石羊河流域生态脆弱性评价研究

综合分析自然条件和人类活动对区域生态系统的两方面影响，建立了生态脆弱性评价指标体系，运用层次分析法和综合指数法计算了石羊河流域9县（区）的生态脆弱度分值。根据计算结果，将石羊河流域划分为4级生态脆弱区，分别为极强度脆弱区、强度脆弱区、中度脆弱区和轻度脆弱区。在此基础上，对各脆弱区提出生态治理对策，为今后流域开展生态经济功能区划提供依据。     

青海省生态脆弱保护区划分及其地下水资源特征初步分析

青海省域内柴达木盆地、青海湖流域、青南多年冻土区等地区生态系统脆弱，在开发利用过程中，必须加强地下水影响评价和保护力度。全省生态脆弱保护区可划分为绿洲生态脆弱保护区、湿地保护区、多年冻土环境脆弱区3个大区、30个亚区。文章对青海省生态脆弱保护区划分及其地下水资源特征进行了初步分析。     

岷江上游生态脆弱性的模糊评价

岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南的重要生态屏障，但由于自然条件和人为活动的影响，该区域已成为典型的生态脆弱区。选取了反映该地区生态脆弱性的14个代表性指标，根据四川省和全国的对比结果拟定了相应的分级和评价标准，并采用模糊综合评价法对其生态脆弱度进行了评价，得出了该区域处于高度脆弱状态的结果，加强岷江上游生态脆弱区的整治势在必行。     

天祝藏族自治县生态移民政策实施效果实证研究

为继续促进天祝藏族自治县生态移民工程的高效实施,有必要检验已实施生态移民的效果是否良好,分析影响其良好实施的因素。首先对已迁出生态脆弱区的移民进行实地调研、访谈,结果表明:生态移民政策对迁出区的生态环境与移民生活改善等有明显提高。运用logistic回归模型分析未迁出生态脆弱区移民的影响因素,结果表明:移民年龄、政策性收入比重、距离镇政府所在地的距离对其影响较大。     

国外区域资源环境承载力评价的实践案例研究

选择美国、德国和日本3国域资源环境承载力评价的实践案例,从评价方法、评价指标、评价流程等方面提炼国外区域资源环境承载力评价的一些成功经验:基于能值分析法,从资源支撑能力与废物消纳能力两个层面选择净能值产出率、环境负载率、能值利用强度等6个指标评价美国新泽西州环境承载力;基于生态足迹法,选择耕地、草地、林地等6种生态类型,从区域人均面积、足迹需求与足迹供给3个指标评价德国萨克森州生态承载力;基于向量模法,选择人均GDP、城镇化率、人均可支配收入等8个指标评价日本东北地方水环境承载力。     

基于多维视角的呼包鄂榆城市群跨区域生态风险评价

城市群生态风险评价揭示了其城镇化发展对生态环境产生的损害性影响,对开展区域生态文明建设和保障生态系统稳定性具有重要意义。城市群生态风险受到多源因素的综合作用影响,为把握新型城镇化的生态安全理念,以西部干旱区呼包鄂榆城市群为研究区,从自然景观格局、碳排放状况和经济社会发展态势3个维度构建生态风险评价体系,分析了多维视角的呼包鄂榆城市群生态风险大小及空间分布特征。结果表明：呼包鄂榆城市群景观生态风险主要以中低风险区为主;研究区碳排放生态风险整体呈现东部高、西部低的趋势,且碳排放生态风险严峻区域与研究区建设用地的空间分布高度吻合;呼包鄂榆城市群经济、社会生态风险强度值分别为0.489 3和0.519 1,各城市经济生态风险强度值依次为：呼和浩特>鄂尔多斯>包头>榆林,社会生态风险强度值依次为：鄂尔多斯>呼和浩特>包头>榆林。     

一个欠发达地区的低碳实践

广元市生态恢复重建的路子逐步形成：加大生态敏感区、脆弱区生态治理力度，在经济建设中恢复生态，在生态恢复中发展经济。     

岷江上游生态脆弱性驱动力分析

作为长江上游重要的生态屏障,岷江上游是典型的生态环境脆弱区。选取了测度岷江上游生态脆弱性的20个指标、25个样本年的2500个数据,采用逆向测度法构建了岷江上游生态脆弱性的测度指标体系,运用因子分析法得到了影响岷江上游的六大驱动因子:生态环境背景状况、人口承载与结构水平状况、水土流失状况、土地垦殖与利用状况、产业结构水平状况、投资水平与结构状况,为岷江上游生态脆弱区恢复重建及经济社会发展提供了科学依据。     

新疆阿瓦提绿洲生态安全模糊综合评价

随着人类活动对区域生态环境干扰强度加大,新疆绿洲脆弱的生态环境面临更大的压力,未来绿洲生态安全风险也将剧增.而目前针对南疆绿洲生态安全的研究还较少.论文以南疆阿瓦提县绿洲为研究区,从水资源、社会经济发展和生态环境3方面构建新疆绿洲生态安全评价指标体系,采用变异系数法与层次分析法相结合计算指标权重,采用模糊综合法计算绿洲生态安全综合评分,由此判别研究区生态安全状况.评估结果表明,3个子系统对应于绿洲生态安全评价目标的权重分别为0.4936、0.1707、0.3357;1999-2011年,阿瓦提绿洲生态安全综合评分约在0.5左右,处于不安全状态,且呈现逐年下降趋势;其中水资源子系统安全度降低趋势尤为显著.论文探索了南疆绿洲生态安全状况的诊断方法,对南疆绿洲实施生态恢复与重建、改善绿洲生态安全状况具有一定实用价值.     

