高炉贮矿槽除尘系统的设计与分析

文章以河南青浦合金材料有限公司2座580m^3高炉贮矿槽除尘共用一台1450m^2的长袋低压脉冲袋式除尘器的总体设计方案为例，结合实践分析了高炉贮矿槽除尘系统的特点，总结并改进了整个除尘系统中的设计缺陷和制作结构，使该除尘系统得到了成功应用。     

边底水气藏污水回注井层优选技术应用

针对边底水气藏开发中后期产水量上升、污水排海量超标的问题,文章以某边底水气田为靶区,开展了边底水气藏污水回注井层优选的研究,初步建立了区域井层优选技术,综合地震属性、反演预测、测井解释和生产动态等,优选出4套回注层位及4口回注井。研究成果已应用于靶区首次污水回注试验,单井日注水规模达100～250 m~3,回注总量超过1.1×10~4 m~3,有效防止了污水排海从而造成环境污染的问题。     

催化氧化复合生物技术处理油气田压裂返排液

针对油气田压裂返排液处理难度大的问题,以四川某气田井组压裂返排液为研究对象,通过对其水质特征和治理技术现状的分析,提出催化氧化复合生物处理工艺并进行了现场实验。实验结果表明:该技术对于压裂返排液COD去除效果明显,最终出水COD浓度均降至100mg/L以下,COD去除率达到98%以上;G-BAF生化系统进水盐度在0.5%~5%时,系统适应性非常好,有机物去除率达93%以上;当盐度提高到8%时,有机物去除率仍能保持在84%左右,G-BAF生化系统适合高盐度压裂返排液的处理;压裂返排液出水主要污染指标COD浓度、氨氮浓度、SS浓度、pH值均达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,出水可用于油田及污水处理站设备清洁、钻井岩屑清洗等,实现废水综合利用。     

临兴致密砂岩气压裂返排液再利用技术

针对临兴区块致密砂岩气井压裂返排液的性能特点,结合压裂返排液中的有害指标,制定了压裂返排液复配压裂液的水质标准,形成了一套压裂返排液经适度处理后复配压裂液的低成本处理模式。结果表明:临兴区块压裂液配置水指标应满足pH值7～10、矿化度60 000mg/L、钙离子浓度600mg/L、镁离子浓度900mg/L、硼离子浓度10mg/L;经过破胶、pH值调整、絮凝和过滤工艺处理后的压裂返排液的主要有害指标COD、钙离子、镁离子、硼离子浓度大幅度下降,满足临兴区块压裂液配置水指标要求;根据处理工艺研制的压裂返排液处理装置在临兴区块LX-*1井和LX-*2井成功完成现场实验,复配压裂液满足压裂液现场施工要求。     

压裂返排液处理与回用技术实验

针对压裂返排液回用处理工艺技术,采用SM17-1H井压裂返排液样品,开展了返排液处理与回用实验研究。结果表明,压裂返排液采用氧化破胶、絮凝沉淀、两级精细过滤、脱硼组合工艺处理后,调整压裂返排液pH值为7.2～7.5,添加0.3%工业级NaClO,氧化20min,加入400mg/L工业级PAC,4mg/L分子量800万的阳离子型PAM,上清液透光率可达到94%以上,满足絮凝沉降的要求。处理后水经氧化絮凝处理后,硼离子经WH908或C700树脂吸附除硼后,硼含量降低到1.25mg/L,满足压裂返排液处理后重新配液的要求。此结果为压裂返排液处理和重复利用技术现场实验奠定了基础。     

CO2吞吐减排技术研究与应用

为保障天然气脱碳后有效开发,对产生的CO_2资源进行处理,减少外排造成的污染,在CO_2驱油的基础上,拓展应用领域,开展CO_2吞吐技术研究,通过实验评价,应用于吞吐增产机理主要有解膨胀、降低原油黏度及回流返排等三个方面,利用数模与物模等方式对注入量、注入压力及闷井时间等参数进行优化设计。技术研究成功,在吉林油田规模应用100井次/年均,增产原油0.7万t,投入产出比1:1.5,可达到减排目的。     

