共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
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不同菌剂处理下猪粪和牛粪堆肥前期性质变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以猪粪和牛粪为堆肥原料,设计了人工接种MixF-3菌剂堆肥、添加灭活菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理进行堆肥前期实验,探讨堆肥9d过程中温度、水分、有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳等参数的变化。结果表明,按1L/t接种MixF-3混合菌剂堆肥温度升温快,猪粪堆肥第48h和第84h时温度分别达到66℃和71.5℃,牛粪堆肥第48h时温度达69℃,明显高于灭活菌剂处理组和CK对照组。随着堆肥的进行,各处理组水分含量缓慢下降,牛粪比猪粪含水量略高。人工接种菌剂的猪粪和牛粪堆肥处理组中pH变化幅度小,有机碳碳含量的下降幅度比灭活组和自然堆肥组大,分别下降15.64%和11.25%,全氮含量缓慢升高但变化不大,人工接种牛粪比猪粪处理组中堆肥全氮含量升幅高;在猪粪和牛粪堆肥中人工接种菌剂微生物量碳降幅最小,分别为9537μg/g和3212μg/g,表明在猪粪和牛粪堆肥原料中添加MixF-3复合菌剂有利于微生物繁殖生长,同时拓宽了菌剂使用的单一性,更具有普遍性意义。 相似文献
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猪粪与不同作物秸秆好氧堆肥特性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文通过猪粪与玉米秸秆屑和稻草秸秆屑分别进行好氧堆肥处理的试验,对好氧堆肥过程的pH、水分、腐殖酸及养分含量的变化情况进行系统研究分析,为不同农作物秸秆和猪粪在实际应用中提供理论和技术支持。 相似文献
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以芦苇为研究对象,运用SPSS进行回归分析和显著性检验,探讨芦苇根系及环境因子对沉积物Pb的影响。结果表明:芦苇根系对沉积物Pb富集效应明显,4月—10月富集效应强,根系Pb含量较高,而11月—次年2月富集效应弱,根系Pb含量较低;沉积物中Pb含量呈现枯水期丰水期平水期的变化趋势;DO与芦苇根系Pb含量呈显著正相关,而土温与沉积物Pb含量呈显著负相关;芦苇根系Pb含量与沉积物Pb含量的相关性较强,显著性系数为0.043 3。 相似文献
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利用养殖废弃物进行沼气发酵可回收能源,同时沼液可用作肥料。但是,沼液中含有一定量的金属元素,如超过一定限值会限制后续的利用。本文分析了文献报道的46个猪粪沼液、8个牛粪沼液、9个鸡粪沼液中的金属浓度数据,将其与相关标准进行比较,为沼液进行农田利用的过程中降低了金属污染风险。分析发现,猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪发酵沼液均符合《水溶肥料汞、砷、镉、铅、铬的限量要求》和《农用沼液》Ⅲ类金属含量标准。猪粪沼液相比《农用沼液》I类标准,有31. 3%的样品As浓度超标,8. 3%的样品Cd浓度超标,3. 7%的样品Cr浓度超标,2. 6%的样品Pb浓度超标。牛粪和鸡粪沼液较为安全。相对于《农用沼液》I类和Ⅱ类标准,牛粪沼液的Cd浓度存在少量超标;鸡粪沼液存在Cr、Cd浓度超标。Pb、Hg在所调查的各类沼液样品中超标的数量极少。猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪发酵沼液均可直接用于非食用类作物的肥料,在用于草本和木本食用类作物肥料时要进行监测分析,以避免金属超标。 相似文献
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畜禽粪便中磷流失越来越引起人们的重视,加强对畜禽粪便易溶磷的研究有重要意义。本文以淮河流域内牛粪、猪粪、羊粪、鸡粪和鸭粪为研究对象,对粪便中易溶性磷的形态特征进行研究。结果表明,流域内5种粪便易溶性无机磷(Pi)和总磷(Pt)含量变化范围分别是0.46~34.43 g.kg-1和0.52~36.19 g.kg-1,易溶性无机磷占其总磷的57%~99%,鸭粪易溶性无机磷和总磷含量均显著高于其他4种粪便。牛粪无机磷含量平均为4.35 g.kg-1,猪粪无机磷平均为8.1 g.kg-1,羊粪无机磷平均为1.7 g.kg-1,鸡粪无机磷平均为6.3 g.kg-1,鸭粪无机磷平均为12.02 g.kg-1。流域内畜禽粪便易溶性无机磷含量与全磷(TP)含量、易溶性总磷含量与全磷含量均呈显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
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为筛选出适宜东北寒冷区快速腐解秸秆的腐熟剂,通过网袋腐解试验明确施入3种秸秆腐熟剂对玉米秸秆生物量及养分释放的影响。结果显示:经过100 d的腐解,玉米秸秆生物量失重率随着时间的延长逐渐增加,玉米秸秆失重率为57.1%-64.1%,其中以施用3号秸秆腐熟剂的玉米秸秆生物量失重率最高,为64.1%。施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.1%-57.2%、44.2%-59.6%、77.4%-89.7%,其中以3号腐熟剂的秸秆磷、钾素释放率最高。各处理有机碳矿化率呈相同的趋势,均随时间的延长逐渐增加,取样末期有机碳矿化率在65.3%-69.1%之间,且各处理间差异不明显。综上,以3号秸秆腐熟剂腐解秸秆的效果最好。 相似文献
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Effect of poultry diet on phosphorus in runoff from soils amended with poultry manure and compost 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vadas PA Meisinger JJ Sikora LJ McMurtry JP Sefton AE 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(5):1845-1854
Phosphorus in runoff from fields where poultry litter is surface-applied is an environmental concern. We investigated the effect of adding phytase and reducing supplemental P in poultry diets and composting poultry manures, with and without Fe and Al amendments, on P in manures, composts, and runoff. We used four diets: normal (no phytase) with 0.4% supplemental P, normal + phytase, phytase + 0.3% P, and phytase + 0.2% P. Adding phytase and decreasing supplemental P in diets reduced total P but increased water-extractable P in manure. Compared with manures, composting reduced both total P, due to dilution of manure with woodchips and straw, and water-extractable P, but beyond a dilution effect so that the ratio of water-extractable P to total P was less in compost than manure. Adding Fe and Al during composting did not consistently change total P or water-extractable P. Manures and composts were surface-applied to soil boxes at a rate of 50 kg total P ha(-1) and subjected to simulated rainfall, with runoff collected for 30 min. For manures, phytase and decreased P in diets had no significant effect on total P or molybdate-reactive P loads (kg ha(-1)) in runoff. Composting reduced total P and molybdate-reactive P loads in runoff, and adding Fe and Al to compost reduced total P but not molybdate-reactive P loads in runoff. Molybdate-reactive P in runoff (mg box(-1)) was well correlated to water-extractable P applied to boxes (mg box(-1)) in manures and composts. Therefore, the final environmental impact of dietary phytase will depend on the management of poultry diets, manure, and farm-scale P balances. 相似文献