湿地生态脆弱性评价及其恢复与重建研究——以洞庭湖区为例

洞庭湖区是中国具有代表性和典型意义的湿地分布区，又是中国重要的商品粮基地，其良好的生态环境质量是实现区域经济社会持续发展的重要保证。在分析洞庭湖区湿地主要生态环境问题的基础上，建立了湿地生态脆弱性评价的相关指标体系，对洞庭湖区17个县市进行了湿地生态脆弱度的量化评价，最后有针对性地提出了洞庭湖区湿地生态恢复与重建的基本对策。     

基于聚类分析的我国各地化石能源足迹与经济发展定量研究

利用改进后的化石能源足迹公式计算了2000—2009年我国30个地区的人均化石能源足迹,并分别对2000年和2009年中国各地区的数据进行聚类分析,发现我国地区人均化石能源足迹由无明显地域特征转变为东部高于中西部,经济发达地区高于欠发达地区,且能源使用效率和经济发展水平间联系逐渐加强。通过对不同类别代表性地区人均化石能源足迹的分析判断,以北京、上海和广东为代表的发达地区化石能源消耗增长开始趋于缓和甚至出现小幅下降。     

金佛山岩溶环境与经济开发对策

岩溶环境是一种缺土、缺水、富钙的极不稳定极其脆弱的生态环境，本文分析了金佛山岩溶环境的形成，探讨了该区现有的资源优势及其岩溶生态环境的脆弱性对经济发展的滞后作用，并针对该区存在的资源优势和环境劣势，提出了相应的经济开发措施，指出金佛山经济开发不能以牺牲环境保护和生态建设为代价，必须把它们放到与经济开放并重的位置。     

COST BEHAVIOR AND WATER SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Several factors theoretically affect the cost behavior of water systems. These factors include scale, consumer density, and per capita usage. This analysis examines the several possible influences on the unit costs of water service. The statistical analyses indicate that among the factors of scale, per capita use, and consumer density, only the first two factors are important influences on water system costs. Water consumers appear to benefit from being served by large systems and being located in service areas characterized by relatively high per capita consumption. There is little statistical evidence indicating that more dense areas can be provided water service at lower costs than less dense areas.     

Spatiotemporal Variation of Karst Ecosystem Service Values and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors in Northwest Guangxi,China

In this investigation we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem service values (ESVs) and its correlation with numerous environmental factors (EFs) for the karst region of Northwest Guangxi, China, from 1985 to 2005 using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results indicate that historically ESVs for this karst region decreased from 1985 (109.652 billion Yuan) to 1990 (88.789 billion Yuan) and then increased at the turn of the twenty-first century. However, the ESVs in both 2000 (103.384 billion Yuan) and 2005 (106.257 billion Yuan) never achieved the level recorded in 1985. The total of nutrient cycling, organic production and gas regulation combined were 72.69, 64.57, 70.18 and 72.10% of ESVs in 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005, respectively. In contrast, the ESVs of water conservation, soil reservation, recreation and culture were determined to be relatively low contributing only 17.44, 23.82, 19.26 and 24.76% of total ESVs, respectively, during these four years. With regards to the spatial distribution of ESVs, larger values were recorded in the west and smaller ones recorded in the east. The most significant factors that were deemed to influence ESVs are annual rainfall, per capita cropland, slope and vegetation coverage. Annual rainfall and slope exert a negative force, whereas per capita cropland and vegetation coverage exert a positive force on ESVs. The results of the study would suggest that ecosystem conditions of this important karst region have been improved as the result of the implementation of rocky desertification control policies.     

