畜禽养殖场废水中铜铁铬镉元素测定的研究

用原子吸收光谱法对畜禽养殖废水中总铜、总铁、总铬、总镉进行测定，使用自制的改进液体进样装置，直接在线加入硝酸镧一十二烷基磺酸钠复配溶液，提高了铅和铬元素的灵敏度，降低了干扰。方法回收率较好，能够达到检测要求。     

硝酸浓度及积分时间对火焰原子吸收法测定铁、锰、镍、铜和锌的影响研究

针对火焰原子吸收法测定铁、锰、镍、铜和锌时遇到的问题,考察了溶液中硝酸浓度及积分时间对测定结果的影响,发现保持标准系列与被测样品中的硝酸浓度一致有利于提高分析结果的准确性;采用5 s的积分时间可提高测定铁和镍的准确度和精密度。     

聚合双酸铝铁在饮用水处理中的应用

阐述了新型高效水处理混凝剂—聚合双酸铝铁的研制机理及产品性能指标。汇集近几年来的实际应用数据,考察其在常温、高温、低温,高浊度、低浊度情况下与聚氯化铝PAC、硫酸铝AS的净水效果;通过搅拌试验对比对水中总铁、总锰的去除效果及残余铝含量。综合净水效果,聚合双酸铝铁明显优于聚氯化铝及硫酸铝。     

离子色谱法测定钻井废水中的Cl-、Br-

利用离子色谱法测定钻井废水中的Cl~-、Br~-,实验结果表明,该方法能准确分析测定样品中的Cl~-和Br~-,相对标准偏差小于2%。同时该方法降低了干扰因素的影响,缩短了分析时间,提高了工作效率,能对钻井废水中的Cl~-和Br~-进行有效的分离,样品的加标回收率达到87%~109%,能准确测定Cl~-和Br~-。同时与硝酸银滴定法测定钻井废水中的Cl~-相比较,当样品中Br~-含量小于Cl~-和Br~-总含量的10%时,两种方法测定Cl~-含量的相对偏差小于5%。     

土壤有机质含量测定方法的改进研究

通过研究改进了土壤有机质含量的测定方法。首先称取适量土壤置于长管消解系统中进行消解,然后采用全自动电位滴定仪进行滴定,直接获得土壤的有机质含量。使用该方法测定的土壤标准样品的有机质含量均在保证值以内,同时对实际样品进行精密度测试,得到相对标准偏差为1．03％。该方法降低了土壤有机质含量检测的实验成本,减少了环境污染,同时提高了实验数据的准确度与精密度,值得推广。     

离子色谱法测定钻井废水中的S~(2-)

川东气田生产过程中产生的废水含有硫化物,且色度深、浊度大。为测定废水中的Ｓ２－含量,实验探索了将Ｓ２－氧化成ＳＯ２－４后用离子色谱测定的方法。进行了Ｓ２－的转化率实验,结果表明：Ｓ２－含量在０～２．７ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内可以被完全氧化成ＳＯ２－４,转化率为９８．８％～１０８．０％。同时进行了该方法的精密度和准确度实验,并与碘量法进行了对比,对同一标样和实际样品的测定两种方法的结果吻合较好,该方法测定钻井废水中的Ｓ２－含量,可以避免色度、浊度的干扰,且简便、灵敏、准确     

土壤样品中TOC的测定浅析

环境土壤中的TOC(总有机碳)含量是反应土壤有机污染的一个重要指标。文章描述了应用总有机碳测定仪和固体进样装置对土壤中TOC含量的测定方法,建立TC(总碳)和IC(无机碳)测定标准曲线,利用差减法计算出TOC含量。实验结果表明,利用该方法建立的标准曲线线性良好,多次测定样品的相对标准偏差较小,该方法精密度、准确度较高。     

精密度法评定水中镉的测量不确定度

根据分析人员在连续6周每周4次水质中镉实验室质控样品的分析数据,利用Top-down技术中的精密度法,对环境水样中镉的测量不确定度进行了评定,建立了用实验室内精密度和偏差的数据来评定水中镉的测量不确定度的方法。文章依据GB/T 7475-1987《水质铜、锌、铅、镉的测定原子吸收分光光度法》测定水中镉的质控样品,利用能力验证结果和质控样品的重复性、精密度实验,对实验室测量偏倚和精密度控制情况进行评估,并在保证实验室的测量过程处于统计受控状态下,参考能力验证的室间标准差作为测量不确定度的估计值。     

