青海省湿地类型保护区现状与发展对策

文章从青海高原湿地资源现状和湿地类型自然保护区发展的角度，分析目前高原湿地保护中存在的问题，提出了今后青海湿地类型保护区发展对策。     

干亩湖

北京市首个湿地公园——朝阳坝河千亩湖工程日前正式开工建设。这是近年来北京市加大湿地保护力度的一个缩影。北京市有湿地资源约5万公顷，湿地内有高等植物312种，鸟类152种，鱼类76种。保护和恢复湿地，是首都生态环境建设和生态战略安全保障体系建设的重要组成部分。自20世纪90年代以来，北京市先后通过了《北京市湿地保护行动计划》、《北京市湿地保护建设工程规划(2001—2010年)》和《北京市湿地保护建设实施方案》，湿地保护取得丰硕成果。     

曲阜市湿地生态保护初探

通过对曲阜市地理位置和自然资源现状、湿地类型和面积、湿地植被、湿地动物、湿地水生生物等基本情况的详细调查，客观地做出了曲阜市的湿地生态环境评价，提出了做好宣传唤起公众参与保护的意识，兼顾保护和利用并重，加大科技支持力度等湿地保护建议，以保持湿地生态平衡，促进社会经济与生态环境的协调发展。     

我国湿地生态保护法律机制的问题与完善

随着城镇化的发展,我国湿地生态环境日益恶化,污染严重,湿地生态环境面临的形势严峻,近年来湿地问题逐渐受到党和国家的重视。然而我国的法律建设严重滞后于湿地保护的需要,缺乏关于湿地的专项保护立法,湿地范围界定模糊,湿地生态补偿方式单一、产权和补偿主体不明,湿地恢复缺乏法律依据和有效监管,征收征用湿地过程中缺乏合理的拆迁安置补偿办法等问题突出。因此,亟须在国家层面出台湿地保护法,建立健全我国湿地保护法律体系,全面规范湿地保护过程中存在的多项问题,从而推动湿地生态保护工作的有效开展。     

青海：保护四大湿地

青海省围绕全国湿地保护工程规划，强化项目储备。由青海省林业局委托国家林业局规划院编制的青海西宁湿地保护与恢复建设工程，青海可可西里卓乃湖、太阳湖湿地保护建设工程，青海黑河源湿地保护与恢复建设工程，青海贵德黄河清国家湿地公园保护与恢复建设工程等可行性研究报告日前已通过省级论证，并上报国家林业局。     

温地日的由来

1971年2月2日，来自18个国家的代表在伊朗南部海滨小城拉姆萨尔签署了一个旨在保护和合理利用全球湿地的公约《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》（简称《湿地公约》）。为了纪念这一创举，并提高公众的湿地意识，1996年《湿地公约》常务委员会第19次会议决定，从1997年起，每年的2月2日定为“世界湿地日”。     

国务院办公厅关于加强湿地保护管理的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构: 我国是世界上湿地类型齐全、数量较多的国家之一。多年来,各级政府和有关部门在湿地保护方面做了大量工作,目前我国已有约40%的自然湿地被纳入自然保护区得到保护。但由于长期以来人们对湿地生态价值认识不足,加上保护管理能力薄弱,很多地方仍在大量开垦围垦和随意侵占湿地,特别是近两年一些地方出现了把大量湿地转为建设用地的错误倾向。为尽快扭转自然湿地面积减少,生态功能退化的局面,经国务院同意,现就加强湿地保护管理有关问题通知如下: 一、进一步提高认识,把湿地保护…     

盐城湿地保护与生态旅游开发

盐城海滨湿地资源丰富，已成为重要的环境资源和旅游资源。从湿地的变化和现状着手，阐述了保护盐城湿地的必要性和重要性，在保护中倡导自养型经济战略——生态旅游。分析了盐城湿地生态旅游开发的可行性，从而提出规划意见，以实现盐城湿地旅游的可持续发展。     

青海湿地生物多样性保护

阐述了青海湿地与生物多样性概况，分析了湿地生物多样性减少的原因，提出了保护湿地生物多样性的途径。     

滨州市湿地保护现状与对策探讨

滨州市地处渤海西南岸，是诸多河流的下游，湿地资源十分丰富。本文对辖区内湿地的保护现状和存在的问题进行了调研和分析，并对此提出了对策。     

油田开发对湿地的影响及合理利用湿地问题

协调好湿地保护与石油、天然气资源开发的关系已经越来越受到人们的重视。针对油田在开发过程中对湿地所产生的直接或间接的影响,重点讨论了将不利影响降到最小、保护湿地资源、保护湿地的生态环境及充分发挥湿地的各种功能等问题。指出了湿地保护和合理利用湿地的必要性,并提出了相应的保护和利用湿地的措施。     

白云湖湿地生态功能区规划及保障措施

在实地调查的基础上,根据资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,针对白云湖湿地资源的主要功能特点,对其各个区域的生态服务功能价值--直接利用价值和间接利用价值进行了货币化评估,由此进行湿地功能区域划分,并对各个区域进行了现状分析,从而得出最优目标,以期达到在保护好湿地生态环境的基础上进行资源的合理开发,实现湖区湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济和社会的可持续发展.     

葫芦岛市生态环境现状及遏制生态破坏的对策

大量资料和调查显示,葫芦岛市水资源不足且污染严重;湿地环境脆弱,海岸带生态环境破坏严重;矿山生态破坏和污染十分突出.必须尽快编制生态保护规划以强化水资源管理,积极推行生态农业,加强海洋生态保护力度.     

