“中亚水塔”的警示

最新一项观测研究显示，位于欧亚大陆腹地的具有“中亚水塔”之称的天山冰川对全球气候变化越来越“敏感”——气温的升降几乎会立即导致冰川状态和融水出现变化，总体趋势仍是冰川消融量随着气候变暖逐渐加大。     

国际

全球十大正在消融冰山据国外媒体报道，随着全球气候变暖加速，世界上的冰川正在稳固消退，对于其中一些冰川来说，这种消退最终让它们走上一条不归路。最易受气候变暖影响的山脉和高地冰川位于热带地区，它们的消融将对当地环境产生破坏性影响。     

冰川消融 后果堪忧

无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司提醒您：2007年6月5日,是第36个世界环境日,其世界主题是“冰川消融,后果堪忧”，人类需共同应对气候变化。     

玉龙雪山冰川公园的旅游资源特色及其保护

本文总结了云南省玉龙雪山以现代冰川和古冰川遗迹为主的旅游资源特色,探讨了现代冰川和古冰川遗迹的旅游观赏价值,并结合全球气候变化的趋势,提出了保护冰雪旅游资源和建立国家冰川公园的建议     

资讯

聚焦:冰川消融,后果堪忧针对气候变暖危害人类和地球的严重状况,联合国环境规划署确定今年世界环境日的主题为“冰川消融,后果堪忧”,旨在促使各国坚定采取行动防止气候变暖的     

污染减排是环境友好的支点

又到一年一度的“世界环境日”。联合国环境规划署发布的2007年“世界环境日”主题是“冰川消融,后果堪忧”;与全球气候变暖、以致冰川消融所带来的危机相比,当今中国的“污染减排”问题,似乎更为迫切,迫切得如同火烧眉毛,所以今年“世界环境日”中国区的主题确定为“污染减排与环境友好型社会”。     

长江源头生态环境现状

冰川退缩：由于全球气候变暖，长江源头地区乃至整个青藏高原的气温升高，长江源头冰川每年以20米的速度退缩。     

太白山古冰川遗迹资源与旅游可持续开发

太白山是我国东部古冰川地貌保存较好的山地.该冰川遗迹面积较大、规模壮观、形态保存完整,主要分布在垂直带谱显著的山地顶部,景观十分奇特.在分析冰川遗迹形成的地质基础上,探讨了冰川地貌的主要分布类型,评价了冰川地质遗迹的资源特点,提出了旅游可持续开发的一些建议.     

浅谈大陆型冰川微生物多样性

冰川作为占据地球陆地总面积10%的生态环境,因其长期的低温、强辐射和寡营养,对生存于其中的生物具有极大的挑战,是极端环境的一个重要代表。以大陆型冰川区为主,分析雪样中细菌的多样性,总结了冰川微生物的种类特征、来源及其易受到的环境影响因素。     

冰川消失:全球变暖的西藏水忧

西藏高原是我国冰川最为富集、水资源最为丰沛的地区,在全球变暖的作用下,西藏的冰川呈现全面、快速退化趋势,对我国及周边国家、地区的水资源和水安全都产生了深刻影响,同时极可能导致一系列经济社会和国际关系问题。只有协全人类与国际社会之合力,共同有效应对全球变暖难题,才能从根本上解决西藏水危机。     

The Mass and Energy Exchange of a Tibetan Glacier: Distributed Modeling and Climate Sensitivity

Most glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are not closely monitored for mass balance (MB) due to their inaccessibility, which makes it difficult to better understand the dynamics of glacial advancement or retreat. Surface energy budget, MB, and the resulting melt runoff were calculated for Zhadang glacier (5,710 m above sea level) of the central TP. Energy balance was calculated on 30‐m square grids for the summers of 2007 and 2008. On average, net radiation dominated the total energy source (66%) while the residual was supplied by sensible heat flux. More than 67% of the energy sink was available for melting on the glacier. Thus, less than 33% of the total energy was consumed by latent heat flux. A large and a slightly negative summer MB were calculated for the 2007 and 2008 summers, respectively. The high sensitivity of the glacier to air temperature may indicate that the lower than average seasonal temperature was more important than the increased precipitation for the slightly negative MB in the summer of 2008. Comparisons of glacial melt runoff indicated that rainfall and snowmelt were the dominant contribution to total runoff in the glacierized basin and the ice melting is also very important. Glacial melt calculation provides a basis for quantifying glacial melt‐runoff contribution to the river streamflow in the TP.     

