论四川发展生态农业和保护农业生态环境的对策

四川是中国生态环境保护和建设的重点地区。在20世纪80年代初期，科学家提出四川要发展生态农业，生态农业才是农业发展的方向。原始森林减少，生态功能削弱，土地荒漠化和水土流失面积大，不合理的资源开发和建设加速水土流失，城市生活坟圾和工业废弃物、酸雨、农药、化肥过量使用、农用薄膜的残留、畜禽粪尿污染是四川农业生态环境存在的主要问题。改善四川农业生态环境的对策是大力保护天然林，退耕还林还草；加强农业生态环境保护和治理，强化生态农业工程建设；启动农业清洁生产工程；重视生态农业技术创新。大力发展生态农业科技产业，以构筑生态安全体系为根基，以公司加农户的产业运管模式，以信息技术的有机整合，有力推进生态农业的科技产业模式。     

西部生态忧思录

文章分析了我国西部生态环境恶化的警示，指出了在今后西部大开发中生态环境保护应把握的原则，提出了近期我国加强西部生态环境保护与建设的对策。     

加强资源开发生态环境保护监管工作力度 防止开发建设不当造成新的重大生态破坏

国家环保总局出台的《关于加强资源开发生态环境保护监管工作的意见》提出,应科学划定生态环境敏感区和各类资源开发“禁区”,加大对水、农业、矿产资源、林草资源、旅游资源、湿地等重点资源开发和外来物种引进、转基因生物应用以及城镇道路设施建设、新区建设、旧城改造项目的环境影响评价和生态环境监管工作力度,防止因开发建设不当造成新的重大生态破坏。“意见”提出,各地要在生态调查基础上编制生态功能区划和生态保护规划,科学划定生态环境敏感区和各类资源开发“禁区”,明确不同生态功能区资源开发利用方式和生产力布局。根据“意见…     

农村纪念性景园的生态环境保护探讨——以朱德故居纪念园为例

以朱德故居纪念园的环境保护规划为实例，分析了朱德故居纪念园在旅游开发中面临的生态环境问题：旅游基础设施建设的负面影响，旅游活动引起的环境恶化，当地社会经济发展的压力，忽视人文生态保护。提出了针对农村纪念性景园旅游开发中生态环境治理和建设的综合性保护对策。     

区域经济开发中的生态建设——以天山北坡经济带昌吉州为例

昌吉州区域经济开发在新疆地方经济发展中占有重要地位，在发展区域经济时也对生态环境造成了影响或污染，加强生态建设,做好区域环境保护的规划十分必要。昌吉州在石油勘探开发、土地资源开发中重视生态建设，在保护耕地、保护森林、野生动、植物方面制定出台了一系列措施，行至有效，取得了一定的实效。     

西部大开发要重视生态环境保护和建设

实施西部大开发,是党中央加速我国现代化建设的一项重大战略决策。在西部地区开发进程中,对原本生态环境十分脆弱的状况必须予以重视,按着中央的布署采取有效措施,要加强生态环境保护和建设,作为环境保护部门应发挥其应有的作用。     

西部开发与新疆生态环境保护

开发西部地区已经成为我国一项跨世纪的战略任务,搞好西部地区的生态环境保护是西部大开发的首要任务。新疆地处内陆地区,以典型的绿洲经济为主体,生态环境比较脆弱,人口承载能力比较低;多年来不合理的经济开发活动导致生态环境严重恶化。本文针对新疆生态环境的的现状和主要问题,提出生态环境保护中应遵循的三个主要原则,并提出新疆生态环境保护的八条具体对策。     

水生态环境保护回顾与展望：从污染防治到三水统筹

水生态环境保护事关美丽中国目标的实现。本文阐释了我国从水污染防治向水环境、水生态、水资源“三水”统筹转变的新时代水生态环境保护内涵，从国内视角梳理我国水污染防治实践取得的成效，识别美丽中国水生态环境保护面临的制约性问题，首次在全国层面与欧美发达国家的水环境质量、水生态保护和水资源保障情况进行国际对标分析，提出以水生态系统保护目标为指引、以流域生态环境空间管控为基础、以“三水”统筹系统治理为路径、以治理体系和治理能力现代化为保障的水生态环境保护战略建议。     

