环境正义视野下的机场噪声污染纠纷研究——以东部L机场为例

随着经济的发展,我国对航空交通的需要也在不断增长,而机场的新建、扩建及改造导致机场噪声扰民的问题也不断加重。在追求利润最大化目标的激励下,相关部门往往忽视了深受噪声影响的居民的合法权益,造成机场周边居民的环境非正义,加剧了机场与周边居民的矛盾。运用环境正义的相关理论,对东部L机场及其周边的HD村进行了分析,探讨了机场噪声污染的非正义现象并就其提出了相关的意见和建议。     

北戴河旅游旺季声环境质量及污染防治对策

以北戴河2018年声环境监测数据为依据,对北戴河旅游旺季(7月—8月)声环境质量状况进行了分析。结果表明:2018年北戴河旅游旺季声环境昼间等效声级符合声环境2类功能区标准比例为36.8%,夜间等效声级符合声环境2类功能区标准比例(27.1%),较2017年有所提高。7月中旬到8月中旬等效声级明显出现波峰。影响声环境质量的主要因素有社会生活噪声、交通噪声和自然环境噪声等。应通过加强城市交通噪声控制、强化社会生活噪声管理力度、完善机制、加强宣传教育、加强公众参与等防治措施改善声环境质量。     

秦皇岛市“十二五”声环境质量变化趋势研究

以秦皇岛市2011—2015年的噪声监测资料为依据,对"十二五"期间秦皇岛市声环境质量现状、变化趋势进行分析。分析结果表明:"十二五"期间秦皇岛市区域声环境和道路交通声环境质量为较好,功能区声环境昼夜全部达标;影响秦皇岛市环境噪声源主要为社会生活噪声、交通噪声等。提出了合理城区布局、使用新型隔声材料、加大宣传教育、严格环境执法等噪声污染防治对策。     

不同规模民用机场项目主要环境影响对比分析

按照在民航运输系统中所起的作用划分，我国民用机场可分为枢纽机场、干线机场和支线机场。由于建设规模、航空业务量不同，各类机场环境影响的范围、程度和特点也不尽相同。通过对国内机场建设项目环境影响的案例和相关研究成果进行总结，从声环境、环境空气、生态、水环境、固体废物等方面对比分析了不同规模机场的环境影响的特点，为机场选址、设计、规划等提供参考。     

四川省城市声环境质量状况与分析

根据四川省2007年城市功能区声环境、城市区域声环境和道路交通声环境数据,阐明全省城市声环境质量现状,分析城市声源构成、各等级声覆盖率及其变化趋势.与国内一般情况相比,四川省城市声源构成具有社会生活噪声影响范围更最广,交通噪声影响范围较小等特点.四川省城市环境质量状况总体上处于较好水平,且有逐年下降趋势.同时,存在部分不同程度的噪声污染区,甚至存在一定程度的重度污染区.     

声环境质量标准

为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》,防治噪声污染,保障城乡居民正常生活、工作和学习的声环境质量,制定本标准。本标准规定了五类声环境功能区的环境噪声限值及测量方法。本标准适用于声环境质量评价与管理。机场周围区域受飞机通过（起飞、降落、低空飞越）噪声的影响,不适用于本标准。     

2019—2021年南充市主城区声环境功能区噪声变化趋势与防治措施

噪声污染是环境污染类型之一。通过对2019—2021年南充市主城区4类声环境功能区噪声污染水平及噪声变化趋势进行分析可得：南充市主城区声环境功能区声环境质量总体较好,夜间的噪声污染较昼间严重;1类功能区声环境质量有改善趋势但达标率相对较低,2类、3类和4a类功能区的声环境质量呈下降趋势;受城区居民生活、出行和生产的影响,南充市主城区各声环境功能区噪声日变化曲线总体呈“双峰型”。建议今后南充市主城区应加强夜间噪声污染防治工作。     

空调室外机拍振噪声声品质客观评价研究

当房间空调器室外风机与压缩机的激励频率相近时会产生拍振噪声。在半消声室采集拍振噪声样本,采用评分法对拍振噪声声品质进行主观评价,并对噪声样本进行分析计算,得到其A计权声压级、响度、抖动强度等声品质客观评价参量值。对主观、客观评价结果进行线性回归分析,提出拍振噪声声品质主观评价模型。研究结果表明,房间空调器拍振噪声声品质主要受突出比、响度、抖动强度影响。     