印染废水中苯胺类化合物的测定

采用国标(GB 11889-1989)方法测定印染废水中的苯胺类化合物,发现测试结果不理想。改进实验方法以(1+1)的硫酸溶液代替硫酸氢钾来调节样品的酸度,用PHB-3型酸度计控制样品溶液酸度使其pH=1.2,此法可以准确控制酸度并且最大限度地减小盐度引起的实验偏差,用聚己内酰胺粉末对样品溶液进行脱色处理,然后样品溶液再按国标方法进行处理。与标准方法相比较,操作方便,精密度和准确度高,样品测试数据相对偏差为1.0%,加标回收率为98.5%。将该方法用于强碱性印染废水中苯胺类的测定,测试结果准确可靠。     

震后某工号建渣及土壤样品中铀的分析测定

采用激光荧光法对"5.12"地震后某工号建筑垃圾和土壤样品进行了铀的测定。方法检出下限D.L≤3×10-11g/mL,相对标准偏差RSD为7.4%,回收率达到86%~109%。对实验数据进行了分析和初步评价,结果表明,该工号所测样品铀含量基本处于天然本底水平。     

Bioproduction of ferric sulfate used during heavy metals removal from sewage sludge

Toxic metals removal from wastewater sewage sludge can be achieved through microbial processes involving Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The oxidation of ferrous ions by A. ferrooxidans, cultured in sewage sludge filtrate, was studied in both batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactors. Sewage sludge filtrate containing natural nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) was recovered as effluent following the dehydration of a primary and secondary sludge mixture. Batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactor tests demonstrated that A. ferrooxidans were able to grow and completely oxidize ferrous iron in a culture medium containing more than 80% (v v(-1)) sewage sludge filtrate with 10 g Fe(II) L(-1) added. Toxic levels were reached when total organic carbon in the sewage sludge filtrate exceeded 250 mg L(-1). The ferric iron solution produced in the sludge filtrate by A. ferrooxidans was used to solubilize heavy metals in primary and secondary sludge. The solubilization of Cu, Cr, and Zn yielded 71, 49, and 80%, respectively. This is comparable with the yield percentages obtained using a FeCl(3) solution. The cost of treating wastewater sewage sludge by bioproducing a ferric ion solution from sewage sludge is three times less expensive than the conventional method requiring a commercial ferric chloride solution.     

水样的代表性和滴定剂浓度对重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量的影响

化学需氧量测定中，样品的代表性和滴定的误差直接影响结果的准确性。采用水浴超声器均化水样，可提高样品的代表性，通过调整滴定液硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液的浓度，可以减小滴定的误差，从而提高结果的准确性。     

二元驱污水配聚黏损影响因素分析及控制方法

含油污水中活泼金属离子会对聚合物产生不同程度的降解,导致注入液的黏度损失较大。室内试验表明:水中二价铁、二价硫及硫化亚铁在溶解氧存在的情况下,均会大幅降低聚合物溶液的黏度,0.5mg/L的二价铁或二价硫、1mg/L的硫化亚铁,黏度损失在15%左右。溶解氧为5.17mg/L时,加入9mg/L的二价铁,聚合物溶液的黏度仅为5.48mPa.s,黏度损失超过95%。为减少上述因素对聚合物黏度的影响,利用陈化法、曝气法及化学氧化法等方法均能有效降低含油污水配聚过程中的黏度损失率。     

原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷含量的不确定度评定

对采用原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷过程中引入的不确定度进行分析,找出了影响测定结果的因素,并对各不确定度分量及合量进行了评定。测量不确定度主要来源于试样称量、标准溶液配制、工作曲线拟合、污泥含水率、各种玻璃量器的使用及测量重复性。其中样品预处理、样品消解液中总砷的质量浓度及污泥含水率所产生的不确定度较大。这对进一步优化试验方法,提高检测结果的准确性有重要意义。     

