不同腐熟度猪粪、奶牛粪在小白菜和香瓜上施用的农学效应研究

进行猪粪和奶牛粪自然高温堆肥发酵,分别在15、25、35、50 d取样,获得了不同腐熟程度堆肥产物,分别进行了小白菜和香瓜种子发芽与田间应用试验,以期获得不同腐熟堆肥在蔬菜上施用的农学效应,旨在从堆肥农田施用的农学效应角度,为制订堆肥腐熟度标准提供科学依据。结果表明：牛粪堆肥过程中的最高温度高于猪粪,且高温期也长于猪粪;两种处理在35d有机碳含量均显著降低,全氮含量为先降低后升高趋势;两种堆肥在35d后,均达到无害化标准。不同腐熟程度堆肥对小白菜株高和主根长及香瓜苗重和主根长均没有明显抑制作用,对小白菜和香瓜出苗率、根系活力及小白菜单株鲜重和生物产量影响较大,尤其是猪粪腐熟25d,奶牛粪腐熟15d的堆肥表现出显著抑制作用。将堆肥理化参数与小白菜、香瓜生长指标进行相关分析表明：pH值、全氮含量和C/N这3种指标均与小白菜和香瓜各项生物性状无显著相关性;有机碳和DOC与各项生物性状指标均表现出显著或极显著相关性;铵/硝与小白菜和香瓜的GI和根系活力均表现极显著或显著的相关性,其结果与现行的堆肥腐熟度指标并不一致。因此,在制订堆肥腐熟度标准时,应关注堆肥产物农田施用后不同作物所表现出的不同农学效应。     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

猪粪与不同作物秸秆好氧堆肥特性研究

本文通过猪粪与玉米秸秆屑和稻草秸秆屑分别进行好氧堆肥处理的试验,对好氧堆肥过程的pH、水分、腐殖酸及养分含量的变化情况进行系统研究分析,为不同农作物秸秆和猪粪在实际应用中提供理论和技术支持。     

高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部份微生物学问题

本文描述了高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的微生物生态学过程。多种微生物分别在不同阶段参与了垃圾堆肥的发酵腐熟过程。论述了垃圾发酵期间 ,人工接种功能微生物菌剂可以加速堆肥材料的发酵腐熟作用 ,缩短发酵周期 ,节省城市生活垃圾处理的运行成本。     

人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮机理的研究情况,阐述了人工湿地脱氮的三种途径：植物和其它生物的吸收作用、微生物的生物转化作用及氨气的挥发作用,其中微生物的生物转化作用是人工湿地主要的脱氮方式.同时对影响人工湿地脱氮效率的主要因素：温度、pH值、氧化还原电位、溶解氧、微生物可利用有机碳与硝态氮、停留时间等都作了比较详细的介绍,为进一步开展人工湿地脱氮机理的研究和优化人工湿地污水处理系统设计提供参考.     

石油降解固态菌剂的研制

用喷雾干燥和表面吸附固定化两种工艺对石油降解菌剂进行固态菌研制。结果表明:在对菌浓度为9.7×109 cfu/mL的500mL发酵液添加40g轻质碳酸钠后进行喷雾干燥,在进风温度为120℃,进样量为12mL/min的条件下,得到粉剂产品56g,含水量为4.6%,菌密度为10.05×109 cfu/g,产品得率为11.6%;在对菌浓度为9.7×109 cfu/mL的500mL发酵液添加1 500g麸皮进行吸附固定化处理,得到粉剂产品1 438.6g,水分含量为7.9%,菌密度为5.7×108 cfu/g,产品得率为16.9%。考虑到喷雾工艺设备投资大,能耗多等不利因素,因此建议使用吸附固定化技术作为石油降解固态菌剂的下游处理技术。     

石油污染物生物降解试验研究

在用人工方法改变微生物所处的环境条件下进行了生物降解试验研究,以三种不同水平的碳氮比、含油量及投菌量进行了三因素、三水平正交实验。实验结果表明,在相同温度下,温度小于或等于30 ℃时,固体菌的降解效果优于液体菌;在不同温度下,30 ℃时,固体菌的降解效果最好。最终确定出石油污染物生物降解的最佳工艺条件:温度小于或等于30 ℃,接种量为10:1,碳氧比为100:10。     