轨道交通建设对声环境影响分析——以西安市城市轨道交通1号线为例

为了客观反映轨道交通建设对声环境的影响,以西安市城市轨道交通1号线为例,采用实测分析法研究轨道交通声源对周围声环境的影响。结果表明,所测声环境敏感点多为夜间超标,超标敏感点大都临近既有道路,主要受既有交通噪声的影响,而轨道交通设备引起的噪声增量仅为1.4～1.9 d B(A),对敏感点的影响较小;室内二次结构噪声监测结果显示其噪声实测值与背景值相差均小于0.5 d B(A),说明轨道交通的运行对室内二次结构噪声敏感点影响也较小。因此,轨道交通建设通过采取相应措施后对周围敏感目标的声环境影响是可控的,且轨道交通通过大量吸引客流将使地面交通噪声增量减少。总体上轨道交通地下线的建设对城市声环境的改善具有较大的促进作用。     

宁静欧洲初探

城市噪声,尤其是交通噪声,对城市环境有显著的影响,而且这种影响在世界大部分城市有逐年增强的趋势。在许多欧洲国家的市政府收到的投诉信中,关于噪声的总是列在首位。近年来欧洲就城市环境噪声方面进行了大量工作,包括技术研究,政策法规以及实施等几方面。本文期望通过综述欧洲环境噪声研究和政策,为中国就改善城市声环境方面提出一些建议。     

Environmental Condition Assessment of US Military Installations Using GIS Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

Environment functions in various aspects including soil and water conservation, biodiversity and habitats, and landscape aesthetics. Comprehensive assessment of environmental condition is thus a great challenge. The issues include how to assess individual environmental components such as landscape aesthetics and integrate them into an indicator that can comprehensively quantify environmental condition. In this study, a geographic information systems based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis was used to integrate environmental variables and create the indicator. This approach was applied to Fort Riley Military installation in which land condition and its dynamics due to military training activities were assessed. The indicator was derived by integrating soil erosion, water quality, landscape fragmentation, landscape aesthetics, and noise based on the weights from the experts by assessing and ranking the environmental variables in terms of their importance. The results showed that landscape level indicator well quantified the overall environmental condition and its dynamics, while the indicator at level of patch that is defined as a homogeneous area that is different from its surroundings detailed the spatiotemporal variability of environmental condition. The environmental condition was mostly determined by soil erosion, then landscape fragmentation, water quality, landscape aesthetics, and noise. Overall, environmental condition at both landscape and patch levels greatly varied depending on the degree of ground and canopy disturbance and their spatial patterns due to military training activities and being related to slope. It was also determined the environment itself could be recovered quickly once military training was halt or reduced. Thus, this study provided an effective tool for the army land managers to monitor environmental dynamics and plan military training activities. Its limitation lies at that the obtained values of the indicator vary and are subjective to the experts' knowledge and experience. Thus, further advancing this approach is needed by developing a scientific method to derive the weights of environmental variables.     

某省医用电子直线加速器治疗室辐射环境监测分析

通过对省内医用电子直线加速器辐射环境监测,对比不同等级医院医用电子直线加速器辐射防护水平的差异,为放射治疗工作正常开展提供放射防护数据参考,确保放射工作人员、受检者及公众健康安全。按照标准方法采用辐射剂量仪AT1123及中子周围剂量当量仪BH3105E对加速器治疗室周围环境进行光子及中子的监测,采用热释光法对放疗科放射工作人员进行个人剂量监测。监测的24台医用电子直线加速器治疗室辐射防护剂量值低于国家标准要求,放疗科的417名放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果处于国家标准要求的较低水平,三级医院的加速器治疗室辐射防护要略好于二级医院的加速器治疗室辐射防护。该省加速器辐射防护监测结果符合国家标准规定的相关要求,对职业工作人员和公众是安全的,对周围环境影响较小。     

Preliminary assessment of indoor industrial noise pollution in Kuwait

Sound is considered as a pollutant when it exceeds undesirable limits for the recipient. One of the significant environmental problems associated with industries is noise pollution generated by machinery. The main objectives of this study were to measure noise levels generated by machinery that the workers were exposed to at five industrial facilities in the State of Kuwait. Also, to assess if these levels were within acceptable standards, for Kuwait lacks environmental standards for such a pollutant. To achieve the objectives of the study two food manufacturing companies, a cement-brick making plant, a furniture factory and a car washing facility were selected for the purpose of the research.The study showed that workers operating machinery at the five facilities were exposed to high noise levels without any kind of ear protection. Noise levels recorded during the study were very high and exceeded the British Noise at Work Regulations of 1989. In Kuwait there are no regulations to abate noise in the working environment and workers are not required to wear ear protective muffs. The results of the study indicate that, the concerned environmental and health organisations in Kuwait should be compelled to establish noise level standards and controls to safeguard the health of workers and the public at large.     