自动电位滴定法测定气田废水中的C1~-

利用电位滴定法在７１６ＤＭＳ型自动电位滴定仪上实现对气田废水中Ｃ１－的快速、灵敏、准确测定,避免了色度、浊度的干扰。对方法的检出限、标样和实际水样精密度、准确度,进行了全面的测定分析,并与硝酸银滴定法进行了对比。氯化物的检出限为０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ;相对标准偏差小于等于２．１％,加标回收率在９８．９％１０１％范围内,对同一标样和实际样品的测定两种方法的结果吻合较好。     

原子荧光法测定污泥中总汞的不确定度评定

对王水消解-原子荧光法测定污泥中总汞的不确定度进行评定,从测定过程和计算方法的角度,对样品称量、曲线拟合、样品消解、稀释、仪器测量重复性及污泥含水率等影响不确定度的分量进行分析。结果表明：影响原子荧光法测定污泥中总汞的不确定度的主要因素是工作曲线的非线性和样品消解过程造成的损失,其次是样品消解液的稀释和仪器重复测定,而样品称量与污泥含水率的影响较小,可忽略不计。     

Occurrence and rates of terminal electron-accepting processes and recharge processes in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface

The occurrence and rates of terminal electron acceptor processes, and recharge processes in the unsaturated zone of a boreal site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons in the range C(10) to C(40) were examined. Soil microcosms were used to determine the rates of denitrification, iron (Fe) reduction, sulfate (SO(4)) reduction, and methanogenesis in two vertical soil profiles contaminated with oil, and in a noncontaminated reference sample. Furthermore, the abundances of the 16S rRNA genes belonging to Geobacteracaea in the samples were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analyses of ground water chemistry and soil gas composition were also performed together with continuous in situ monitoring of soil water and ground water chemistry. Several lines of evidence were obtained to demonstrate that both Fe reduction and methanogenesis played significant roles in the vertical profiles: Fe reduction rates up to 3.7 nmol h(-1) g(-1) were recorded and they correlated with the abundances of the Geobacteracaea 16S rRNA genes (range: 2.3 x 10(5) to 4.9 x 10(7) copies g(-1)). In the ground water, ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) concentration up to 55 mg L(-1) was measured. Methane production rates up to 2.5 nmol h(-1) g(-1) were obtained together with methane content up to 15% (vol/vol) in the soil gas. The continuous monitoring of soil water and ground water chemistry, microcosm experiments, and soil gas monitoring together demonstrated that the high microbial activity in the unsaturated zone resulted in rapid removal of oxygen from the infiltrating recharge thus leaving the anaerobic microbial processes dominant below 1.5 m depth both in the unsaturated and the saturated zones of the subsurface.     

Biological mine drainage treatment

Drainage from sulphur mines contains a high concentration of ferrous iron and it is strongly acidic. The mechanism of acid mine drainage formation was briefly explained. As a case study, successful measures taken at the abandoned Matsuo mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, for preventing the pollution in receiving rivers was presented in this paper. The measures consisted of the construction works against pollution sources and the construction of a drainage treatment plant in which Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous iron under a low pH condition, and produced ferric iron is removed by sedimentation. Then, a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor using anion exchange resin as attaching material for the bacteria was examined in order to improve the efficiency of biological oxidation of ferrous iron. More than 90% of oxidation had been maintained for 2 months at 1 h of HRT, which suggests that the size of the oxidation tank could be reduced.     

原子吸收法测定人发中的铜锌铁钙

以家用微波炉，全聚四氟乙烯微波消化罐和ＨＮＯ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２消解体系溶样，选择最佳溶样条件，对发样和标准物质进行测定，并和传统湿法（ＨＮＯ３／ＨＣＬＯ４）消解体系溶样做了对比，通过测定和比较，表明微波溶样具有较好的精密度和准确度，证明这一方法是可行的。     

污水处理系统中悬浮物形成机理与处理方法

文章以风城油田稀油污水处理为例,分析污水处理系统中悬浮物的形成机理,并对污水含油、悬浮物、固体含量、粒径中值、聚合物含量、细菌、温度、硫化物、二价铁、pH值等水质指标进行分析,找出影响污水处理的主要因素,并对油水悬浮物处理方法进行室内分析及现场物理、化学方法实践,解决污水处理系统中悬浮物问题。