新场气田须家河组地层水回注可行性研究

新场气田开发过程中的地层水产出问题日益凸显,处理后达到外排标准的成本高。文章从气藏地质特征、采出水水质分析、与地层水的配伍性分析、回注层储集能力等方面研究了新场气田须五段产出地层水回注的可行性,并在室内开展了回注水对储层岩心的伤害试验。结果表明:须五段巨厚的泥页岩砂岩互层及层内水平缝发育特征,有着较大的储水能力;采出水成分复杂,但经预处理后与地层水的配伍性好;对岩心的伤害小,回注后储层渗透率仅下降1.23%;储层中的砂岩层具有中等偏强水敏、弱碱敏特征,泥页岩层具有中等偏弱水敏、弱碱敏特征。     

气田产出水回注问题探讨

气田开采进入中、后期,随着气藏压力下降,地层水逐渐浸入气藏,流向气井,随天然气一道流到地面,即气田产出水。气田产出水中含大量氯离子,矿化度高,还含有油、S~(2-)等其他污染物,这些污染物随着气田产出水外排对环境将构成危害。产出水量大,又无外排条件时,一般应回注。为保证回注顺利进行,本文探讨了回注层位的选择,气田回注水的预处理,回注工艺的选择,注水效果监测以及气田注水中所存在的问题。最后,作者为提高气田注水技术,保护安全作业,提出了建议。     

边底水气藏污水回注井层优选技术应用

针对边底水气藏开发中后期产水量上升、污水排海量超标的问题,文章以某边底水气田为靶区,开展了边底水气藏污水回注井层优选的研究,初步建立了区域井层优选技术,综合地震属性、反演预测、测井解释和生产动态等,优选出4套回注层位及4口回注井。研究成果已应用于靶区首次污水回注试验,单井日注水规模达100～250 m~3,回注总量超过1.1×10~4 m~3,有效防止了污水排海从而造成环境污染的问题。     

气田水回注风险防控对策研究

气田开采的同时将产生大量的气田水,气田水具有成分复杂、矿化度高、氯化物含量高的特点,不能直接排放。目前很多气田采用回注的方式处理气田水,存在注入水外泄,污染地下水、地表水和土壤的潜在风险。根据川西北气矿气田水的水质特点,结合气田水处理现状,对气田水回注过程的环境风险及风险防控措施进行分析。以龙7井的跟踪监测为例,阐明气田水回注监控的预警功效,降低了回注过程中的环境风险。     

鄂尔多斯盆地地层水的配伍性研究

水平井体积压裂技术是致密油气藏高效开发的关键技术。为了合理地处理鄂尔多斯盆地长7采出水及避免油井水淹,通过对水质离子含量分析、失硫酸根率、结垢量和垢型的分析,研究了陕北油田长7和延10地层产出水的混合结垢性质,探索了上述混合水样回注延10地层的可行性,得出了可回注地层的长7与延10地层产出水最佳混合比例。结果表明:长7与延10地层水以8:2比例混合时,失硫酸根率与结垢量达到最高;混合水与延10地层水以9:1的比例混合时,失硫酸根率与结垢量为最低;经过絮凝处理的混合水悬浮物含量、含油量分别降至为1.0,2.50 mg/L,达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》的要求。     

塔中四油田注水管线结垢腐蚀影响因素分析

文章对塔中四油田注水管线结垢腐蚀影响因素进行分析,结果表明:影响结垢的主要因素为回注水中高浓度的钙离子、碳酸氢根离子形成的碳酸钙垢;影响腐蚀的主要因素为回注水质呈弱酸性,氯离子和硫化物含量高,氯离子和硫化氢的协同作用加剧了管道的腐蚀。另外,注水管线中井口流速慢,压力降低,注入水质不配伍等因素都会导致结垢腐蚀。因此,应主要选择针对碳酸钙类型的阻垢剂和防氯腐蚀缓蚀剂以减缓塔中四油田管道结垢腐蚀。     

鄯善油田含油污水处理及回注技术

含油污水必须经过处理达到油田注水水质控制指标才能回注，为尽快将油田污水处理合格后回注地层，吐哈油田先后采用重力式污水处理流程，以及现在的诱导浮选——全自动双德料过滤等方法进行了现场含油污水处理技术的实践，处理后水质达到低渗透油田回注标准，并实施了回注。概述了都善油田污水处理系统试运行及技术改造的实践过程及效果。     

川西北气矿中坝须二气田水处理方法

介绍了川西北气矿中坝气田须二气藏水质情况,论述了气田水四种处理方法的特点和适用性。为了维持生产和减少环境污染,在该气藏中引入了预处理装置,对气田水进行处理后再进行异层回注。介绍了该工艺的流程,处理后气田水中SS和石油类含量分别为15mg/L和5.3mg/L,达到了设计要求。对处理成本及四种地层水处理方案的经济效益进行了对比,分析了该技术的经济可行性,并根据其应用情况提出了建议,供生产决策部门参考。     

长庆油田水处理新技术研究

长庆油房庄油田水经过处理后仍具有较高的矿化度、较多的悬浮物及残留油,同时其SRB严重超标。现场处理水质不稳定,在进行回注时与地层的配伍性较差。针对这些情况,研究了一种新型的水处理工艺技术。对成垢离子调整剂、水质净化剂和成垢离子钝化剂进行了筛选,并对含油污水的成垢离子含量及比例进行了调整。运用这种技术,使油房庄油田水经处理后达到回注水的标准,且提高了与地层的配伍性。同时提出了新型水处理技术的工艺流程。     