Intrinsic vulnerability assessment of Sette Comuni Plateau aquifer (Veneto Region, Italy)

Maps illustrating the different degrees of vulnerability within a given area are integral to environmental protection and management policies. The assessment of the intrinsic vulnerability of karst areas is difficult since the type and stage of karst development and the related underground discharge behavior are difficult to determine and quantify. Geographic Information Systems techniques are applied to the evaluation of the vulnerability of an aquifer in the alpine karst area of the Sette Comuni Plateau, in the Veneto Region of northern Italy. The water resources of the studied aquifer are of particular importance to the local communities. This aquifer must therefore be protected from both inappropriate use as well as possible pollution. The SINTACS and SINTACS P(RO) K(ARST) vulnerability assessment methods have been utilized here to create the vulnerability map. SINTACS P(RO) K(ARST) is an adaptation of the parametric managerial model (SINTACS) to karst hydrostructures. The vulnerability map reveals vast zones (81% of the analyzed areas) with a high degree of vulnerability. The presence of well-developed karst structures in these highly vulnerable areas facilitate water percolation, thereby enhancing the groundwater vulnerability risk. Only 1.5 of the studied aquifer have extremely high-vulnerability levels, however these areas include all of the major springs utilized for human consumption. This vulnerability map of the Sette Comuni Plateau aquifer is an indispensable tool for both the effective management of water resources and as support to environmental planning in the Sette Comuni Plateau area.     

Travelling Distances,Modal Split and Transportation Energy in Thirty Residential Areas in Oslo

A study of the use of car and public transport among residents in 30 residential areas in Greater Oslo indicates that urban planning variables have a significant influence on the energy use per capita for local transport. Residents in local communities with a high density and a short distance to downtown Oslo travel considerably shorter distances and use considerably less energy per capita than those who live in low-density, outer areas. This is true also when the effects of other variables are neutralized. The influence of urban planning variables on the modal split is lower than on energy use. The distribution between public and private transport is influenced most of all by car ownership.     

Survey of household waste composition and quantities in Abuja,Nigeria

Inadequate management of household solid waste is a serious problem in many developing cities. The study aimed to evaluate the quantities and composition of household solid waste generation in Abuja within different socioeconomic groups. The wastes from 74 households across different socioeconomic levels in Abuja were collected, weighted and classified on a daily basis for seven days in February 2012. The result showed that the average daily per capita household waste generation is 0.634 kg/capita/day. The characteristic of solid waste in Abuja are typical for the developing cities and dominated by organic waste. Households waste consisted of 63.6% organic waste, 9.7% paper, 8.7% plastics, 3.2% metal, 2.6% glass, 1.6% textile and 10.6% others (unclassified) and the bulk density was 240 kg/m³. The evaluation of relationship between income and daily per capita household waste generation showed a positive relationship. The study revealed a statistically significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in high-income group; a slight significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in medium income group and no statistically significant difference between household size and daily per capita household waste generation in low-income group.     

辽西北丘陵地区农村生活污水产污系数测算研究

通过对辽西北丘陵地区农村进行现场调研,测算了农村生活污水产污系数。结果表明,监测农户总生活污水中人均日产污水量为16.42 L,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN、TP、动植物油浓度的平均水平分别为696.9,341.83,4.34,36.79,4.32,2.28 mg/L;用水来源对农户生活污水中人均日产污水量和动植物油产污系数无显著影响,可取监测农户的平均值作为统一值;锦州北镇市农户生活污水人均日产量为19.12 L,COD、BOD5、TN、动植物油产污系数分别为0.05,0.11,0.09,0.87 g/(人·d),NH3-N和TP产污系数分别在7.29~7.35 g/(人·d)和14.69~14.83 g/(人·d),朝阳北票市农户生活污水人均日产量为19.12 L,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN、TP、动植物油产污系数分别为13.59,6.49,0.09,0.43,0.02,0.87 g/(人·d)。     

FORECASTING URBAN WATER USE: THE IWR-MAIN MODEL1

ABSTRACT: In the current forecasting practice, future water requirements of a growing urban area are often represented as the product of the number of people to be served by the water system and an assumed quantity of gross per capita water use. This paper describes a forecasting approach that differs from the per capita method in two important aspects. First, it disaggregates urban water use into a large number of categories, each consisting of a relatively homogeneous group of water users. Second, it links water use in each category to factors that determine both the need for water as well as the intensity of water use. This approach is incorporated into a computerized forecasting system referred to as IWR-MAIN. The advantages of the IWR.MAIN model over the traditional per capita method are illustrated in a case study of Anaheim, California.     

The impact of land use and land cover changes on land surface temperature in a karst area of China

Satellite images have been used extensively to study temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in China. However, few studies have been conducted in the karst areas despite the large area and population involved and the fragile ecosystem. In this study, LULC changes were examined in part of Guizhou Province of southern China from 1991 to 2001 based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of November 7, 1991, December 5, 1994, and December 19, 2001. Land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were computed based on LULC types. The results show that agricultural land decreased, while urban areas expanded dramatically, and forest land increased slightly. Barren land increased from 1991 to 1994, and then decreased from 1994 to 2001. These changes in LULC widened the temperature difference between the urban and the rural areas. The change in LST was mainly associated with changes in construction materials in the urban area and in vegetation abundance both in the urban and rural areas. Vegetation had a dual function in the temperatures of different LULC types. While it could ease the warming trend in the urban or built-up areas, it helped to keep other lands warmer in the cold weather. The study also reveals that due to the government's efforts on reforestation, rural ecosystems in some of the study area were being restored. The time required for the karst ecosystem to recover was shorter than previously thought.