发展低碳农业 减缓温室气体排放

“低碳经济”是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的绿色经济，成为应对全球气候变化的根本出路。农业作为同民经济的基础产业，应该积极响应气候变暖的“低碳经济”。本文概述了农业生产和气候变化问的相互关系及相互影响，并归纳出有利于减缓温室气体排放和增加碳汇的主要低碳农业措施。     

低碳技术在农作物秸秆利用中的应用

为了应对全球气候变化,各国均以减少二氧化碳排放为目标,积极发展低碳技术。中国作为农业大国,秸秆资源丰富且农作物秸秆开发利用技术已经得到一定的发展,秸秆综合利用可避免因秸秆露天焚烧造成的环境问题,有利于农田生态系统的稳定,有利于节能减排、防治污染、保护环境,促进循环经济发展与社会主义新农村建设。本文从农作物秸秆利用技术的3个主要方面入手,分析低碳技术在其中的应用,同时大力倡导开发农作物秸秆利用技术,减少温室气体排放,实现农业可持续发展。     

中国国际贸易中的内涵CO2排放及其空间特征

国际贸易中的内涵CO2排放成为全球气候变化谈判关注的热点.中国进出口贸易产品中的内涵CO2排放是导致中国温室气体排放总量显著增长的一个重要原因.研究表明,中国国际贸易中的内涵碳排放凸现"国外消费,国内污染"的典型特征;美、日、欧盟等OECD国家是中国国际贸易中内涵CO2净排放的主要集中区;非OECD中的亚洲国家是中国国际贸易中内涵CO2净排放的次集中区.据此提出:①应对全球气候变化应当考虑国际贸易导致的内涵碳排放;②中国出口产品的消费国应对中国的碳排放增长负有一定的责任;③构建消费型温室气体排放核算体系更能体现出减排的公平性;④发展低碳经济是中国从根本上减少温室气体排放的最有效措施.这一研究为重新界定中国温室气体排放和在国际气候谈判中充分争取公平性提供有利的佐证.     

石油石化行业温室气体清单编制研究进展

石油化工生产企业是高耗能企业,也是温室气体排放主要来源之一,温室气体排放统计、计算与监测可为参与碳交易提供基础信息,促进石油化工生产企业可持续发展并实现减排目标。文章介绍了国内外认知度较高的温室气体核算标准,并对目前国内外已发布实施的石油石化行业清单编制标准进行归纳和比较。在此基础上提出了石油石化行业完善温室气体清单编制标准、加强温室气体排放核查工作、建立温室气体统计和管理体系等建议措施。     

我国石油行业低碳发展技术选择＊

文章围绕我国石油行业低碳发展现状、制约条件和技术方向展开论述。通过统计我国"十一五"能源需求形势和石油行业能源使用情况,总结石油行业温室气体排放特征,预测了"十二五"油气能源需求和石油行业温室气体排放趋势。在此基础上,对石油行业低碳技术进行系统的梳理和评估,并提出我国石油行业分阶段低碳技术选择建议。     

重庆市碳排放现状及低碳经济发展战略研究

低碳经济以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础,是当今世界减缓温室气体排放、应对气候变化的最佳经济发展模式。本文初步估算了重庆市包括二氧化碳排放总量、人均排放量、万元GDP排放强度等碳排放现状,分析了近年来全市碳排放减缓的趋势以及二氧化碳排放来源解析的结果,探讨了重庆市低碳发展的良好基础,提出了重庆市发展低碳经济的战略取向、战略目标、战略重点和战略措施建议,描绘了重庆市低碳发展的行动路线图,认为低碳经济是重庆市转变经济发展方式、实现可持续发展的必然选择。     

低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一,工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上,探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施,促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点,建议规划环评完善评价内容,在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容,以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一，工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上，探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施，促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点，建议规划环评完善评价内容，在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容，以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

以低碳转型促进“两型社会”建设

低碳转型带有刚性约束,它并不完全等同于＂两型社会＂建设,但对于＂两型社会＂建设绝对有促进作用。哥本哈根大会给出的信号非常明确,全球要应对气候变化,减少温室气体排放,走低碳发展的道路。中国是温室气体排放大国,但中国还要增长、还要发展。在这样的形势下,我们要调整好心态,一方面维护自己的发展权益,另一方面做好低碳发展,在＂两型社会＂建设中纳入低碳内容。     

