重金属污染土壤的修复方法及其在几类典型土壤修复中的应用

文中首先阐述了重金属污染土壤的途径与特点。介绍了当前几类主要的重金属污染土壤修复方法:物理化学方法、植物修复法、微生物修复法、动物修复法等的技术要点,详述了各自的技术特点及机理,并对它们的修复效能、环境友好性等进行了比较。从土壤的特性出发,区分出了3种典型的遭受重金属污染的土壤:农业土壤、城市土壤、矿区土壤,并从国内外最新的重金属污染修复实践中选取了适合各自土壤类型的修复方法进行了重金属污染土壤的治理探讨。最后,对土壤重金属污染修复技术的发展进行了展望。     

土壤重金属污染、生态效应及植物修复技术

探讨了土壤中重金属的来源、特点以及生态效应,综述了土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术,展望了重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究发展趋势。     

成都平原农用土壤重金属污染现状及防治对策

随着工业化进程的加快和农业生产中化肥和农药不合理施用使得农用土壤重金属污染风险逐渐增大。本文对成都平原农用土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了综述，发现农用土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染均以Pb、Cd和Hg三种元素为主。分析了重金属离子在土壤一植物系统中迁移的一般规律及其影响因子，分析了农用土壤重金属污染的主要原因，为预防和防治污染提供了一些建议。     

南充市农村土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

本文对南充市不同区域农村土壤中重金属污染状况进行了调查和分析,参照《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995),运用单污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明,南充市农村土壤重金属平均内梅罗综合污染指数为1.01,受到了重金属轻污染。主要重金属污染物为Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn。52.8%样点受Cu轻污染,41.7%Zn轻污染,8.3%Hg轻污染,36.1%Ni轻污染,2.8%Ni中度污染。不同区域和不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属污染状况有一定的差别。     

某钢铁企业周边土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

通过对某钢铁企业周边土壤重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg、As)含量的调查与分析,采用重金属单项污染指数、超标倍数、污染分担率和内梅罗污染指数评价方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该钢铁企业周边土壤主要污染物为镉,含量在1.06~2.41 mg/kg之间,超标0.8~3.0倍。通过对除尘灰中相应重金属含量分析,弄清了土壤中重金属来源。     

化学改良剂对矿区重金属Pb、Cd污染土壤治理的作用

化学改良剂在治理重金属污染土壤中具有重要作用。我国许多矿区周围土壤都受到重金属污染,尤以铅、镉污染为甚,给农业生产和生态环境安全造成威胁。采用淋溶试验方法,研究不同化学改良剂在重金属Pb、Cd(Pb≤500mg/kg、Cd≤20mg/kg)污染土壤中的作用。结果表明,土壤加入化学改良剂能对重金属元素进行有效固化。研究结果为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复和安全控制方案的制定提供科学依据。     

植物-微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤的研究

植物及微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤具有很大的潜力。但重金属以不同形态存在关系到石油-重金属复合污染土壤生物修复过程中,植物、微生物的修复效率以及是否需要增加辅助工程解决重金属污染等问题,因此石油-重金属复合污染土壤修复过程中就必须考虑重金属有效态及形态的变化特征。     

西南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染现状与评价研究

为研究西南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染的状况,采集采矿区和尾矿区的土壤,对土壤中重金属(Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu)的水溶态、弱酸提取态和总含量进行了分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法进行了现状评价。研究得出该铅锌矿区土壤存在较为严重的重金属复合污染,重金属生物有效性和迁移能力较强,对当地生态及地下水、地表水存在严重的风险。研究成果可为铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染的监测和治理提供一定的科学依据。     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

典型企业场地周边土壤重金属污染水平及风险评价

以四川某地8类企业场地周边土壤为研究对象,通过单因子污染指数法、单种重金属潜在生态风险指数及重金属综合污染潜在生态风险指数三种方法对其重金属污染风险进行了分析评价.结果表明:不同类型企业重金属污染程度及污染因子具有差异性;无机盐制造企业与无机材料制造企业场地周边土壤分别存在Cd轻度污染和重度污染;8类企业周边土壤中几种...     

