刊特邀请有关专家从物权法以及知识产权保护的角度,阐释应如何对生物遗传资源国内立法进行规制,以期实现国内立法的完善,并预防     

生物多样性保护国家战略与行动计划

《生物多样性公约》要求每一缔约国按照其特殊情况和能力，为保护和持续利用生物多样性制定国家战略、计划或方案，尽可能并酌情将生物多样性的保护和持续利用订人有关的部门或跨部门计划、方案和政策内。     

我国的景观生态学研究及其与生物多样性保护的关系

景观生态学是生物多样性保护的重要基础学科之一。生物多样性应包括群落的多样性和景观的多样性。生物多样性保护，应采用区域景观保护战略。     

INCENTIVE-BASED NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN A REAUTHORIZED CLEAN WATER ACT1

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes key provisions of the Clinton Administration's proposals for change in the Clean Water Act. Two of the important themes for change are tougher controls for non-point source pollution and the use of market-based instruments. A detailed analysis of market-based abatement suggests limited potential for reducing costs. The keys to nonpoint source pollution control are clearer definition of property rights combined with changes in government programs that encourage polluting activities.     

AN ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF HAWAII'S WATER INSTITUTIONS1

ABSTRACT: The problem of allocating scarce water resources among competing uses and users over time in Hawaii is addressed within the context of analytical institutional economics. The nature of this problem has been, in recent years, highly complicated by important institutional changes that control operating decisions for water supply and water pollution. Whereas the imbalance in governmental initiatives regarding changes in the system of water rights (predominantly state) and environmental laws (predominantly federal) are based on U.S. constitutional provisions, the more fundamental roots of the crucial legal doctrines involved have been traced back to the common property concept. This suggests that the more promising opportunities for meeting the water policy challenges of the state are to be found in the historical common property system (ahupua'a) of Hawaii.     

长江流域水生态保护利益补偿的法律调控

当前长江流域水生态补偿实践主要以水质、水量和水能三类可量化的流域生态资源开发利用的形态出现,是"流域生态效益补偿"模式,其目标利益是流域整体生态保护效益,通过政策或区域政府间的协议、以财政转移支付为手段完成政府、行政区域单元之间的利益传送,其实质是一种行政治理措施、是基于权力的利益矫正,并没有将该补偿资金精确对应到真正的利益供应主体或受害主体,也就没有完成利益归宿的最终分配。长江流域生态保护利益补偿应当在效益补偿的基础上发展"生态保护产权利益补偿"模式,使生态保护利益从生态效益的结果行为端向原因行为端传递;产权主体特定性的识别,产权利益行为(增益或损益)与流域生态效益的连接,以及涉水产权法定即利益法定是构建长江流域产权利益补偿的法律要素。     

RIVER RECREATION: PUBLIC ACCESS VS. RIPARIAN RIGHTS1

ABSTRACT: The issues involved in the conflict between the rights of the public and those of riparian landowners are examined by reviewing the public access situation with regard to inland streams in the State of Virginia. Consideration is given to the legal framework defining access rights and to the attitudes of riparian landowners regarding the access question. Existing provisions of law suggest only limited recognition of public rights, but this law is incompletely developed. A considerably broader concept of public rights could be developed within the existing framework due to the existence of unresolved questions. The analysis of landowner attitudes is based on a survey of a sample of riparian owners chosen from throughout the state. The questionnaire used in the survey contained 123 questions in a variety of areas, including landowners' perceptions of public rights, problems encountered as the result of recreational water use, attitudes toward state designation and protection of scenic rivers, and the acceptability of alternatives for increasing public access. Although the survey results indicate substantial acceptance of the concept of public use, the landowners expressed concern over governmental control of land use and did not indicate a generally acceptable means for increasing public use.     

PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO WATER IN TEXAS LAKES AND STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Rapidly increasing demand for recreational use of Texas' public waters is resulting in growing conflict between riparian landowners and the public. This paper examines the public access question, certainly one of the most poorly defined and understood areas of Texas water and property law. Since the appropriation acts of the late 1800's, most surface waters are owned by the state, and are held in trust for the benefit of the people. While there is no express statutory authority giving the general public the right to use these waters, there is extensive, if often conflicting, case law recognizing such rights on navigable streams. It is equally well established that the public may not gain access by crossing private property. Definition of public and private rights is complicated by the fact that Texas land grants (with their attendant property rights) have emanated from Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, and the state. Obstacles imposed by riparian landowners to public entry, use and passage, as well as spatial aspects of access, are also considered. Because public access rights are based on the peculiar circumstances of each case, it is difficult to establish general legal principles, and there is almost no reliable information to aid the recreation-seeking public. A clear legislative enunciation of public rights appears politically infeasible at present, the most immediately attainable goal lying in the area of better public education.     