淮河流域畜禽粪便中易溶性磷特征

畜禽粪便中磷流失越来越引起人们的重视,加强对畜禽粪便易溶磷的研究有重要意义。本文以淮河流域内牛粪、猪粪、羊粪、鸡粪和鸭粪为研究对象,对粪便中易溶性磷的形态特征进行研究。结果表明,流域内5种粪便易溶性无机磷（Pi）和总磷（Pt）含量变化范围分别是0.46～34.43 g.kg-1和0.52～36.19 g.kg-1,易溶性无机磷占其总磷的57%～99%,鸭粪易溶性无机磷和总磷含量均显著高于其他4种粪便。牛粪无机磷含量平均为4.35 g.kg-1,猪粪无机磷平均为8.1 g.kg-1,羊粪无机磷平均为1.7 g.kg-1,鸡粪无机磷平均为6.3 g.kg-1,鸭粪无机磷平均为12.02 g.kg-1。流域内畜禽粪便易溶性无机磷含量与全磷（TP）含量、易溶性总磷含量与全磷含量均呈显著的正相关关系。     

浅谈污水厂污泥堆肥化技术

堆肥化技术是使污水厂污泥达到稳定化和无害化的一种经济而有效的手段。目前常用的污泥堆肥化系统可以划分为:条垛系统,强制通风静态垛系统和发酵槽系统。为了加快微生物对污泥中有机物的降解转化,提高处理能力,可对以下因素进行控制:C/N比,含水率,空隙率,温度和通风。在判定污泥堆肥腐熟上,建议采用与氮有关的参数如氨氮、亚硝酸和硝酸盐氮等作为污泥堆肥一般性熟化判定指标。     

木贼定居对铅锌尾矿砂微生物多样性及重金属迁移转化的影响

为研究根际微生物影响木贼耐受和吸附重金属的机制,为重金属污染植物-微生物协同修复提供参考,应用化学分析方法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对木贼定居对铅锌尾矿重金属含量、土壤微生物多样性的影响进行研究。结果表明,子囊菌、未明确分类真菌和担子菌是铅锌尾矿地土壤的优势真菌。木贼定居导致散囊菌纲、座囊菌纲丰度下降,粪壳菌纲丰度增加。Alternaria,Amorphotheca,Aspergillus为尾矿裸地中主要优势真菌,Fusarium,Chaetomiaceae-Unclassified,Calcarisporiella为木贼根际土壤主要优势真菌。变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,Lactococcus,Bacillus,Gemmatimonas,Sulfuricaulis,Dongia,Sulfurifustis,Azoarcus,Nitrospira等是尾矿地优势细菌。有机质、全氮与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著相关,重金属含量与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著或极显著负相关。木贼定居提高了尾矿砂中微生物的种类和多样性,有利于有机和氮素营养成分的积累和降低重金属含量;在尾矿生态修复实践中可多引入木贼等乡土草本先锋植物,同时补充有机质和氮素营养,或引入功能微生物菌剂和接种植物共生菌等,强化生态修复效果。     

堆肥过程的生物学途径及主要影响因素的控制

从生物学的角度分析了固体有机废弃物堆肥过程中微生物群落的变化，强化堆肥及减少恶臭的生物学途径，简单概述了堆肥过程中提高堆肥质量和效率的主要影响因素（温度、C／N等），最后提出了今后该领域的发展方向。     

Humic acid formation in artificial soils amended with compost at different stages of organic matter evolution

A composting process was conducted under optimal conditions for 150 d, obtaining three biomasses at different levels of maturity: raw material (RM), fresh compost obtained after 11 d of composting (FC), and evolved compost (EC) obtained after 150 d of composting. During the composting process, HAs were extracted and fully characterized by mass balance, DRIFT, and 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each compost sample was incubated for 180 d in an artificial soil, after which HA extraction was repeated and characterized. To compare composts containing different amounts of labile organic matter (OM), an equal amount of unhydrolyzable OM was added to the soils. Our results indicated that compost HAs consist of a biologically and chemically stable fraction (i.e., the unhydrolyzable HA [U-HA]) and a labile fraction, whose relative contents depended on the composting duration. Humic acid from more EC contained a higher amount of recalcitrant fraction (aromatic carbon) and a lesser amount of labile fraction (aliphatic carbon) than HA from RM and FC. These results suggest that the humification process during composting preserves the more recalcitrant fraction of the compost-alkali soluble/acid insoluble fraction (HA-fraction). Incubation of composts in soil showed that due to the higher labile fraction content, HAs from raw material were more degraded than those from EC. The abundance of labile carbon of soil amended with less-evolved compost (RM and FC) allowed the more recalcitrant fractions of U-HA to be more preserved than in EC. These results suggest that less-evolved compost could contribute more than well evolved compost to the stable soil OM.     