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Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market: the need for standards and quality assurance 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Lasaridi K Protopapa I Kotsou M Pilidis G Manios T Kyriacou A 《Journal of environmental management》2006,80(1):58-65
An extensive data survey and study of the Greek market for composts or products marketed as such was carried out in order to acquire a comprehensive image of the local situation, in view of the proposed operation of large municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facilities and EU legislation changes. Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, organic matter, electrical conductivity, pH and heavy metals), stability indicators (self-heating potential, germination index) and biological indicators (microbial population, pathogen indicators and selected pathogens) were analyzed for the assessment of product quality. Results revealed wide variations even within the same group of products, which is particularly significant for parameters directly related to environmental protection and public health. The heavy metal content ranged from levels exceeding the fairly lenient Greek standards to below the stringent limits for A+ class compost in Austria. About 25% of the composts examined met the heavy metal limits for the EU eco-label award. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the composts but Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens were found in 17 and 96% of the composts respectively. Pathogen indicator microorganisms were present at levels above suggested limits in all the composts. The high variability of such important parameters in composts available on the Greek market suggests an urgent need for establishing quality assurance procedures and mechanisms in the country. Moreover, the wide range of limit values within EU member states suggests the need for developing EU compost quality standards, in order to harmonize the compost markets. 相似文献
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A composting process was conducted under optimal conditions for 150 d, obtaining three biomasses at different levels of maturity: raw material (RM), fresh compost obtained after 11 d of composting (FC), and evolved compost (EC) obtained after 150 d of composting. During the composting process, HAs were extracted and fully characterized by mass balance, DRIFT, and 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each compost sample was incubated for 180 d in an artificial soil, after which HA extraction was repeated and characterized. To compare composts containing different amounts of labile organic matter (OM), an equal amount of unhydrolyzable OM was added to the soils. Our results indicated that compost HAs consist of a biologically and chemically stable fraction (i.e., the unhydrolyzable HA [U-HA]) and a labile fraction, whose relative contents depended on the composting duration. Humic acid from more EC contained a higher amount of recalcitrant fraction (aromatic carbon) and a lesser amount of labile fraction (aliphatic carbon) than HA from RM and FC. These results suggest that the humification process during composting preserves the more recalcitrant fraction of the compost-alkali soluble/acid insoluble fraction (HA-fraction). Incubation of composts in soil showed that due to the higher labile fraction content, HAs from raw material were more degraded than those from EC. The abundance of labile carbon of soil amended with less-evolved compost (RM and FC) allowed the more recalcitrant fractions of U-HA to be more preserved than in EC. These results suggest that less-evolved compost could contribute more than well evolved compost to the stable soil OM. 相似文献
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Zvomuya F Larney FJ Nichol CK Olson AF Miller JJ Demaere PR 《Journal of environmental quality》2005,34(6):2318-2327