Altitudinal Distribution of Meltwater and Its Effects on Glacio‐Hydrology in Glacierized Catchments,Central Asia

In glacierized catchments, elevation is correlated with meltwater through its association with temperature, precipitation, and glacier hypsometry. The revelation of the altitudinal distribution of meltwater, unattended and not fully understood in previous work, might provide a better understanding of climate change impacts on glacio‐hydrology. Here, critical zone approach was defined and applied in 12 glacierized catchments of the Tien Shan–Pamir–Karakorum Mountains, Central Asia using manually calibrated glacier‐enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool model over 1966–2005. The critical zone, a sequence of elevation bands with above‐average snow and glacier melt, contributes maximum meltwater to total runoff. The critical zone shared 37%–95% (average = 80%) of meltwater contributions to total runoff, although its size was only 13%–30% of the total elevational relief. The critical zone controlled 76% and 82% variability in relative changes of glacier area and total runoff at the catchment scale, respectively. The increase in temperature was identified as the dominant driver for variations in total runoff in all catchments except Vakhsh and Yurungkash, where precipitation change remained dominant. Overall, glacier hypsometry limited the first‐order control of meltwater distributions on glacio‐hydrology. It is concluded that critical zone approach can interpret the proxy role of elevation to affect water availability under climate and glacier area change in glacierized catchments.     

Glacier Variability (1967‐2006) in the Teton Range,Wyoming, United States1

Edmunds, Jake, Glenn Tootle, Greg Kerr, Ramesh Sivanpillai, and Larry Pochop, 2011. Glacier Variability (1967‐2006) in the Teton Range, Wyoming, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 187‐196. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00607.x Abstract: Glacier area and volume changes were quantified through the use of historical aerial photographs in Wyoming’s Teton Range. Glacier area changes in the Teton Range were estimated for three glaciers using unrectified aerial photography from 1967 to 2006. The total surface area of the three glaciers was 0.53 km² in 1967 and 0.40 km² in 2006, a decrease of 25% during the 39‐year period. The smallest glacier, Teepe, experienced the greatest area loss (60 ± 3%), whereas the largest glacier, Teton Glacier, lost 17 ± 3% of the 1967 area. For the current research, aerial photography from 1967 to 2002 was used to estimate glacier volume loss using stereoscopy techniques. The aerial photographs provide a finer resolution when compared with other datasets including satellite imagery (e.g., Landsat). Volume loss for the three glaciers was estimated to be 3.20 ± 0.46 million cubic meters over the period of 1967 to 2002. In assessing the primary climatic driver of the glacier ice loss, observed summer (June, July, and August) temperature data showed a statistically significant increase in temperatures when comparing the period of study (1968 to 2006) with historical temperatures from 1911 to 1967. When comparing spring (April 1st Snow Water Equivalent) snowpack for the period of study with historical records beginning in 1931, a significant difference in snowpack was not observed.     

Quantitative Response of Vegetation in Glacial Moraine of Central Himalaya

The snowline in Himalaya is rising ceaselessly due to regional and global climatic change. Upward rising of snowline leads to the formation of moraines. Due to extreme environmental conditions the existing vegetation of the moraine is scanty, rigorous and possesses different ecological adaptation. Ablation zone of the glacier is covered by a thick pile of supra glacial moraines and is characterized by several serrac ice sections, melting into pools of supra glacial lakes because of subsidence and fast degenerating nature of the glacier. Anaphalis triplinervis was observed to have highest importance value in ablation moraine zone. Here the species richness increased remarkably partially due to the invasion of plant species from lower alpine belt. The fresh lateral moraine displays distressed soil features with mosaic type of vegetation. Gaultheria trichophylla is a dominant plant species here and is associated with other stunted and cold resisting species. The old lateral moraine is dominated by Potentilla atrosanguinea with co-dominant species Iris kemaonensis and Danthonia cachemyriana.     