气田采出水回注环境风险控制措施探讨

气田采出水的水量小、含盐量高,回注通常是更适合的环境处置方案。回注的主要环境风险是井筒内腐蚀造成泄漏后的土壤、地下水污染。文章在分析气田采出水水量、水质和污染特征的基础上,综述了回注处置井的目标构造选择方法,提出地下水污染最关键控制参数是注水静水压力低于"可利用地下水"的低水位(高度)以保证下方注入水不会上侵,回注处置目的层必须位于可能的饮用水源之下并有可靠的隔离层;提出井筒必须具有连续完整性,以保持注水构造与可能饮用水源的隔离;同时提出相应的检测/运行管理需求和控制措施,即可采用模型预测、检测、试验等方法分析采出水的腐蚀、结垢特性,通过投加适当的缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀菌剂等措施控制井筒腐蚀/结垢,为气田采出水回注环境风险控制提供参考。     

气田水回注的水质问题及回注井选择

气田水回注是解决气田水对环境污染的有效途径。由于气田水矿化度高，硫化物及悬浮物含量也高，如果不经处理就回注，将直接影响回注效果。文中探讨了气田水水质与回注量的关系，并且介绍了回注井的选择原则。     

川西地区气田废水处理技术及应用

简要介绍了川西地区气田废水的水质特征,阐述了物理及化学处理、生物处理、气田废水回注在川西地区的应用,其中齐福废水处理站经过物理及化学处理之后、袁家废水处理站经过生物处理后,基本达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996),并对川西气田废水处理技术的发展做了展望。     

Water quality requirements for sustaining aquifer storage and recovery operations in a low permeability fractured rock aquifer

A changing climate and increasing urbanisation has driven interest in the use of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) schemes as an environmental management tool to supplement conventional water resources. This study focuses on ASR with stormwater in a low permeability fractured rock aquifer and the selection of water treatment methods to prevent well clogging. In this study two different injection and recovery phases were trialed. In the first phase ~1380 m(3) of potable water was injected and recovered over four cycles. In the second phase ~3300 m(3) of treated stormwater was injected and ~2410 m(3) were subsequently recovered over three cycles. Due to the success of the potable water injection cycles, its water quality was used to set pre-treatment targets for harvested urban stormwater of ≤ 0.6 NTU turbidity, ≤ 1.7 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and ≤ 0.2 mg/L biodegradable dissolved organic carbon. A range of potential ASR pre-treatment options were subsequently evaluated resulting in the adoption of an ultrafiltration/granular activated carbon system to remove suspended solids and nutrients which cause physical and biological clogging. ASR cycle testing with potable water and treated stormwater demonstrated that urban stormwater containing variable turbidity (mean 5.5 NTU) and organic carbon (mean 8.3 mg/L) concentrations before treatment could be injected into a low transmissivity fractured rock aquifer and recovered for irrigation supplies. A small decline in permeability of the formation in the vicinity of the injection well was apparent even with high quality water that met turbidity and DOC but could not consistently achieve the BDOC criteria.     

水驱气藏污水回注能力评价与指标预测

为避免水驱气藏产出污水排海而引起海洋污染问题,开展了水驱气藏回注能力评价技术研究:以物质平衡为基础,确定不同气水界面和饱和度分布下的可注入总量;建立井筒管流模型,确定不同注入量下的摩擦阻力、井底流压,预测注入泵压的变化趋势;提出了回注指标优化图版,可快速优化回注井的瞬时注入量。研究成果已初步应用于靶区首次污水回注试验,单井日注水规模达100~250 m³,回注总量为1.06×10⁴ m³,有效避免了地区的环境污染问题。     

含油污泥回注技术开辟环保新思路

含油污泥的处理或再生利用,已成为国内外各油田亟待解决的难题。利用含油污泥产于地层、与油层有良好配伍性的有利因素,对其进行化学处理,使之成为含油污泥调剖剂进行回注,用于高渗透注水井调剖。室内试验表明,含油污泥调剖剂能够进入油层深部,起到较好深部调剖的作用。     

Time-lapse carbon dioxide monitoring with pulsed neutron logging

Elevated levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere have been linked to the rise in land and sea temperature [Climate Change, 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 944]. To demonstrate geological carbon sequestration as a mitigation technique, a carbon dioxide injection experiment was conducted in East Texas. The target – Frio formation – is a highly porous, permeable and unconsolidated sandstone. The specific interval is the Frio C sand, which originally was saturated with saline formation water. At the injection location, the Frio C sand dips 18° to the south. To monitor the injected CO₂ spreading in the formation, an old well from 1956 drilled into the deeper Yegua formation was selected as the observation well. The injection well was drilled at a distance of 100 ft downdip from the monitoring well. Several borehole measurement methods were available to monitor the CO₂ injection, but the most suitable technology was thought to be the pulsed neutron logging. This logging is used widely in cased hole, and the measured macroscopic thermal absorption cross-section (Σ) is sensitive to CO₂ saturation in high porosity saline water environments. Several log examples are given demonstrating successful the monitoring of the CO₂ plume moving through the two boreholes and the resulting saturation changes.     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

挥发性油藏回注气井控因素分析及措施

文章明确了挥发性油藏天然气回注井控的安全环保关键因素;量化了低渗挥发性油藏天然气回注注入能力,确定注入端各节点安全生产压力分布,攻关相关配套工艺设备,实现安全有效注入;开展室内实验和PVT相态拟合,分析注天然气后天然气和原油性质变化规律,创新非混相驱组分数值模拟参数优化方法,开展带人工压裂裂缝的组分数值模拟,精准确定压力场分布,降低计量及监测不准带来的安全隐患;明确注气井气窜影响因素,优化注采参数,抑制油井气窜,降低生产风险,实现井控安全情况下的天然气驱环保高效开发。