Sanitation workers at the frontline: work and vulnerability in response to COVID-19

ABSTRACT

The absence of a vaccine and effective treatment for COVID-19 has created public panic and burdened the health systems in most countries. Along with health workers’, sanitation personnel are also working at the frontlines in the war against the disease by keeping cities clean. Sanitation workers are engaged in Drudgery, Dangerous, Dirty and Dehumanising work that makes them vulnerable for developing the chronic respiratory diseases due to the exposure of various hazardous materials and toxic gases that are emitted from the solid waste. The sanitation workers working on a contractual basis are excluded from the labour policies and welfare programs who are playing a vital role in fighting the pandemic. Women sanitation workers are even more vulnerable because most of them are non-literate, poor in financial management and under-represented in the sanitation employee’s union. The local and state governments should protect and safeguard sanitation workers by providing them with adequate protective equipment, ensure payment of paying adequate salaries and provide them with health insurance.     

Noise annoyance from industrial and road traffic combined noises: A survey and a total annoyance model comparison

The literature on noise annoyance emphasizes that acoustical factors cannot totally explain the annoyance felt by a population exposed to community noises, and that some non-acoustical factors have an effect on annoyance. This research paper deals with the annoyance caused by combined noises coming from road traffic and an industrial site. This type of combination has been very little studied to date. An in situ study was conducted in an area of a French town exposed to these two noise sources. To investigate the annoyance caused by these combined noises, the work involved both a mapping of the industrial and road traffic noises present in the survey area and a questionnaire designed to evaluate the noise annoyance experienced by residents and to identify the factors that probably influence noise annoyance. The results highlight the link between the noise levels measured and the annoyance felt by the respondents. They also show that certain non-acoustical factors have an impact on annoyance felt. Indeed, the results highlight a positive correlation between fear of industrial sites and the annoyance expressed. They also show correlations between some items to evaluate noise sensitivity and the annoyance expressed. No significant correlation has been found between annoyance and the other non-acoustical factors such as age, sex and length of residence. Finally, several total annoyance models were tested for this noise combination. Two of them, namely the strongest component model and a proposed perceptual version of the mixed model, were able to better predict total annoyance than the other tested models.     

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Cumulative Disturbance Impacts Due to Military Training,Burning, Haying,and Their Interactions on Land Condition of Fort Riley

The effects of military training activities on the land condition of Army installations vary spatially and temporally. Training activities observably degrade land condition while also increasing biodiversity and stabilizing ecosystems. Moreover, other anthropogenic activities regularly occur on military lands such as prescribed burns and agricultural haying—adding to the dynamics of land condition. Thus, spatially and temporally assessing the impacts of military training, prescribed burning, agricultural haying, and their interactions is critical to the management of military lands. In this study, the spatial distributions and patterns of military training-induced disturbance frequency were derived using plot observation and point observation-based method, at Fort Riley, Kansas from 1989 to 2001. Moreover, spatial and variance analysis of cumulative impacts due to military training, burning, haying, and their interactions on the land condition of Fort Riley were conducted. The results showed that: (1) low disturbance intensity dominated the majority of the study area with exception of concentrated training within centralized areas; (2) high and low values of disturbance frequency were spatially clustered and had spatial patterns that differed significantly from a random distribution; and (3) interactions between prescribed burning and agricultural haying were not significant in terms of either soil erosion or disturbance intensity although their means and variances differed significantly between the burned and non-burned areas and between the hayed and non-hayed areas.     