1961—2008年新疆阿克苏地区降水、温度变化特征

利用阿克苏地区5个气象站1961—2008年的降水和温度资料,对近50 a来该地区气候变化及其趋势进行了分析。各气象站年降水量变化趋势基本一致,总体上都呈增加趋势。除库车县气象站年平均温度呈降低趋势外,其余呈上升趋势。总体上,阿克苏地区年降水量和年平均温度均呈上升趋势。     

新疆精河县近56年来气候变化特征分析

利用精河县1953-2008年的气温和降水资料，通过回归分析、趋势分析和5年滑动平均法分析得出56年来该县的气温和降水总体呈上升趋势，气候呈暖湿化趋势，其中冬季增温明显，秋季降水增加较多。     

西安市近20年来气温变化与人口变动的关联度分析

当前,气候变化备受全球关注.从人口角度研究气候变化可正确判断和把握影响气候的人口因素,对制定减缓气候变化的政策和措施具有重要意义.通过分析西安市近60年来的年平均气温资料可知,西安市气温与全球气候变化一样,有变暖的趋势,且增温幅度高于全国平均值.通过二次项拟合分析西安市气温变化与人口变化关系,得出总人口数量与气温之间不存在明显的线性关系.利用西安市1991-2010年的年平均气温、就业人数、第二产业人数、家庭户数以及反映人口消费结构的恩格尔系数的时间序列数据,运用灰色关联分析法进行分析.结果发现,第二产业人数与气温的关联度最高,为0.8163；总家庭户数与气温的关联度次之,为0.7289.灰色关联是根据序列曲线几何形状的相似程度来判断其联系是否紧密,人口结构与气候变化之间是否存在机理关系还需要进一步研究.     

秦皇岛地区气候干旱与人工增雨的探索

气候分析表明:随着气候变化及环境城市化,秦皇岛市区域年平均气温指数呈上升趋势,特别是近10年出现了连续偏高的异常变化;年降水指数呈明显减小趋势,出现了连年干旱,高温少雨不仅使生态环境不断恶化,而且使农田干旱、水库蓄水严重不足,因此人工增雨变得更加迫切。目前,秦皇岛市人工增雨工作已进入常态化、业务化轨道。总结1999—2008年火箭人工增雨经验,人工增雨操作的技术关键:一是分析局地降水气候规律;二是利用碘化银进行人工增雨需要适当的温度条件,即所谓进行冷云催化。在增雨时应充分考虑这一物理机制,选择好合适的发射高度,把催化剂送到可催化的温度环境中,以保证作业成功率。     

Prediction of Streamflow Regime and Annual Runoff for Ungauged Basins Using a Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model1

Moore, R.D. (Dan), J.W. Trubilowicz, and J.M. Buttle, 2011. Prediction of Streamflow Regime and Annual Runoff for Ungauged Basins Using a Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 32‐42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00595.x Abstract: Prediction of streamflow in ungauged basins is a global challenge, but is particularly an issue in physiographically complex regions like British Columbia (BC), Canada. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a simple water balance model that can be run using existing spatial datasets. The model was developed by modifying an existing monthly water balance model to account for interception loss from forest canopy, glacier melt, and evaporation from lakes. The model was run using monthly climate normals from the ClimateBC application, which have a horizontal resolution of 400 m. Each ClimateBC grid cell was classified as forest, open land, glacier or water surface based on provincial scale digital maps of biogeoclimatic zones, glaciers, and water. The output was monthly mean runoff from each grid cell. These values were integrated within the catchment boundaries for streams gauged by the Water Survey of Canada. Annual runoff was predicted with modest accuracy: after updating the predicted runoff by interpolating errors from neighboring gauged streams, the mean absolute error was 25.4% of the gauged value, and 52% of the streams had errors less than 20%. However, the model appears to be quite robust in distinguishing between pluvial, hybrid, and melt‐dominated hydroclimatic regimes, and therefore has promise as a tool for catchment classification.