四川东部沱江乡茎瘤芥产地的地球化学特征

通过对四川省东部沱江乡茎瘤芥产区土壤的地球化学特征研究和茎瘤芥产区的土壤测试分析，并将其与全国土壤背景值比较，摸清了茎瘤芥产区土壤的元素本底特征。沱江乡茎瘤芥产区土壤Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、K、B、P元素含量高于全国土壤平均含量，有益元素Mo、Ca、Si、Se均比全国平均值低，重金属Cr、Hg、Cd、Pb含量比全国平均值高，As元素含量则低于全国平均值水平，产区土壤中存在的Cd元素超出国家环境质量一级标准，但符合二级土壤质量标准，其他元素符合绿色蔬菜产地环境标准。     

Multivariate statistics to investigate metal contamination in surface soil

The modification of soil composition in the urbanized area of Ankara due to wet-dry deposition and pollution-derived particles from the atmosphere is investigated by analyzing 120 surface soil samples, collected from the urbanized area and its un-urbanized surrounding, for major, minor and trace elements. Concentrations of elements from human activity (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ca) in the urbanized area were higher than their corresponding concentrations in global average soil and soil in un-urbanized areas outside the urbanized area. Metal contents in soil were very high in densely populated districts and around some industrial facilities. The only exception was Pb distribution, which was more dispersed, due to the nature of motor vehicle emissions. Alteration of the Cd, Zn, Cu and Cr content of soil was confined to the inhabited and industrial areas, whereas enrichment factors of these elements were close to unity in the remaining study area. Factor analysis identified two polluted soil factor associations. One factor includes elements, such as Zn and Cd, which had high factor scores in inhabited areas and the other factor (high loading of Pb) represents soil polluted by motor vehicle emissions.     

Chemical analysis of soil and leachate from experimental wetland mesocosms lined with coal combustion products

Small-scale (1 m2) wetland mesocosm experiments were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons to investigate the effects on soil and leachate chemistry of using a recycled coal combustion product as a liner. The coal combustion product used as a liner consisted of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products and fly ash. This paper provides the chemical characteristics of mesocosm soil and leachate after 2 yr of experimentation. Arsenic, Ca, and pH were higher in FGD-lined mesocosm surface soil relative to unlined mesocosms. Aluminum was higher in the soils of unlined mesocosms relative to FGD-lined mesocosms. No significant difference of potentially phytotoxic B was observed between lined and unlined mesocosms in the soil. Higher pH, conductivity, and concentrations of Al, B, Ca, K, and S (SO4-S) were observed in leachate from lined mesocosms compared with unlined controls while Fe, Mg, and Mn were higher in leachate from unlined mesocosms. Concentrations of most elements analyzed in the leachate were below national primary and secondary drinking water standards after 2 yr of experimentation. Initially high pH and soluble salt concentrations measured in the leachate from the lined mesocosms may indicate the reason for early effects noted on the development of wetland vegetation in the mesocosms.     

Bermudagrass management in the southern Piedmont, USA: IX. Trace elements in soil with broiler litter application

An understanding of the long-term cycling of trace elements in soil with broiler litter fertilization under various forage utilization strategies is needed to develop sustainable agricultural production systems. We evaluated differences in Cu, Mn, Zn, and six other trace elements in response to 5 yr of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] management varying in fertilization and harvest strategies on a Typic Kanhapludult in Georgia. Chicken (Gallus gallus) broiler litter was a significant source of trace elements that led to 3.4 +/- 0.5 times higher Cu, 2.0 +/- 0.3 times higher Mn, and 2.1 +/- 0.2 times higher Zn in the surface 3 cm of soil than when forage was fertilized inorganically. There were variable effects of broiler litter fertilization on other trace elements, depending upon element, depth of sampling, and forage utilization strategy. Concentrations of all trace elements in soil were below levels considered toxic to plants. Soil at a depth of 0 to 3 cm under grazed paddocks had 33 +/- 5% greater Cd, 18 +/- 1% greater Cr, 53 +/- 24% greater Cu, and 24 +/- 7% greater Zn compared with unharvested and hayed management. Trace elements in soil were unaffected whether forage was unharvested or removed as hay. These results suggest that broiler litter is a significant source of several trace elements and that ruminant processing of forage and subsequent deposition of excreta on the paddock allow these trace elements to accumulate more at the soil surface where they might interact with the high concentration of organic matter.     