压裂返排液弱凝胶深部调驱技术

针对压裂返排液的特点,以聚丙烯酰胺为主剂,引入糠醛合成糠醛树脂交联剂,加入杀菌剂,在一定条件下形成弱凝胶体系,用于注水井调驱。考察了该压裂返排液弱凝胶体系性能:室内研究确定最佳的弱凝胶体系配方,进行了热稳定性及耐盐稳定性评价。进行了压裂返排液弱凝胶体系岩心封堵性能评价,凝胶体系在30~80℃具有较好的热稳定性,岩心封堵率大于80%,突破压力达到2.7 MPa,压裂返排液弱凝胶体系对储层具有较好的封堵性能。现场应用10井次,应用压裂返排液配置弱凝胶体系3.5万m~3,投入产出比1:1.25,压裂返排液重复利用,取得较好的环保效益及经济效益。     

吉林油田清洁作业配套技术研究与应用

吉林油田正常维护作业及增产措施动管柱小修作业过程中，存在油水落地后产生大量油土，后期处理油土需要大量的人力物力，同时易造成安全环保风险的问题。针对非异常高压井通过研究封闭清洁作业 设备及配套井口、井底工具，实现了起下作业过程中，油管、杆井筒内清洗干净，确保井底工具起出干净、油水不出井筒，避免油土产生及油水落地风险；针对异常高压井通过压井液、配套防喷设备研究，消除了异常高压井溢 流、井下管柱上窜、甚至井喷等安全环保风险。2019年以来该项技术在吉林油田得到大面积推广应用，取得较 好效果，有效解决了小修作业过程中油水落地造成的安全环保风险。     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。     

油田钻修井废水处理工艺技术研究及应用

在钻井、完井、井下作业等油气田开发生产过程中,会产生钻井泥浆压滤液、压井液、洗井液、压裂和酸化返排液等含油钻修井废水,这些废水组成复杂难处理,无法直接外排或回注。文章对冀东油田钻修井废水的水质特性及组成进行分析,开发了1套钻修井废水一体化处理技术,介绍了电催化、絮凝沉降、铁碳微电解、多级砂滤等核心工艺,开展了絮凝剂、助凝剂及pH值调节剂的最佳条件试验研究。研究结果表明:最佳药剂添加浓度分别为絮凝剂50 mg/L、助凝剂6 mg/L,最佳絮凝效果反应条件pH值为9。同时,现场试验应用结果表明:该工艺处理后的污水水质能够达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》相关指标要求,实现了钻修井废水的合规化处置。     

农村混合生活污水排放特征及其处理工艺研究

针对农村生活污水污染问题已成为影响我国农村水环境的主要因素以及目前黑灰分离收集处理与现状不相符合,本文对崇明县某村的污水排放特征以及水量水质进行调研,并对硝化预处理系统结合人工湿地反硝化以及脱氮预处理结合人工湿地深度处理两种运行模式进行了深入探讨并分析了其去除机理,结果显示,硝化预处理系统结合人工湿地反硝化由于后续反硝化需要投加大量碳源从经济管理方面而言变得不可行;脱氮预处理结合人工湿地深度处理在预处理系统以进水3h、曝气2h、沉淀0.5h、排水0.5h、气水比40∶1的模式运行、人工湿地水力停留时间为48h条件下出水可满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的二级要求,且因氨氮指标的降低大幅缩短了人工湿地的水力停留时间而减小占地面积。     

THE IMPACT OF HIGH INTEREST RATES ON OPTIMUM MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE DESIGN OF SURFACE RUNOFF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT. This research examines the impact of high rates of interest upon the least cost system design for urban drainage systems when water quality is a critical parameter. Results of examination of twelve alternative system designs in a case study watershed indicate the least cost study design is highly sensitive to the rate of interest, but not sensitive to the water quality parameters. When the high rates of interest currently prevalent are introduced into the model those systems which contain open channel collection components are selected as the least cost system. At low rates of interest pipeline collection components are selected as the least cost system. Holding pond components of system design are cost effective at several levels of water quality. They are neutral to the rate of interest so they are incorporated in least cost systems at all the levels of interest rates. The results of the study indicate that at the current high rates of interest open channel collection systems and holding ponds are cost effective system components to achieve selected levels of water quality in urban drainage system design.     