Nitrogen (N) loss during beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure composting may contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and increase ammonia (NH(3)) in the atmosphere while decreasing the fertilizer value of the final compost. Phosphogypsum (PG) is an acidic by-product of phosphorus (P) fertilizer manufacture and large stockpiles currently exist in Alberta. This experiment examined co-composting of PG (at rates of 0, 40, 70, and 140 kg PG Mg(-1) manure plus PG dry weight) with manure from feedlot pens bedded with straw or wood chips. During the 99-d composting period, PG addition reduced total nitrogen (TN) loss by 0.11% for each 1 kg Mg(-1) increment in PG rate. Available N at the end of composting was significantly higher for wood chip-bedded (2180 mg kg(-1)) than straw-bedded manure treatments (1820 mg kg(-1)). Total sulfur (TS) concentration in the final compost increased by 0.19 g kg(-1) for each 1 kg Mg(-1) increment in PG rate from 5.2 g TS kg(-1) without PG addition. Phosphogypsum (1.6 g kg(-1) P) addition had no significant effect on total phosphorus (TP) concentration of the final composts. Results from this study demonstrate the potential of PG addition to reduce overall N losses during composting. The accompanying increase in TS content has implications for use of the end-product on sulfur-deficient soils. Co-composting feedlot manure with PG may provide an inexpensive and technologically straightforward solution for managing and improving the nutrient composition of composted cattle manure. 相似文献
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Peter A. Vadas William E. Jokela Dory H. Franklin Dinku M. Endale 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2011,47(4):877-886
Vadas, Peter A., William E. Jokela, Dory H. Franklin, and Dinku M. Endale, 2011. The Effect of Rain and Runoff When Assessing Timing of Manure Application and Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):877‐886. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00561.x Abstract: A significant pathway of nonpoint source, agricultural phosphorus (P) transport is surface runoff, to which surface‐applied manure can contribute. Increasing the time between manure application and the first rain‐runoff event is proposed as a practice to reduce runoff P loss. Few studies have investigated this aspect of manure P loss in runoff, with mixed results. Studies observing a decrease in runoff P as the time between application and the first rain‐runoff attribute the decrease to adsorption of manure P by soil and manure drying effects, but do not consider the effect of storm hydrology on runoff P. We ran the manure P runoff model SurPhos with data from nine published studies that investigated the effect of time between application and the first rain event on runoff P. SurPhos successfully simulated the experimental conditions in the studies and predicted runoff P loss. Simulation results suggest soil adsorption of manure P is not the dominant mechanism that will significantly decrease manure P availability to runoff. Rather, regardless of when the first rain‐runoff event occurs, storm hydrology will significantly affect manure P loss in runoff. Although model scenarios indicate that increasing the time between manure application and the first rain‐runoff event will typically decrease P loss in runoff, runoff P could be equal to or greater 30 days after application than the day after application if a more intense rain and runoff event occurs at the latter date. 相似文献
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A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two home composts with low and high gaseous emissions of the composting process is presented. The study focused on the gaseous emissions of the composting process. Gaseous emissions of methane, nitrous oxides, ammonia and volatic organic compounds of the composting process were experimentally measured in field real trials. The results showed that the differences in gaseous emissions between the two home composts were 4.5, 5.8 and 52 for methane, nitrous oxides and ammonia, respectively. Higher emissions of nitrous oxides and methane affected significantly the category of global warming potential, while higher emissions of ammonia affected mainly the categories of acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidation. The differences found in the compost emissions were attributable to the composting production management (quality and composition of waste stream, frequency mixing of waste, humidity and temperature monitoring, among others) as well as weather conditions (temperature and humidity). 相似文献