Worldwide standards on exposure to electromagnetic fields: an overview

Over the last years, a wide debate has developed on the possible health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. In-depth research activity was therefore developed by the international scientific community aimed at evaluating the risk associated with exposure to this type of radiation. At the same time, various international institutions began to issue recommendations on exposure limits valid for workers and for the population in the frequency range up to 300 GHz. Most of the recently revised safety standards worldwide are set in terms of internal rates of electromagnetic energy deposition (Specific Absorption Rate) at radiofrequency and microwave frequencies, and of induced electric fields or current densities at lower frequencies up to 10 MHz. At the international level, the most authoritative guidelines have been developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP); another internationally well recognized standard is that developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the USA, adopting the same basic approach of ICNIRP, although with some differences in numerical values. This article is mainly focused on the analysis of different approaches for the protection against electromagnetic fields, and on the rationale of most relevant standards.     

Birds and air traffic safety on Zagreb airport (Croatia)

One of the objectives of the new State of Croatia, as a Mediterranean country oriented towards tourism, is safety of its air traffic. The frequency of use of Zagreb airport is currently 688 flights, or about 20000 passengers a week. In 1996, research was carried out at the airport concerning air traffic safety with respect to the presence of birds on the airfield. Biological methods, in which birds were chased away by means of trained birds of prey, were used. For the Zagreb airport experiment nine birds involving three different species: Falco peregrinus, Accipiter gentilis and Falco cherrug were utilised. The results showed that the air traffic safety on Zagreb airport with regard to possible bird-plane strikes improved.Other bird clearing methods, applied over the 1987–1996 period also reduced bird-plane interferences but were noted to be less effective. With the biological, bird of prey method, 100% temporary clearance was achieved. Habitat modification, which involved removal from the airport vicinity of all factors attractive to the birds, only removed 20–30% of the birds, but this was of a more permanent nature. Use of fire-arms achieved a 80–90% temporary bird clearance. A combination of all three methods would appear to be most effective and measures for further monitoring for safe air traffic movement at Zagreb airport are proposed.     

The Effect of Military Training Activity on Eastern Lupine and the Karner Blue Butterfly at Fort McCoy,Wisconsin, USA

The US Department of Defense (DOD) manages over 10.1 million ha of land, much of which is used for training military personnel. However, vast sections receive little or no use, and military lands have become refuges for many species. At Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA, populations of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) are found in oak and pine barren communities where wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), a perennial forb required by Karner blue butterfly larvae, still occurs. Oak and pine barren communities are disturbance-dependent, and the barrens ecosystems in the Midwest have declined in extent by 98% because of fire suppression, succession, and habitat fragmentation. We studied the effects of disturbance by military manuever training on the density of lupine and Karner blue butterfly at Fort McCoy. We also wanted to determine whether military training activity could enhance Karner blue butterfly habitat. At locations where tracked vehicles had driven through lupine patches, the abundance of lupine and nectar-producing plants was greater in the median strip between vehicle ruts than in vehicle ruts or 5 m outside the vehicle ruts. The proportion of lupine stems with Karner blue butterfly larvae feeding sign (the ratio of stems fed upon to stems examined) was greater in areas where military vehicles had traveled than where they had not. The proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign and lupine stem density was also positively related to the occurrence of prior bivouacs and fires caused by military munitions. Shrub and forest canopy abundance were lower in areas traveled by tracked vehicles. At the scale of the lupine patch, lupine abundance and the proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign were positively correlated with military training activities, suggesting that maintenance of lupine habitat can be achieved in concert with military training.     

温度环境试验及其标准综述(一)温度对装备的影响及温度试验的重要性

阐述了温度试验在军工产品研制生产中的重要地位和用途,温度环境对装备的主要影响和典型故障模式;介绍了GJB 150/150A、HB 6167/6167A、GB/T 2423等我国主要军用、民用环境试验系列标准中包括的各种典型温度试验程序及其用途和模拟的环境;说明了各种典型试验程序规定或要求的温度试验各种特点和剪裁方法,并汇总列于一个表格中,以便于查阅,列出了温度试验标准中对温度试验箱和测试仪器仪表的要求,最后讨论了受试产品温度稳定、温度试验箱的选用,确保受试产品经受正确的温度条件、受试产品温度响应测量和温度试验中断处理等技术。本文分为四大部分:第一部分阐述温度对装备的影响、故障机理和温度试验的重要性;第二部分阐述了GJB150/150A、HB 6167/6167A和GB/T 2423等主要环境试验标准中的典型温度试验程序;第三部分详细说明了各种温度试验的试验温度和试验持续时间及其区别和剪裁方法;第四部分介绍了各种标准对温度试验设备的要求,温度试验设定点,确保试验温度准确施加和试验中断处理等温度试验技术。本文为其中第一部分。