Policy-Oriented Integrated Analysis of Land-Use Change: An Analysis of Data Needs

Integrated analysis of land-use change in support of informed policy-making for sustainable land use at various spatial levels makes heavy requirements for quality data. This paper aims to structure the principal methodological and practical issues of data needs for this task. The data needs for local level analyses of land-use change are given special attention. The paper adopts an integrated economic–environmental modeling framework and suggests the main types of data needed. Four main data dimensions are distinguished: system of spatial reference, system of temporal reference, definitions, and data collection procedures (sources, collection instruments and techniques, recording and retrieval systems, data format, frequency of data collection). To evaluate the suitability of current data sets as well as to guide the collection of new ones, a scheme based on substantive and practical criteria is employed. The former include compatibility, consistency, and reliability of data, while the latter include availability, ease and cost of data collection/retrieval, and transferability of data. The evaluation indicates the broad gaps in current data sets along the four main data dimensions. Based on this evaluation, the paper suggests framework guidelines to address the main data issues identified. RID=" ID=" <SUP>1</SUP>CLAUDE: Coordinating Land Use and Land Cover Data and Analyses in Europe. European Commission Concerted Action project (DG-XII); DAPLARCH: Data Plan Development for Land Use and Land Cover Change Research. Program sponsored by IGBP-IHDP (LUCC and DIS). Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA     

环境执法在环保垂改中的基本路径与主要任务

为积极稳妥推进全国省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革试点工作,本文紧紧围绕《关于省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革试点工作的指导意见》精神,以环境执法改革为主体主线,从环境执法的总体方向、基本路径、主要任务三个方面进行政策分析解读,给各地在环保垂直管理制度改革试点工作中有效推进环境执法改革,提供改革路径指引和参考。     

FACTORS INVOLVED IN EVALUATING GROUND WATER IMPACTS OF DEEP COAL MINE DRAINAGE1

ABSTRACT: The determination of probable ground water impacts of proposed deep coal mining is required as part of permit applications. Impact prediction generally involves well production test analysis and modeling of ground water systems associated with coal seams. Well production tests are often complicated due to the relatively low permeabilities of sandstones and shales of ground water systems. The effects of the release of water stored within finite diameter production wells must be considered. Well storage capacity appreciably affects early well production test time drawdown or time recovery data. Low pumping rates, limited cones of depression, and length of required pumping periods ate important well production test design factors. Coal seam ground water system models are usually multilayered and leaky artesian. Mine drafts partially penetrate the ground water system. Simulation of coal mine drainage often involves the horizontal permeability and storage coefficient of the coal seam zone, vertical permeabilities of sandstones and shales (aquitard) above and below the coal seam zone, and the hydrologic properties of the source bed above the aqultard overlying the coal seam zone. Ground water level declines in both the coal seam zone and source bed near land surface are necessary factors in impact analysis. An example of evaluation studies in southwest Indiana will illustrate factors involved in deep coal mine drainage modeling efforts.     