四川黄河流域区生态环境现状、问题及对策

本文根据2001年现场考察与研究获得的信息，结合前人研究的资料，论述了四川黄河流域区生态环境恶化、沼泽退化的状况，其主要表现为：湖沼萎缩，沼泽旱化，沼泽逆向生态演替，区域土地沙化，土壤质量下降，野生动物种类、种群数量减少，草场退化和鼠害猖獗。分析了区域生态环境退化与人类活动干扰、自然因素作用的关系，提出四川黄河流域区生态环境保护的对策与措施。     

聚焦全国两会

<正>第十四届全国政协常委、生态环境部部长黄润秋：推动人与自然和谐共生的现代化，实现高质量发展，高水平的生态环境保护是内在要求、应有之义。必须把生态环境保护放在经济社会发展的大局中考量，统筹好发展与保护的关系。一方面，既要支撑服务保障好经济平稳运行和发展向好；另一方面，要守好生态环境底线，以高水平保护推动经济高质量发展。     

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990–2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000–2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment.     

川渝地区天然气钻井作业环境影响及防治措施

针对天然气钻井作业特点、川渝地区土地资源与生态环境条件,在分析天然气钻井作业对川渝地区社会环境与生态环境影响及环境污染的基础上,提出了目前川渝地区天然气钻井作业存在的环境问题,并根据这些环境问题分别在钻井不同作业过程中给出了环境防治措施。     

我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应特征与代价分析

我国粮食产量逐年增长,但伴随形成的水土资源消耗和耕地环境负荷令人担忧。本文综述了近年来我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应基本情况,总体结论是化肥、农药、地膜等农业投入品过量使用所带来的环境负荷日趋严重。同时,对休耕模式和粮食主功能区调整这两项国家战略政策的资源消耗与环境效应进行了重点分析,建议逐步扩大在水资源超采区、重金属污染区、生态退化区等典型区域的休耕面积,积极谨慎地评估主功能区调整形成的潜在资源消耗缓解与环境效益提升作用。提出:改变以牺牲耕地资源环境为代价换取粮食持续增长、建立以资源环境效应评估为平衡点的粮食供需模式的时机已成熟,粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应,应纳入国家粮食战略安全保障整体计划中。     

Ecological impacts of arable intensification in Europe

Although arable landscapes have a long history, environmental problems have accelerated in recent decades. The effects of these changes are usually externalized, being greater for society as a whole than for the farms on which they operate, and incentives to correct them are therefore largely lacking. Arable landscapes are valued by society beyond the farming community, but increased mechanization and farm size, simplification of crop rotations, and loss of non-crop features, have led to a reduction in landscape diversity. Low intensity arable systems have evolved a characteristic and diverse fauna and flora, but development of high input, simplified arable systems has been associated with a decline in biodiversity. Arable intensification has resulted in loss of non-crop habitats and simplification of plant and animal communities within crops, with consequent disruption to food chains and declines in many farmland species. Abandonment of arable management has also led to the replacement of such wildlife with more common and widespread species. Soils have deteriorated as a result of erosion, compaction, loss of organic matter and contamination with pesticides, and in some areas, heavy metals. Impacts on water are closely related to those on soils as nutrient and pesticide pollution of water results from surface runoff and subsurface flow, often associated with soil particles, which themselves have economic and ecological impacts. Nitrates and some pesticides also enter groundwater following leaching from arable land. Greatest impacts are associated with simplified, high input arable systems. Intensification of arable farming has been associated with pollution of air by pesticides, NO2 and CO2, while the loss of soil organic matter has reduced the system's capacity for carbon sequestration. International trade contributes to global climate change through long distance transport of arable inputs and products. The EU Rural Development Regulation (1257/99) provides an opportunity to implement measures for alleviating ecological impacts of arable management through a combination of cross-compliance and agri-environment schemes. To alleviate the problems described in this paper, such measures should take account of opportunities for public/private partnerships and should integrate social, cultural, economic and ecological objectives for multifunctional land use.     