Evaluation of extracted organic carbon and microbial biomass as stability parameters in ligno-cellulosic waste composts

Extracted organic C and microbial biomass were evaluated as stability parameters in 3 different ligno-cellulosic waste composts. Organic C was extracted by both water and alkali and further separated in humic-like carbon (HLC) and nonhumic carbon (NHC). Conventional humification parameters, such as humification index and degree of humification were calculated from NHC and HLC. Microbial biomass carbon (B(C)) was determined as an indicator of the degree of biochemical transformation, whereas ninhydrin reactive N (B(NIN)) was measured to obtain the stability parameter B(NIN)/N(TOT) (N(TOT), total N). The water-extracted organic C did not provide reliable information on the transformations underwent by the ligno-cellulosic wastes during composting, since its content remained almost unaltered during the whole process. In contrast, parameters based on the alkali-extracted organic C and microbial biomass clearly reflected organic matter (OM) changes during the process. There was an increase in the net amount of HLC in the alkali extracts throughout composting, especially in the first 7 to 12 wk of the process, as well as a relative enrichment of HLC with respect to NHC. Values of humification index and degree of humification in end products were consistent with an adequate level of compost stability. The stability parameter B(NIN)/N(TOT) showed to be a reliable indicator of stability in ligno-cellulosic wastes. Parameters based on the alkali-extracted C and microbial biomass clearly reflected the transformation of the OM during composting and can be used as stability parameters in ligno-cellulosic waste composts.     

Carbon turnover and ammonia emissions during composting of biowaste at different temperatures

The effects of different process temperatures (40, 55, and 67 degrees C) during composting of source-separated household waste were studied in a 200 L compost reactor at an oxygen concentration of 16%. The overall decomposition measured as carbon mineralization, decomposition of different carbon constituents, and the dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and the microbial community, are reported. Ammonia emissions at 67 degrees C were more than double those at lower temperatures, and they were lowest at 40 degrees C. The decomposition rate, measured as CO2 emission, was highest at 55 degrees C. Decomposition of crude fat was slower at 40 degrees C than at 55 and 67 degrees C. The peak in microbial biomass was largest in the run at 40 degrees C, where substantial differences were seen in the microbial community structure and succession compared to thermophilic temperatures. Biowaste composting can be optimized to obtain both a high decomposition rate and low ammonia emissions by controlling the process at about 55 degrees C in the initial, high-rate stage. To reduce ammonia emissions it seems worthwhile to reduce the temperature after an initial high-temperature stage.     

Composting and compost application in China

The current situation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge production (in terms of volume as well as composition) in China is introduced. Composting and compost application in China are reviewed. In China, the production of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge is changing rapidly along with economic development. Composting is mainly applied for treating MSW, about 20% of the total amount of MSW being disposed. MSW composting is mainly co-composted with night soil or sewage sludge. Compost is used in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. Compost application is the key factor influencing the composting development in China. To promote composting and compost application in China, a state-wide survey on the production, composition and physical and chemical properties of MSW and sewage sludge should be carried out. More effort should be made to develop low cost and high efficient composting technologies according to China's conditions. The environmental impact of compost application should also be given more attention.     

Carbon monoxide from composting due to thermal oxidation of biomass

Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were observed from decomposing organic wastes and litter under laboratory, pilot composting plant, and natural conditions. Field studies included air from inside a compost heap of about 200 m3, emissions from composting of livestock wastes at a biologically operating farm, and leaf litter pile air samples. The concentration of CO was up to 120 micromol mol(-1) in the compost piles of green waste, and up to 10 micromol mol(-1) in flux chambers above livestock waste windrow composts. The mean CO flux rates were approximately 20 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for compost heaps of green waste, and varied from 30 to 100 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for fresh dung windrows. Laboratory studies using a temperature and ventilation-controlled substrate container were performed to elucidate the origin of CO, and included hay samples of fixed moisture content at temperatures between 5 and 65 degrees C, including nonsterilized as well as sterilized samples. The concentration of CO was up to 160 micromol mol(-1) in these experiments, and Arrhenius-type plot analyses resulted in activation energies of 65 kJ mol(-1) for thermochemically produced CO from the nonsterilized compost substrate. Sterilized samples showed dramatically reduced CO2 but virtually unchanged CO emissions, albeit at a slightly lower activation energy, likely a result of the high-temperature sterilization. Though globally and regionally these CO emissions are only a minor source, thermochemically produced CO emissions might affect local air quality in and near composting facilities.     