生态文明产权制度的界定、分类及框架研究

生态文明产权制度是生态文明制度体系建设的根基。生态文明产权制度可划分为自然资源产权制度、环境资源产权制度和气候资源产权制度三大类别。自然资源产权制度包含水权、林权、矿权、渔权和能权,环境资源产权制度包含排污权和生态权,气候资源产权制度包含碳排污权和碳汇。在大国责任的国际背景下,生态文明产权可用总量控制是硬性约束,必须以自然、环境和气候资源的产权总量控制为前提,确保全国总体生态水平在可预见的时间达到可控制的范围之内。有效地推进自然、环境和气候资源的初始产权界定,运用生态文明产权价格机制促进生态文明产权交易,并运用生态文明产权保护制度确保初始产权界定、产权交易机制和产权价格机制的顺利推进和开展。形成以产权总量控制为前提,以初始产权的界定和分配为基础,以产权交易机制为手段,以产权价格机制为核心,以产权保护制度为保障生态文明产权制度框架。     

我国旅游产业知识产权保护框架体系研究

作为无形资产的知识产权在知识经济时代起着举足轻重的作用。当前我国旅游业知识产权还未建立起健全的保护体系和完整的法律制度,相关研究也很薄弱,带来诸如市场秩序紊乱、产业创新能力弱、资源浪费等一系列问题,严重影响到旅游产业竞争能力的提升。建立旅游知识产权保护的立法、制度体系、执法、管理体系为核心的旅游知识产权保护体系框架,是旅游知识产权保护工作得以保障的基础。     

Whose voices count in biodiversity conservation? Ecological democracy in biodiversity offsetting,REDD+, and rewilding

ABSTRACT

Ecological democracy seeks environmentally sustainable ends through broad, active democratic participation. What happens when laws fostering participation in environmental decision-making and biodiversity preservation lead to differing results? What is best for biodiversity may not be what for local citizens believe is best. I examine conflicts and congruencies in the context of Biodiversity Offsetting, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), and the Rewilding movement. I ask questions that are legal (Who has what legal rights to speak for or against programs that enhance biodiversity?), epistemological (Whose expertise and knowledge matters when scientists and non-scientists don't agree?), axiological (Are some values objectively better, and why?), and normative (Whose opinions about biodiversity should count?). Many people have the right to participate in an ecological democracy: But when protecting biodiversity, who does and should have the right to be heard? I problematize the role that ‘local’ actors play in decision-making and describe the variegated role that experts – particularly biologists – play in ecological democracy when biodiversity preservation matters. To determine whose values and voices should be prioritized, I describe ‘deep equity,’ an axiological and normative groundwork for determining when biodiversity-promoting policies may be preferable even if affected citizens don't agree.     

Property rights integrity,tenure security and forestland rental market participation: Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

The decentralization of property rights is the focus of the forest tenure reforms in several developing countries. In China, it was achieved by the launch of a new round of collective forest tenure reform beginning in 2003, which provided farmers with more integrated and secure forestland rights. Drawing on household data collected in Jiangxi province in 2011 and 2013, this paper examines the impacts of households’ recognition of property rights and improved tenure security on forestland rental activities. Our empirical results show that households with higher perceptions of more complete use rights and mortgage rights have a lower probability and intensity of renting‐in land, while households with lower expectations of future forestland redistribution or expropriation are more likely to rent in forestland and more of it. These results imply that the development of a forestland rental market leading to better forest management requires an integrated forestland management approach consisting of decentralization of property rights and village governance. In particular, the central government may further clarify the rights and obligations affiliated to forestland ownership, contractual rights, and management rights; while the village collective may shift from direct intervention in the integrity and security of forestland rights to the supervision and protection of decentralized forestland rights to increase efficiency from the decentralization of property rights.     

Sustainable development control? Zoning and land use regulations for urban form,biodiversity conservation and green design in Australia

This paper examines how Australian land use plans incorporate provisions for sustainable urban form, design, biodiversity conservation, and climate change. Despite the long-standing sustainability objectives in state policy frameworks, a survey of 291 comprehensive plans finds implementation within local instruments is far from universal. Differences in patterns of policy adoption, as well as potential explanations for these differences, including geographical location, patterns of residential growth, the socio-economic composition of local communities, political forces, and policy evolution over time, are explored. Overall, areas experiencing more intensive growth tend to have newer plans, which in turn, contain more sustainability provisions, suggesting a responsive rather than repressive relationship between development pressures and regulatory development control.