Improvement of sand filter and constructed wetland design using an environmental decision support system

With the aim of improving effluent quality of waste stabilization ponds, different designs of vertical flow constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters were tested on an experimental full-scale plant within the framework of a European project. The information extracted from this study was completed and updated with heuristic and bibliographic knowledge. The data and knowledge acquired were difficult to integrate into mathematical models because they involve qualitative information and expert reasoning. Therefore, it was decided to develop an environmental decision support system (EDSS-Filter-Design) as a tool to integrate mathematical models and knowledge-based techniques. This paper describes the development of this support tool, emphasizing the collection of data and knowledge and representation of this information by means of mathematical equations and a rule-based system. The developed support tool provides the main design characteristics of filters: (i) required surface, (ii) media type, and (iii) media depth. These design recommendations are based on wastewater characteristics, applied load, and required treatment level data provided by the user. The results of the EDSS-Filter-Design provide appropriate and useful information and guidelines on how to design filters, according to the expert criteria. The encapsulation of the information into a decision support system reduces the design period and provides a feasible, reasoned, and positively evaluated proposal.     

Change in a petrified forest and implications towards management

The Gallatin Petrified Forest of Montana, USA, is a unique resource. The extensive area of the fossil forests, the numerous petrified trees in upright positions, and the large number of vertical layers of “successive” forests are unparalleled in the world. Collection by permit is permitted, but damage to the petrified forest by indiscriminate collection occurs. To assess the impact, a comparative examination of replicate (over 13 yr) photography of selected specimens was undertaken. The amount of change over time, the possible cause of change, and the relationship of the location of the specimen to that amount of change were determined. It was found that although considerable loss continues, impacts prior to a 1973 collection policy were most severe. There was more loss by natural erosion than by collection, but the collections are additive to the natural changes. Size of petrified outcrops and the steepness of the slope on which they were found did correlate with the amount of natural change occurring over time. Human-induced change was associated with the distance of the outcrops from the main trailheads and the specimen size. This method provides a tool with which to monitor impacts and develop a future policy aimed towards conservation of a unique resource in light of the need for appreciative recreation and some specimen collection. Recommended changes in present management policy are provided.     

防治油气集输过程中烃类污染的主要途径

烃类是油气田主要的大气污染物,主要来源于油气集输过程中的烃类损耗。降低烃类损耗,回收挥发气体,是减少大气污染的重要途径。孤东油田应用大罐抽气、原油稳定、轻烃回收等工艺对烃类进行回收治理,文章介绍了使用的工艺系统,分析了治理技术的经济效益,得出结论：采用大罐抽气、原油稳定和轻烃回收技术防治油气田烃类污染是可行的,技术成熟,工艺较简单,投资少,见效快,效益明显。在油气田全面推广应用,可以大大降低油气田的烃类污染负荷     

Drainage and utilization of Chinese coal mine methane with a coal–methane co-exploitation model: Analysis and projections

Coal mine methane (CMM) released during coal mining attributes to unsafe working conditions and environmental impact. China, the largest coal producer in the world, is facing problems associated with CMM such as fatal gas accidents and intense greenhouse gas emission along the path to deep mining. Complicated geological conditions featured with low permeability, high gas pressure and gas content of Chinese coal seams have been hindering the coal extraction. To solve these problems, a model of coal–methane co-exploitation is proposed. This model realizes the extraction of two resources with safety ensured and has been successfully applied in Huainan coalfield, China. The current situation of drainage and utilization of CMM in China are diagnosed. Connections between the coal production, methane emissions, drainage and utilization are analyzed. Estimations of future coal production, methane emissions, drainage and utilization are made in a co-exploitation based scenario. The emitted, drained and utilized CMM are projected to reach 26.6, 13.3 and 9.3 billion m³, respectively by adapting the assumption of 3800 million metric tons of coal production by 2020.     

建立高含硫气田生态监测体系分析

针对西南某气田投产运行后,净化厂尾气、集气站火炬等正常生产和事故性放空等会排放大量二氧化硫的问题,及其对周边生态环境产生影响的现实,研究建立气田生态环境监测体系。通过现场踏勘、资料收集等手段,提出建立气田生态监测的布点网络、生态监测方法体系,重点探讨生物多样性及典型植物监测方法。通过在该气田实际监测得出该生态监测体系具有科学性、完整性、有效性等特点。