寒冷地区应用人工湿地处理污水研究进展＊

低温影响人工湿地污水的处理效果,限制了人工湿地在寒冷地区的推广应用。文章综合分析了影响寒冷地区人工湿地污水处理效果的因素,提出:潜流式的人工湿地具有一定的保温特点,在潜流湿地土壤上面铺盖一定厚度的覆盖物可以提高保温效果,再选择科学合理的工艺流程——复合垂直流等可提高人工湿地的污水处理效率。有关实例也证明:通过合理的设计,人工湿地可以在寒冷地区成功越冬。     

Freshwater Wetland dynamics in South Kingstown,Rhode Island, 1939–1972

The extent and causes of changes in the fresh-water wetlands of South Kingstown, Rhode Island were determined through field work and through the analysis of panchromatic aerial photographs taken in 1939 and 1972. During this period, there was a net loss of 0.9 percent of the total area (2345.2 ha) of wetland present in 1939. Highway construction and residential development accounted for most of this loss. Approximately 17 percent of the wetland present in 1939 had changed sufficiently by 1972 to warrant reclassification. Plant succession alone accounted for 57 percent of the changes in wetland types, while man's activities were influential in 41 percent of the cases. Ninety-two percent of the natural changes in wetland types was progressive, while 58 percent of the changes induced by man and undetermined causes was retrogressive. Man's major role was to alter the water regimes and vegetation of wetlands. There was a decrease in wetland diversity as the most abundant type, wooded swamp, grew in area while the abundance of shallow marshes, meadows, and shrub swamps declined. A knowledge of wetland dynamics is essential in the management of wetlands for a diversity of wildlife and other natural values.     

PROFILE: Risk Assessment as an Environmental Management Tool: Considerations for Freshwater Wetlands

/ This paper presents a foundation for improving the risk assessmentprocess for freshwater wetlands. Integrating wetland science, i.e., use of anecosystem-based approach, is the key concept. Each biotic and abiotic wetlandcomponent should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functionsand societal values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses anunreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland.Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate theoperational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization.Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence theway stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach.Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, andsoils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with riskassessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulateeffective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed,landscape, and ecosystem scales. Application of an ecosystem approach can begreatly facilitated if wetland scientists and risk assessors work together todevelop a common understanding of the principles of both disciplines.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; Freshwater wetlands;Environmental pollution; Chemical stressors; Physical stressors; Biologicalstressors     

An Ecological Integrity Index for Littoral Wetlands in Agricultural Catchments of Semiarid Mediterranean Regions

The main goal of the present study was to develop an ecological integrity index for littoral wetland management and conservation in semiarid Mediterranean areas that have been highly impacted by agriculture, including the selection of pressure and state indicators at landscape and wetlands scales that reflect the status, condition, and trends of wetlands ecosystems. We used a causality framework based on the relationship between pressure of anthropogenic activities and the ecological state of wetlands and their catchments, integrating environmental, biologic, economic, and social issues. From the application of 51 indicators in 7 littoral wetlands in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, we selected 12 indicators (5 at catchment scale and 7 at wetland scale) to constitute the ecological integrity index proposed. The potential nitrogen export per area at catchment scale and the potential relative nitrogen export from the area surrounding the wetlands were the best pressure single predictors of state indicators with a causal relationship with environmental meaning. Wetlands in catchments with more agriculture had less ecological integrity than those in less impacted areas. A wide riparian zone in some wetlands acts as a buffer area, diminishing the effects of intensive agriculture. The index of ecological integrity developed here has a number of essential characteristics that make it a useful tool for ecosystem managers and decision-makers. The index can be used to (1) assess and control ecological integrity, (2) diagnose probable causes of ecological impairment, (3) establish criteria for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems, and (4) integrate catchment management. Published online     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION DYNAMICS AT AN ECOHYDROLOGICAL RESTORATION SITE: AN ENERGY BALANCE AND REMOTE SENSING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Little work is reported where spatial methods are employed to monitor evapotranspiration (ET) changes as a result of vegetation and wetland restoration. A remote sensing approach with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) for estimating ET at The Nature Conservancy's Glacial Ridge prairie‐wetland restoration site in northwestern Minnesota is presented. The calibrated 24‐hour ET from SEBAL was estimated with an average error of prediction of ?4.3 percent. Monthly, interseasonal, and seasonal ET for the period of June to September (2000 to 2003) from three adjacent land‐uses: a hydrologic control preserved wetland; a treated or restored site; and a nontreated or impacted wetland, were used in the study. Results from comparing ET behavior to the preserve suggest restoration efforts have affected monthly and seasonal ET within the treated site. Spatial average standard deviations of the seasonal ET within the preserve, treated, and nontreated sites give 47.3, 75.7, and 109.9 mm, respectively, suggesting hydrologic stabilization within the treated site. Monthly and interseasonal comparisons show similar behavior to that of the seasonal data, where monthly correlations suggest increasing agreement within the treated site, approaching those within the preserve.     

白洋淀湿地生态修复的现实困境及解决路径探析

白洋淀湿地有"华北之肾"的称号,是京津冀地区的重要水源地之一。近年来白洋淀湿地显现出了生态退化的趋势,生态修复工作正在开展但成效不稳固。从生态系统整体性的角度全面评估白洋淀湿地的基本情况、生态修复工作开展情况,在此基础上提出生态修复过程中将会面临的问题,并提出解决路径。