森林碳汇：实施减排的一条有效途径

碳汇对很多人来说还是一个全．新的概念。改革开放以来，随着中国重点林业生态工程的实施，植树造林取得了巨大成绩，增加了我国的森林碳汇。对于中国这样一个发展中大国，经济要发展，通过植树造林活动吸收二氧化碳，抵减部分工业的温室气体排放，减轻中国面对的国际减排压力，是最可行、最有效的措施之一。     

Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated cropping systems in northeastern Colorado

The impact of management on global warming potential (GWP), crop production, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in irrigated agriculture is not well documented. A no-till (NT) cropping systems study initiated in 1999 to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential in irrigated agriculture was used in this study to make trace gas flux measurements for 3 yr to facilitate a complete greenhouse gas accounting of GWP and GHGI. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O were measured using static, vented chambers, one to three times per week, year round, from April 2002 through October 2004 within conventional-till continuous corn (CT-CC) and NT continuous corn (NT-CC) plots and in NT corn-soybean rotation (NT-CB) plots. Nitrogen fertilizer rates ranged from 0 to 224 kg N ha(-1). Methane fluxes were small and did not differ between tillage systems. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased linearly with increasing N fertilizer rate each year, but emission rates varied with years. Carbon dioxide efflux was higher in CT compared to NT in 2002 but was not different by tillage in 2003 or 2004. Based on soil respiration and residue C inputs, NT soils were net sinks of GWP when adequate fertilizer was added to maintain crop production. The CT soils were smaller net sinks for GWP than NT soils. The determinant for the net GWP relationship was a balance between soil respiration and N2O emissions. Based on soil C sequestration, only NT soils were net sinks for GWP. Both estimates of GWP and GHGI indicate that when appropriate crop production levels are achieved, net CO2 emissions are reduced. The results suggest that economic viability and environmental conservation can be achieved by minimizing tillage and utilizing appropriate levels of fertilizer.     

碳中和愿景的科技需求与技术路径

碳达峰与碳中和愿景的提出为我国低碳/脱碳发展明确了新方向,也对科技创新和技术发展提出了新要求。世界各国均将科技创新作为碳中和目标实现的重要保障。我国实现碳中和目标,归根结底也需要依靠科技进步。我国碳排放总量大、强度高,实现碳中和目标的时间周期短,现有技术尚存在不足,科技发展需要付出更多努力并提前部署。我国碳中和技术发展需要为保障我国碳排放高质量达峰和实现碳中和目标提供技术可行、经济可承受的科技支撑。各部门需要结合自身特点制定技术发展路径。"十四五"是碳达峰与碳中和目标实现的关键时期,应全面加强相关脱碳、零碳、负排放技术发展的全局性部署,加快开展研发示范。为了更好地推动面向碳中和愿景的科技发展,需要强化顶层设计、完善保障机制与加强国际合作。     

广元实现科学重建的必由之路:发展低碳经济

低碳经济是指在可持续发展理念指导下,通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段,尽可能地减少煤炭、石油等高碳能源消耗,减少温室气体排放,达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。坚持以能源结构低碳化、产业发展低碳化和生态建设为主线,大力推进经济社会低碳恢复、低碳重建、低碳发展,全力打造低碳项目投资"洼地",努力把广元市建设成国家森林城市、国家生态宜居城市和全国低碳发展示范城市。     

云南省经济系统行业碳排放强度分析

全球气候变暖是人类面临的重大环境问题,经济活动所排放的温室气体可能是造成这一气候变化的主要因素.作为我国首批发展低碳经济的试点省份之一,云南省面临着从何处入手实施碳减排和应采取何种路径的难题.基于2007年云南省投入产出表的数据,计算了云南省经济系统及行业的碳排放强度.结果表明,云南省经济系统的CO2排放总量为16.96亿t,单位增加值的CO2e排放强度为4.52t/万元.从行业来看,碳排放强度大的多数为资源型产业.分析了云南省碳排放强度大的原因,提出了云南省经济实现碳减排的主要措施.     

