城市韧性与科技创新耦合协调发展研究——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

以成渝地区双城经济圈为空间载体,运用熵值法、重心模型和修正耦合协调度模型等方法,分析了2005—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈城市韧性与科技创新的发展水平、重心变动特征及耦合协调发展水平。结果表明:①城市韧性和科技创新的发展水平均呈稳步提升态势,但整体发展水平较低。②城市韧性与科技创新的重心经历了复杂的迁移过程,且二者重心的空间叠置性显著上升,迁移方向基本趋于一致,空间耦合趋势明显。③城市韧性与科技创新的耦合协调水平稳步提升,但整体仍处于失调阶段,总体呈“成都、重庆双核高,周边低”的空间分布格局,且科技创新滞后现象日益突出。     

产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调及其空间驱动机制——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

基于集聚“规模—能力—效益”与环境“压力—状态—响应”的研究框架，运用熵值法、耦合协调度模型考察了2008—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展时空格局，继而采用空间杜宾模型探究了二者协调发展的空间驱动机制。结果表明：(1)成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境的耦合协调度呈稳步上升态势。(2)各城市耦合协调度空间差异明显，且具有显著的空间正相关性，以及“H—H”集聚和“L—L”集聚的空间俱乐部分布特征。(3)经济发展、外商直接投资、科技创新、工业要素禀赋结构、产业结构对本地产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展存在直接积极影响，而政府干预的直接推动作用有限；外商直接投资、工业要素禀赋结构、政府干预具有明显的正向溢出效应，产业结构则存在较强的空间负外部性。     

淮河经济带经济发展与生态环境耦合协调分析

构建经济发展与生态环境评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法综合评价淮河经济带经济发展程度和生态环境水平。运用耦合协调模型测算经济发展与生态环境耦合协调度并判断其协调发展状况。结果表明:2017年,淮河经济带经济发展系统得分总体低于生态环境系统得分;19个地市处于高度耦合阶段;耦合协调度普遍在0.56以上,良好协调类型占总数的68%。从空间分布来看,经济较发达的上、下游区域为高度耦合;同时其协调度也高于经济较落后区域。     

武汉城市圈城镇化与生态环境耦合协调研究

基于武汉城市圈9市2008—2016年面板数据,利用耦合协调度模型研究城镇化与生态环境耦合协调度的演变规律,运用障碍因素模型探究其主要影响因素。结果表明:武汉城市圈9市城镇化指数呈整体上升趋势,生态环境质量呈"两端高、中间低"的空间格局;耦合协调度稳步提升,具有明显的空间差异性,可将其划分为优质协调生态环境滞后、优质协调城镇化滞后、中级协调生态环境滞后和良好协调生态环境滞后4种类型,主要影响因素为第二、三产业产值占地区生产总值比重、人均建成区面积、建成区绿地率、人均耕地面积和生活垃圾无害化处理率。     

乌鲁木齐市旅游经济与城市环境协调发展研究

旅游经济与环境系统协调发展是旅游经济健康发展的重要标志.以乌鲁木齐为靶区,用多元统计方法构建评价模型,研究旅游经济与城市环境协调发展状态.得出2007-2012年间乌鲁木齐市旅游经济与城市环境发展综合效益呈上升态势,协调度C值处于不平稳状态,旅游经济发展的下行走势仍较明显;协调发展度D表现为稳定上升趋势,近年来旅游经济进入到相对快速发展阶段,但城市环境改善并没有跟上发展步伐.     

区域旅游—经济—环境耦合协调度研究——以辽宁沿海经济带为例

构建区域旅游—经济—环境耦合协调度指标体系,对辽宁沿海经济带2005-2011年三者耦合协调度演变进行定量分析.在此基础上,应用GM(1,1)模型预测短期内研究区三者协调发展趋势.结果显示,7年内辽宁沿海经济带整体耦合协调度呈波动上升态势,但是大连市和锦州市耦合协调度却不断下降;预测结果表明,未来三年内,除锦州市和大连市外,其他城市耦合协调度都明显好转,逐渐摆脱不协调态势,向协调发展过渡.     

资源环境约束下南京城市发展质量评价

为科学评估城市发展质量,本文界定了城市发展质量内涵,将资源环境纳入城市发展质量分析框架中,构建城市协调发展和绿色发展两套指标体系,定量评估2005—2015年南京城市发展质量。结果显示:在协调发展方面,南京城市发展协调度总体呈升高趋势,经济社会与资源环境关系经历了中度失调衰退(2005—2007)、低度耦合协调(2008—2013)和中度耦合协调(2014—2015)三个阶段,但与高度耦合协调发展阶段还有较大差距;在绿色发展方面,近5年南京绿色发展水平逐年升高,资源消耗和环境损害指标的改善程度明显高于经济发展和生态效益指标,各辖区绿色发展水平空间差异显著。南京城市发展质量变化特征与城市发展方式、城市发展阶段和生态环境建设等因素关系密切。     

耦合协调视角下黄河流域城市群一体化发展研究

在城市群一体化过程中，要特别关注经济、社会、生态环境之间的交互作用，协调处理好经济发展、社会进步与生态保护之间的关系。以黄河流域7个城市群为研究对象，将城市群一体化发展划分为经济、社会、生态环境3个子系统，采用耦合协调度模型测度分析了2005—2019年黄河流域城市群在一体化进程中各系统的协调水平，并运用GM(1,1)灰色模型进行预测。结果表明：(1)2005—2019年，黄河流域7个城市群在城市群一体化过程中经济、社会、生态环境各系统发展水平均不断提高，生态环境水平最高，社会次之，经济发展最后。(2)经济—社会—生态环境系统耦合度处于较高水平，系统间交互作用逐渐增强，耦合协调关系不断趋于优化。7个城市群的协调发展类别呈现出“过渡发展类—协调发展类”的改变，制约各城市群协调发展的主要因素有经济滞后型和社会滞后型两大类。(3)2020—2025年，各城市群协调度将稳步提升，但仍不会达到优质协调，实现高水平的互相促进、协调发展仍需较长时间。     

北方农牧交错带社会经济与生态环境耦合协调分析

我国北方农牧交错带生态环境脆弱,贫困与环境恶化形势不断加剧。基于社会经济子系统和生态环境子系统,选取16项指标构建了社会经济发展与生态环境协调发展水平评价指标体系,通过层次分析—熵值组合赋权法和耦合协调度模型,截取2001年、2006年、2011年三个时间断面,对北方农牧交错带26个地级市社会经济与生态环境的耦合协调情况进行了实证分析。结果发现:①北方农牧交错带社会经济系统与生态环境系统的耦合协调度略有增加,但整体水平较低;②大部分低度协调类地区逐步向中度协调类地区转变,高度协调类地区数量增幅小,区域差异逐步缩小。     

沪宁杭三市土地市场与区域经济协调发展评价研究

通过构建协调发展度评价模型,分别对上海、南京、杭州三个城市土地市场与区域经济发展间的协调发展状况进行了评价。结果表明,2005—2010年沪宁杭三市土地市场与区域经济均处于协调发展状况,协调发展度处于中等水平且呈现上升态势;土地市场发育水平滞后于社会经济发展水平;上海市的协调发展水平最高,需要着力提高土地市场发育水平,促进土地市场的发展,才能保证土地市场与区域经济间的相互促进与协调发展。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.