农地整理权属调整的问题与对策

农地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡,改善农业生态环境、增加土地产出的重要手段,是国家扶持农业及农村发展的重要举措.总结了我国农地整理权属调整的原则、方法和程序,分析了现阶段农地整理权属调整中存在的公众参与、技术方法、组织管理和法律法规方面存在的问题,并提出了相应对策.     

Natural resources assessment in the Okavango Delta, Botswana: Case studies of some key resources

This article makes an assessment of the following key natural resources in the Okavango Delta: arable land, basket-making resources, fish stocks, and river reeds. Non-data-intensive socio-economic indicators (as opposed to conventional data-intensive indicators) of trends in resource prices, trends in labour time for resource extraction, substitution of less preferred commodities, maximum sustainable yield and perceived scarcity were utilized to assess the scarcity of the resources. The study reveals that basket-weaving resources, land for flood recession arable (molapo) agriculture, and river reeds are increasingly becoming scarce in the harvesting areas, whereas fish stocks are still abundant. It is recommended that appropriate policies should be introduced for the management of natural resources. Property rights could be granted to communities to manage natural resources such as fish and veld products in line with the wildlife model for community based natural resources management (CBNRM). In addition, the authors suggest that the Government of Botswana should take the responsibility for allocating land for molapo arable farming in order to make it more accessible.     

可持续农地整理项目规划设计

可持续农地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡的重要手段,也是改善农村生态环境、增加土地产出、促进农业及农村发展的重要举措.从介绍可持续农地整理的概念入手,在分析一般农地整理项目规划设计与可持续农地整理项目规划设计差别的基础上,重点阐述了当前农地整理项目规划设计中存在的问题,并从可持续的角度提出了相应对策.     

Potential conflict between the coal and arable land resources in australia: A case for corporate responsiveness

Background information on possible surface-coal-mining operations in arable agricultural areas in Australia is provided. The major co-occurrence of the coal and arable land resources was in the Darling Downs region of Queensland and the Liverpool Plains region of New South Wales; however, coal development will probably only occur in the former region over the next decade. Analysis of the situation in the Darling Downs region, which consists of 11 Shires, found five companies conducting prefeasibility projects for surface-coal development and the size of exploration areas concerned far exceeding final mined-land disturbance estimates. Most of the land included in the prefeasibility studies was classified as arable with moderate crop restrictions requiring intensive management (classes II–IV). The total area of land that may be disturbed at some time in the future was less than 2% of the arable land in the Shires concerned. Project mutual exclusivity and ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas further reduce arable land out of production at any one time. It is suggested that, if self-regulation by the coal industry in Australia on rehabilitation issues is to remain a viable option in these areas, an understanding between the corporate and public sectors on the extent and limitations of its responsibilities must be obtained. The current development of a National Conservation Strategy for Australia should assist this to proceed. Research on various rehabilitation issues may be required prior to project commitment to ensure the responsibilities identified are realizable. Integrative problem-solving, incorporating audit procedures, was suggested as a suitable method to achieve these aims and corporate responsiveness was seen as a necessary first step.     

梁子湖自然保护区土地利用/土地覆盖动态变化研究

基于梁子湖自然保护区1987年和2004年Landsat-TM影像遥感数据，在Erdas Imagine 8．5图像处理软件的支持下，结合野外实地考察，获得了土地利用现状图，通过对数据的统计分析，研究了保护区近20年来土地利用／土地覆盖的动态变化。研究表明：耕地和水域是保护区内的主要土地利用类型；近20年来，耕地、园地、林地、草地的面积都有减少，其中耕地面积减少了2320．816hm^2，减少比例达到11．78％，是面积减少最多的土地利用类型；居民点、交通、水域用地有所增加，其中池塘面积变化最大，增幅达到213．4％，是面积增加最多的土地利用类型，居民点用地增加了551．18hm^2，增幅达到59．07％，是增长幅度较大的土地利用类型。变化的原因主要是经济的发展、人口数量的增长和旅游业的发展。     

四川省不同区域高速公路环境影响评价要点

高速公路项目由于其线路长、工程量大等特点,不可避免会对生态环境、土地资源、水土流失、人居环境等造成不利影响,本文根据四川各区域的地形地貌、水文地质、生物多样性等环境特点,提出了在不同地区高速公路建设中的环境影响评价要点,从而使环境影响评价内容更具有针对性。