“十二五”以来中国低碳发展进展及政策评估

中国已经比较系统地构建起推动低碳发展、积极应对气候变化的低碳发展目标体系、规划体系和体制机制,及时开展中国低碳发展进展及政策评估,对于反映政策进展与成效、识别问题与挑战、指导下一阶段的低碳发展工作具有重要意义。本文使用层次分析法构建起包含35个评价指标的中国低碳发展指数,对2010—2018年中国的低碳发展进展和政策进行系统的定性定量评价。结果显示:"十二五"以来,中国的低碳产业发展进展显著,但二氧化碳排放控排水平、能源领域的低碳发展仍有较大提升空间;低碳发展政策建设水平显著提升,但低碳发展政策目标的科学性和有效性不足,管理体制、制度建设、配套机制均有待完善。本文建议,围绕国家二氧化碳排放达峰目标,研究制定"十四五"时期低碳发展的政策目标,以碳排放总量管理作为2020年以后我国低碳发展的基础性制度,有序推动低碳发展配套制度建设,完善低碳管理的信息机制和资金机制建设,抓好建筑、交通等重点领域碳排放增量管理工作,加强对已发布的低碳发展相关规划、控温方案、低碳试点示范的效果评估。     

Joint implementation: Biodiversity and greenhouse gas offsets

One of the most pressing environmental issues today is the possibility that projected increases in global emissions of greenhouse gases from increased deforestation, development, and fossil-fuel combustion could significantly alter global climate patterns. Under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in Rio de Janeiro during the June 1992 Earth Summit, the United States and other industrialized countries committed to balancing greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels in the year 2000. Included in the treaty is a provision titled Joint Implementation, whereby industrialized countries assist developing countries in jointly modifying long-term emission trends, either through emission reductions or by protecting and enhancing greenhouse gas sinks (carbon sequestration). The US Climate Action Plan, signed by President Clinton in 1993, calls for voluntary climate change mitigation measures by various sectors, and the action plan included a new program, the US Initiative on Joint Implementation. Wisconsin Electric decided to invest in a Jl project because its concept encourages creative, cost-effective solutions to environmental problems through partnering, international cooperation, and innovation. The project chosen, a forest preservation and management effort in Belize, will sequester more than five million tons of carbon dioxide over a 40-year period, will become economically selfsustaining after ten years, and will have substantial biodiversity benefits.     

Climate targets and comprehensive greenhouse gas emissions trading

In June 1992 a Framework on Climate Change Convention was signed in Rio de Janeiro, calling for the control of greenhouse gases, notably in the industrialized countries. Its formulation allows for joint implementation of measures to reach emission targets for greenhouse gases. Such joint implementation covering all greenhouse gases could form the first step towards a system of comprehensive emissions trading. This paper addresses both advantages and disadvantages of comprehensive emissions trading across different gases, sinks and sources. It concludes that in addition to carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, the inclusion of biotic carbon emissions and selected sources of methane is attractive from both the economic and environmental viewpoint. The uncertainties associated with emissions can be overcome by requiring a thorough review of trade proposals by a broad-based international supervisory body, utilizing a consistent methodology such as that being developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Finally, the paper addresses the central objective of the Climate Convention, which implicity sets a limit to greenhouse gases emissions and thus provides a guideline for the total amount of permits that may be made available in a tradeable permit system.     

Greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation nexus in the Economic Commission of West African States

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non-significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions’ effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions’ negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty.     

碳中和背景下中国钢铁行业低碳发展路径

钢铁行业的低碳转型对于我国实现碳达峰碳中和目标具有至关重要的作用,有必要提前研究"双碳"目标下中国钢铁行业的发展路径及技术路线图。本文回顾了中国钢铁行业发展的历史趋势;归纳了钢铁行业实现低碳发展的主要技术选择;基于文献调研汇总了近年来关于中国钢铁行业低碳发展路径的相关研究,并总结了不同研究对钢铁未来低碳路径中关键参数的判断,包括粗钢产量、废钢资源量、电炉炼钢比例、低碳技术应用、能耗强度、二氧化碳排放等,同时分析了不同研究得出的普遍认识和主要差异。在研究中我们也简要分析了中国钢铁转型路径与全球钢铁转型路径之间的异同。基于上述分析,本文提出了"双碳"目标下中国钢铁行业发展路径的研究需求。