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有机肥结构特征对污染土壤Cd形态的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了以污泥和鸡粪为主要来源的两种不同有机肥主要组分和结构特征差异,结合吸附和土壤平衡试验,探讨了各组分对Cd吸附反应特征和土壤Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明:供试污泥有机肥含有较多的羧基,其最大络合量大于鸡厩肥;同时能更有效降低NH4NO3提取态Cd,但因为结合形态相对不稳定,因此导致EDTA提取态Cd有明显增加。而鸡厩有机肥含有更多π键,芳香化和腐熟化程度较高,与Cd吸附更稳定,在降低NH4NO3提取态Cd的同时也能降低EDTA提取态Cd。研究表明有机肥腐殖化、芳香化程度是影响其对重金属污染土壤修复与改良效果的主要因素。 相似文献
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Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
The swine industry in China has grown rapidly over last two decades. Great amount of pig manure is generated in China, which can be used as organic fertilizers on agricultural lands. Meanwhile, the organic arsenic compounds have been used as feed additives for swine disease control and weight improvement. Once the excessive additives are released in the environment, arsenic may compromise food safety and environmental quality. There is a growing public concern about the arsenic residues accumulation in pig manure, however, little work has been done to investigate the exact arsenic content in pig feed and the residues in manure in China This study investigates the concentrations of arsenic in 29 pig feed samples and 29 manure samples collected from eight pig farms in the Chaoyang district, Beijing city. The detected rate of arsenic in 29 couples of samples was 100%. The concentrations of arsenic in pig feeds and manures ranged from 0.15 to 37.8 mg/kg and 0.42 to 119.0 mg/kg, respectively. The result showed that arsenic concentration in pig manure will be greatly elevated when the arsenic in pig feed was largely increased. The loading rates of pig manure in fourteen Beijing counties and districts were in the range of 2.7–57.2 t/ha yr. Accordingly, the potential soil arsenic increase rates resulting from land application of pig manure might range between 11.8 and 78.9 μg/kg yr. Despite these findings, it is too early to draw the conclusion that arsenic pollution from pig manure is serious in Beijing farmland; therefore, longitudinal studies about the chemical form transformation and the environmental behaviors of pig manure arsenic are required in order to come up with more definitive conclusions. 相似文献
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Decrease in water-soluble 17beta-Estradiol and testosterone in composted poultry manure with time 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Little attention has been paid to the environmental fate of the hormones 17beta-estradiol and testosterone excreted in animal waste. Land application of manure has a considerable potential to affect the environment with these endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Composting is known to decompose organic matter to a stable, humus-like material. The goal of the present study was to quantitatively assess levels of water-soluble 17beta-estradiol and testosterone in composting chicken manure with time. Chicken layer manure was mixed with hay, straw, decomposed leaves, and starter compost, adjusted to approximately 60% moisture, and placed into a windrow. A clay-amended windrow was also prepared. Windrows were turned weekly, and temperature, oxygen, and CO(2) in the composting mass were monitored for either 133 or 139 d. Commercial enzyme immunoassay kits were used to quantitate the levels of 17beta-estradiol and testosterone in aqueous sample extracts. Water-soluble quantities of both hormones diminished during composting. The decrease in 17beta-estradiol followed first-order kinetics, with a rate constant k = -0.010/d. Testosterone levels declined at a slightly higher rate than 17beta-estradiol (i.e., k = -0.015/d). Both hormones could still be measured in aqueous extracts of compost sampled at the conclusion of composting. The decline in water-soluble 17beta-estradiol and testosterone in extracts of clay-amended compost was not statistically different from normal compost. These data suggest that composting may be an environmentally friendly technology suitable for reducing, but not eliminating, the concentrations of these endocrine disrupting hormones at concentrated animal operation facilities. 相似文献