上海南汇地区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理模式探讨

概述了上海南汇地区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理的现状,从处理设施运行情况、管理水平和运行成本等方面分析当前农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理模式的利弊和条件;进一步阐述上海农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理应当因地制宜、综合考虑;最后从农村环境管理层面以及处理技术角度,提出了健全上海郊区农村生活污水就地处理设施运行管理体系的总体思路。     

城市污水处理厂中的能耗及能源综合利用

从城市污水处理厂工艺处理流程的角度探讨了城市污水处理厂的能耗,指出污水处理厂运行的主要耗能设备,并在此基础上对污水处理厂的节能从设计、运行进行了阐述,提出了节能措施;对污泥所含能量的回收与综合利用做了初步探讨,该研究对城市污水处理厂的设计、运行具有重要的指导意义和工程应用价值,具有较高的经济效益和环境效益。     

NPR工艺在城镇污水处理中的应用

介绍了将NPR工艺应用于某城镇污水处理厂的工程概况,工艺流程,各主要处理构筑物的设计参数以及运行情况,运行实践表明,该工艺对污染物浓度较低的城镇污水有很好的处理效果,各项指标均可达到现行的排放标准。     

克拉玛依石化公司污水深度处理回用工程

克拉玛依石化公司将污水经深度处理后再回用于循环水补水,由国内几家污水深度处理技术比较成熟的设计单位进行了中试工作,采用了以混凝气浮、臭氧生物活性碳及钠滤除盐为核心的工艺路线。一年多的运行监测数据表明,克拉玛依石化公司污水经深度处理后,回用循环水系统的腐蚀率小于0.100mm/a,达到中国石油总公司《工业水管理》规定的控制指标。各流程单元设计针对性强,技术成熟,处理效果稳定可靠,符合炼油废水的水质特点。该工艺技术先进、运行可靠,具有工业化推广价值。     

建设部要求污水处理厂：处理负荷不得低于设计能力的60％

2004年8月10日建设部向各地下发了《建设部关于加强城镇污水处理厂运行监督的意见》,要求加快配套污水管网的建设,充分发挥污水处理设施的效益,保证城镇污水处理厂投入运行后的实际处理负荷,在一年内不低于设计能力的60%,三年内不低于75%。该《意见》共10条,针对目前城镇污水处理出现的普遍性问题,在加强认识、明确职责、加强监管、推行特许经营制度、严格城市排水许可制度、加快配套污水管网建设等方面提出了明确要求建设部要求污水处理厂 处理负荷不得低于设计能力的60%@本刊编辑部     

自动化低能耗综合治理农畜面源水污染技术研究

针对农畜面源污水水质复杂且难降解等特点,将生物接触氧化法、超声波技术和人工湿地技术3种处理方法有效结合,通过技术创新实现对农畜面源污水的有效处理.通过智能化设计实现系统运行的自动化操作和无人值守功能,再通过PLC技术与变频技术的结合,减少了系统能耗和运行成本,使农畜面源水污染治理的投资成本大大降低,提高了产品应用的积极性和普及率.     

AB生物法处理污水的工艺特性、运行机理与应用效果

本文概述了AB生物法处理污水的工艺特性、运行机理、设计参数和应用效果。AB法以投资省,能耗低,效率高,处理效果好明显优于普通生物法受到人们的重视,在国外已广泛用于处理低浓度的城市污水。笔者认为,有必要深入开展AB法对中、高浓度废水处理且适合我国国情的设计参数和运行参数的研究,使这一新工艺在我国从实验室研究尽快应用于生产。     

厌氧消化在城市生活污水处理中的应用及技术经济指标研究

本文就生活污水的厌氧处理常见装置的原理、性能进行了简要介绍，并通过省内现正在运行的几种化粪池的处理效果和国外粪便污水处理装置试验结果比较，来论证化粪池设计的主要参数确定原则，在保证污水有效处理的前提下，控制“无效”地容，以降低成本。     

高负荷地下渗滤污水处理复合技术

我国的分散点源生活污水排放量高达5000万t/d,主要来自小城镇、农村等分散的人群聚居地,处理率很低,已成为改善居住环境和水资源保护的关键。常用于城镇污水处理厂的生物处理技术及其衍生技术用于污水分散处理难以正常运行。高负荷地下渗滤污水处理复合技术占地面积较小、运行成本低、处理效果好、运行稳定、维护管理简便、无二次污染,且不受气候条件影响,技术成熟,是一项适合我国国情的污水分散处理和回用技术。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术

本文陈述了我国农村生活污水的特点和污水土地处理技术的研究及应用现状,认为污水土屯处理技术处理农村生活污水是可行的,对BOD,COD,氨氮,总氮和总磷有着较高的去除率,并且投资省、运行费用低、管理简单、维护方便、出水可回用,有净化污水、美化绿化环境和节约水资源的综合效果。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.