Environmental inventory modelling of the use of compost and peat in growth media preparation

Compost produced from biological treatment of organic waste has a potential for substituting peat in growth media preparation. The life-cycle-inventories (LCIs) of the two alternatives were compared using LCA-modelling (EASEWASTE) considering a 100-year period and a volumetric substitution ratio of 1:1. For the compost alternative, the composting process, growth media use, and offsetting of mineral fertilizers were considered. For the peat alternative, peatland preparation, excavation, transportation, and growth media use were considered. It was assumed that for compost 14% of the initial carbon was left in the soil after 100 years, while all carbon in peat was mineralized. With respect to greenhouse gas emissions, the former is considered a saving, while the later is considered an emission, because peat in a peatland is considered stored biogenic carbon. The leaching during the growth media use was assessed by means of batch leaching tests involving 4 compost samples and 7 peat samples. The compost leached 3–20 times more heavy metals and other compounds than the peat. The life-cycle-assessment showed that compost performs better regarding global warming (savings in the range of 70–150 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹) and nutrient enrichment (savings in the range of 1.7–6.8 kg NO₃ Mg⁻¹ compost), while peat performs better in some toxic categories, because of the lower content of heavy metals.     

Open windrow composting of polymers: an investigation into the rate of degradation of polyethylene

The compostability of degradable polymers under open windrow composting conditions is explored within this paper. Areas for consideration were the use of, and impacts of, degradable polyethylene (PE) sacks on the composting process and the quality of the finished compost product. These factors were investigated through polymer weight loss over the composting process, the amount of polymer residue and chemical contaminants in the finished compost product, the windrow temperature profiles and a bioassay to establish plant growth and germination levels using the final compost product. This trial also included a comparative study of the weight loss under composting conditions of two different types of ‘degradable’ polymer sacks currently on the European market: PE and a starch based product. Statistical analysis of the windrow temperature profiles has led to the development of a model, which can help to predict the expected trends in the temperature profiles of open compost windrows where the organic waste is kerbside collected using a degradable PE sack.     

Weed seed viability in composted beef cattle feedlot manure

Manure composting has gained increased acceptance by the beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot industry in southern Alberta, Canada. Unlike fresh manure, compost is often promoted as being "weed-free." Studies were conducted with five weed species in 1997 and thirteen in 1999 to examine the effect of feedlot manure composting on weed seed viability. Weed seeds were buried in open-air compost windrows and recovered at various times during the thermophilic phase of composting. Windrow temperature and water contents were also measured. Germinability was zero for all composted weed seeds at all sampling times in 1997. However, some seeds remained viable (positive tetrazolium test denoting respiration) on Day 70. In 1999, only one of the thirteen species retained germinability on Day 21 and only two species had respiring seeds on Day 42. Time-viability relationships during composting were defined by exponential decay models. Lethal temperatures to eliminate viability was species-dependent. In 1999, four weed species were killed in the initial 7 d of composting at a lethal temperature of 39 degrees C while temperatures of > 60 degrees C were required for two species. Regression analysis on weed seed viability versus windrow temperature resulted in significant R2 values, which showed that only 17 to 29% of the variation in viability was accounted for by temperature. The lack of definitive relationships between temperature and weed seed viability demonstrated that factors other than temperature may play a role in eliminating weed seeds during composting.     

The effect of phosphogypsum on greenhouse gas emissions during cattle manure composting

Phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, reduces N losses when added to composting livestock manure, but its impact on greenhouse gas emissions is unclear. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of PG addition on greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting. Sand was used as a filler material for comparison. The seven treatments were PG10, PG20, PG30, S10, S20, and S30, representing the rate of PG or sand addition at 10, 20, or 30% of manure dry weight and a check treatment (no PG or sand) with three replications. The manure treatments were composted in open windrows and turned five times during a 134-d period. Addition of PG significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC) and decreased pH in the final compost. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and mineral nitrogen contents in the final composted product were not affected by the addition of PG or sand. From 40 to 54% of initial TC was lost during composting, mostly as CO(2), with CH(4) accounting for <14%. The addition of PG significantly reduced CH(4) emissions, which decreased exponentially with the compost total sulfur (TS) content. The emission of N(2)O accounted for <0.2% of initial TN in the manure, increasing as compost pH decreased from alkaline to near neutral. Based on the total greenhouse gas budget, PG addition reduced greenhouse gas emissions (CO(2)-C equivalent) during composting of livestock manure by at least 58%, primarily due to reduced CH(4) emission.