Plant growth and uptake of mineral elements at an oily sludge landfarming site in Kuwait

Oily sludge landfarmed in Kuwait soil contains higher concentrations of certain elements than that of the untreated of, soil, e.g. S, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mo and V. The growth and elemental content of three different plants grown on a sandy soil previously treated with different concentrations of oily sludge were studied. Tested plants differed in their response to landfarmed oily sludge; ryegrass was the least affected followed by oats, then barley. Uptake of elements differed both qualitatively and quantitatively between test plants. In barley, Zn increased in plants cultivated in soil treated with oily sludge, whereas other metal concentrations were reduced or not affected, namely, Cu, Pb, Ni, V. The uptake of P was greater in plants grown on treated soil compared with those on untreated soil, whereas Na, Ca, K, were either reduced or unaffected. In oats, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, V, were not significantly changed. Uptakes of K, Ca, P, and Na in plants from treated soil were higher than that of the control. In ryegrass, heavy metal concentrations were either reduced or remained the same as that of the control. In all cases, concentrations of essential heavy metals and other true elements under investigation were still lower than the levels considered to be sufficient for micronutrients. Thus, the oily sludge was a source of certain micro-nutrients which were deficient in the sandy soil. Further, it appears that uptake and distribution of elements in plant tissues were both highly variable according to the plant, species, and the soil characteristics.     

崂山风景区土壤重金属元素环境容量的计算

崂山在青岛土壤重金属的综合污染指数排序中位于第2位，重金属污染问题比较突出。通过计算崂山风景区土壤重金属元素的静态容量和动态容量，对二者进行了比较。重金属元素环境容量的计算，可以为了解土壤承载力，实现污染物容量总量控制等提供科学依据。     

四川简阳东溪镇土壤环境六种元素含量评价

本文用随机布点法，采集了简阳东溪镇土壤样品29个，分析了土壤中Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Mn、Pb六种元素含量，用Shapiro-Wilk法和偏态系数检验了土壤中的元素含量分布类型，结果六种元素含量均为正态分布。根据元素含量类型分布，统计简阳东溪镇土壤中六种元素平均含量为：Cd0．295ppm、Zn62．5ppm、Ni27．49ppm、Cu23．25ppm、bin157．25ppm、Pb17．47ppm。     

四川土法炼磺区土壤环境化学变化初探

土法炼磺特大的“三度”排放量以及对生态环境所造成的难以逆转的毁坏,已引起社会各界的关注,但是炼磺危害区土壤环境的化学变化,却尚未曾有过专门研究。本文根据土壤样品的测定结果,探讨了四川土法炼磺区土壤环境的化学变化。结果表明:土壤PH值约降低1.1—2.4,重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Mn、Fe的富集率约为30—150％,以有效态含量为标志的元素活性约增加20—55％。     

三峡库区土壤中微量元素有效态含量及其特征

本文研究了微量元素在三峡库区土壤中的有效态含量以及丰缺程度，发生频率等特征，同时，初步探讨了有效态微量元素之间及其与土壤ｐＨ值，有机质含量的相关关系。     

ACCUMULATION OF AS,NI, CU,AND PB IN RETENTION AND RECHARGE BASINS SOILS FROM URBAN RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: The accumulation of arsenic, nickel, copper, and lead in the soil profile was determined beneath five urban storm-water retention/recharge basins used by the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District, California. Soils were sampled from the surface to the first zone of saturation and compared with soils from an adjacent un-contaminated control site. These elements were found to be accumulating in the first few centimeters of basin soil and are important to the effectiveness of a specific best management practice, i.e., the retention and recharge of urban storm water. Study basins in use since 1962, 1965, and 1969 had lead contents in the 0–2 cm soil depth interval‘of 570, 670, and 1400 mg Pb/kg soil, respectively. The median indigenous soil lead concentration was 4.6 mg/kg soil. The practice of removing excess flood runoff water from two basins by pumping apparently is a factor in reducing the accumulation rate of these elements in the surface soils of the basins.