分子氧氧化环己烯反应机理探讨

以分子氧为氧源,金属配合物催化氧化环己烯.反应过程以自由基反应机理为主,在环己烯分子的C=C键和烯丙基碳原子上进行反应,主要产物为2-环己烯-1-过氧化氢(Ⅰ)、2-环己烯-1-酮(Ⅱ)、2-环己烯-1-醇(Ⅲ)和环己烯环氧化物(Ⅳ).当反应时间延长,可引发Ⅱ和Ⅲ型产物及2-环己烯-1-氧自由基β键断裂的分解反应,生成一系列链状产物.探讨了分子氧氧化环己烯反应的机理,并对该研究领域的前景进行了展望.     

载铜活性炭催化氧化干法腈纶废水的研究

通过浸渍法制备了载铜活性炭(Cu/AC)催化剂,用于催化过氧化物氧化干法腈纶废水,结果表明:Cu/AC催化活性高于均相催化剂Cu(NO3)2,Cu溶出量则小于均相催化剂.非均相催化氧化对干法腈纶废水有很好的处理效果.催化剂的活性和稳定性与制备条件关系很大,通过单因子影响实验,确定催化剂的最佳制备条件为焙烧温度700℃,焙烧时间4小时,浸渍溶液初始浓度10.6gCu/L,浸渍时间20小时.     

黄磷尾气中PH3液相催化净化研究

以Mn（Ⅱ）与Pd（Ⅱ）为催化剂的吸收净化溶液对黄磷尾气中的PH3进行了液相催化氧化研究。考察了混合气中02浓度、温度、入口PH3浓度、气体流量和吸收液pH变化与磷化氢净化效率曲线的关系。实验结果表明：混合气中较佳的氧含量为5％；在20℃至75℃范围内，低温对催化净化有利，较适宜的反应温度为20℃；较低的PH3入口浓度和低气速均有利于对PH3的净化；吸收液较高的pH有利于吸收液中催化剂催化效能的发挥。吸收液对PH3的净化效率可达100％，但因吸收液中的金属离子易与PH3产生的PO4^3-形成沉淀，使金属离子脱离液相催化氧化系统，吸收液失效较快。     

Fenton及电-Fenton处理难降解有机废水技术

Fenton法与电-Fenton法属于高级氧化技术(Advanced Oxidation Technologjes,AOTs),是由H2O2与催化剂Fe2 所构成的氧化体系.在Fenton体系中,H2O2在Fe2 的催化剂作用下,能产生两种活泼的氢氧自由基(HO2·和·OH),从而引发和传播自由基链反应,加快有机物和还原性物质的氧化.本文简要介绍了Fenton法与电-Fenton反应的机理和应用在催化氧化难降解废水领域中的处理技术及研究进展.     

茵陈挥发油成分鉴定及抗氧化活性研究

用GC-MS分析木菊科植物茵陈挥发油的化学组成并研究其抗氧化活性.采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,用GC-MS进行成分分析,用分光光度法测定茵陈挥发油对DPPH·和·OH的清除率.结果表明,20个化合物结构被确定,占挥发油总量的96.6％,主要成分为棕榈酸(33.1％)、氧化石竹烯(19.1％)和匙叶桉油烯醇(9.9％).茵陈挥发油对DPPH·和·OH具有良好的清除作用,抗氧化活性较强.茵陈挥发油的主要成分为棕榈酸(33.1％)和氧化石竹烯(19.1％),并具有强大的抗氧化活性,在食品和医药产业具有广泛的应用前景.     

采用缓和湿式氧化工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣

介绍了缓和湿式氧化法处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣的工艺原理和流程。由试验结果可以看出,利用此工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣时,反应温度、停留时间不同,S2-去除率和反应产物也不同。在反应温度为120 ℃时,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-的形式存在;当反应温度升高到150 ℃后,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-和SO42-的形式并存;在反应温度达到180 ℃后,生成的S2O32-基本上完全转化为SO42-离子。在适宜的工艺条件(反应温度120 ℃,停留时间不低于40 min)下,混合废碱液或乙烯废碱液中S2-的排放浓度可降至2 mg/L以下。     

BHTTT试剂的合成与高灵敏,选择性的光度法测定痕量钴

应用乙二胺代替丙胺,巧妙地合成了 BHTTT 试剂,产率由48％提高到65％,截至目前为止,尚未见报道。研究了 Co(Ⅱ)-BHTTT—吐温-80显色配位体系的特性。在 pH5.0～9.5范围内,显色体系光谱吸收峰(λmax)为385nm,试剂空白λmax 为225nm,对比度(Δλ)较高,Δλ=160nm。摩尔吸光系数ε_(385)=2.35×10~5L.ml~(-1).cm~(-1).在低浓度吐温80和 DL-半胱胺酸盐酸盐存在下(具有相当高的选择性),Co(Ⅱ)与BHTTT 组成比为1∶2.在0.5～10ug/50ml 范围内,服从比尔定律.检出最低浓度0.005mg/L,测定上限为0.5mgCo/L.此方法已成功地应用到测定玫瑰花、当归根、人发、环境水样和钢铁中痕量钴.     

SCR催化剂失活机理分析及防治措施

选择性催化还原法(SCR)是火电厂常用的外加还原剂还原NOx将其转变为N2和O2的烟气治理方法。还原过程中,催化剂是反应核心部分,但烟气及其携带灰分的性质会致使金属氧化物催化剂失活(中毒),直接影响到火电厂运行的脱硝效率。通过对金属氧化物催化剂中毒机理的分析,提出在采用负载型复合催化剂,根据灰分选择合适催化剂载体结构的同时,适时采用后置式公用SCR布置形式等措施,可达到延长催化剂使用寿命、提高脱硝效率、减少运营成本的目的。     

注空气低温氧化辅助热采废水处理

对注空气低温氧化辅助热采废水的处理进行实验研究,先进行混凝处理,再分别采用Fenton氧化法和二氧化氯氧化法对废水氧化处理。结果表明后者效果较好,二氧化氯最佳投加量为300 mg/L,催化剂活性炭-Ni投加量为2.5 g/L,反应2 h,COD_(Cr)降低至129.14 mg/L,去除率达到95.29%,出水无色透明。二氧化氯氧化法适合于海上油田注空气低温氧化辅助热采废水的处理。     

Fenton试剂降解PAM催化剂的研究

采用Fenton试剂氧化降解含油废水中的聚丙烯酰胺,研究了H2O2用量、催化剂种类及用量对降解聚丙烯酰胺效果的影响。结果表明,H2O2用量为聚丙烯酰胺的20%为宜;CuCl2具有和FeSO4、Fe(NO3)3、FeCl3相近的催化效果,并且可以作为一种在较高pH值条件下应用的催化剂;在优选条件下该氧化体系可以使聚丙烯酰胺黏度大大降低。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.