徐州云龙湖底泥重金属污染评价

本文测定了云龙湖底泥中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)4种重金属元素含量。运用了累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价:4种重金属中Cu为中度污染,Pb为轻度污染,其余2种均未构成污染。云龙湖底泥中重金属污染的潜在生态风险表现为轻微的程度,生态风险顺序是Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn。     

应用污染负荷指数法评价攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中的重金属

本文对攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中8个重金属元素的地球化学特征、空间分布特征进行了研究,并应用污染负荷指数法对各重金属的污染程度进行了评价。研究发现,重金属在支流与金沙江交汇点下游处含量高于上游处,重金属污染不严重,属轻度污染。污染程度为:Mn>V>Pb>Zn>As>Cr>Cu>Co。污染较严重的是攀钢冶金区、攀钢选矿区、攀钢采矿区以及攀钢尾矿坝。     

广元市嘉陵江干流重金属特征研究

为了解嘉陵江干流(广元段)水体中重金属污染状况,对其水中重金属含量变化进行分析,并探讨了水体温度、pH及DO对重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu)含量变化相关性和重金属之间的相互关系。结果表明:2012年到2015年重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu总含量变化整体呈现下降趋势,Hg含量呈上升趋势;枯水期重金属含量低于平水期和丰水期;不同水文时期对水体温度、pH及DO对重金属含量变化影响不同;重金属含量之间存在一定的显著相关性,可能具有一定的同源性。     

昌吉城市土壤重金属累积特征研究

如以区域自然土壤背景值作为评价标准,昌吉市城市土壤受到了不同程度的Cr、Cu、Zn污染,其中Cu、Zn的污染较为严重,但并未受到Pb污染.城市土壤重金属含量均高于农业土壤.昌吉市城市土壤中重金属的空间分布规律表现为：Cr在交通密集区含量相对较高,Zn的分布呈西南高-东北低状,Cu的分布规律呈东高西低状;除Pb外,其他3种重金属的空间分布规律性都很强,4种重金属的空间分布差异性都大.Cr、Zn的分布主要受交通运输的影响,工业生产对二者的影响小,风向是Zn分布的另一个主要影响因素;工业布局是Cu分布的主要影响因素;工业生产对Pb分布有影响作用,但作用不明显.     

玉米植株各器官中重金属含量相关性的研究

为探讨大宗粮食作物玉米植株各器官中重金属含量的相关性,选择6个玉米品种进行盆栽实验。盆栽试验的土壤来自西南某省铅锌矿区。研究结果表明,(1)6个供试品种植株籽粒中,Ni、Pb、Zn的含量全部超标;部分品种玉米中的Cd含量超标;6个供试品种植株玉米中的Cr、Cu含量全部达标。(2)重金属含量在玉米各器官中存在交互效应;如,供试植株叶片中Cu与Ni、Pb与Zn分别存在显著正相关;在供试植株的叶片和茎秆中,Cd、Pb、Zn三者的含量呈显著性正相关。(3)金属Ni在供试植物茎秆与籽粒中存在交换的情况;金属Pb的含量在供试植株根部与茎秆的差异较大,其可能原因是植株茎秆对铅的吸收达到了饱和上限;金属Zn的含量在植株籽粒与茎秆中的差异较大,主要是因为Zn在玉米植株内的移动性强,且Zn最容易在籽粒中积累。     

铜、镉、汞单一及其复合污染对少根紫萍的毒害研究

通过实验室水培试验研究不同浓度处理水平下Cu、Cd、Hg单一及其复合污染对少根紫萍叶绿素及脯氨酸浓度的影响。经观察分析,培养4天后,各处理组均呈现出不同程度的受害症状。同一浓度处理水平下,单一重金属污染对少根紫萍叶绿素的生态毒性效应为Cd>Cu>Hg。复合污染中Cu+Cd和Hg+Cu+Cd对叶绿素的影响则表现为协同作用;Cd+Hg复合浓度≤6.0+4.0mg/L时表现为拮抗作用,复合浓度>6.0+4.0mg/L时表现为协同作用;Cu+Hg复合浓度≤0.4+4.0mg/L时表现为协同作用;复合浓度>0.4+4.0mg/L时表现为拮抗作用。随处理浓度的递增,脯氨酸含量均表现出一显著抗性峰,而后下降。     

柴窝堡湖表层底泥重金属污染评价

研究了乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖表层底泥的重金属含量,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对底泥中的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超出乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值。除湖心区外,Cd在5个监测区域中的潜在生态危害均为中等;其它重金属在5个采样点的潜在生态危害均为轻微。各重金属间的相关性分析表明,Zn与Cu,Pb与Cd、Cu呈显著正相关,说明这4种元素污染源可能相同。柴窝堡湖表层底泥受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染,需采取相应措施防止重金属由底泥进入水相。     

玉滩湖表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了掌握重庆玉滩湖表层沉积物重金属污染情况,监测了玉滩湖表层沉积物中Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的相对含量,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,玉滩湖表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的平均含量分别为28.41mg/kg、0.75mg/kg、46.04mg/kg、66.98mg/kg、131.55mg/kg,Pb和Cu受人为活动影响较大;重金属污染程度为Cu(轻度)Pb(轻微)Cd(轻微)Zn(轻微)Cr(无污染);有机质含量和重金属Pb、Cd含量显著正相关,是玉滩湖流域重金属污染防治的重点因子;玉滩湖总体的生态风险程度为轻微,重金属单项潜在生态风险程度为Cd(中等)Cu(轻微)Pb(轻微)Zn(轻微)Cr(轻微),Cd是主要的生态风险因子。     

重庆市某工业遗留地土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

为研究土壤重金属的污染状况,从重庆市某铬污染场地土壤中采集54份样本检测分析了其Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb元素含量。结果表明:表层土壤样品中的重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的平均含量分别为3 370.8,58.0,36.1,112.4 mg/kg。该场地土壤属于重度重金属污染,潜在生态危害处于很强危害程度,各重金属的潜在生态风险指数大小顺序为:CrPbCuZn。其中,Cr的影响占绝对主导地位。研究结果可为该废弃场地的治理修复和再利用提供理论依据。     

基于TCLP法的pH、盐度、粒径对尾矿重金属释放影响研究

以新疆伊犁2个铅锌尾矿库的铅锌尾矿为研究对象,以TCLP法为研究方法,通过改变TCLP法浸提剂的p H值和盐度及样品的粒径,研究尾矿重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr在不同影响因素下的浸出情况,旨在说明p H、盐度、粒径对尾矿中重金属释放的影响,以期为尾矿重金属环境风险评估提供参考。研究结果表明2个铅锌尾矿中Zn和Pb含量较高,尾矿B环境风险较尾矿A大;酸性条件下重金属浸出远大于碱性条件下浸出,p H值降低促进2个尾矿重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr的释放,盐度增加明显促进Pb的浸出,Cu的浸出随盐度增加呈微弱上升趋势,Ni、Cr和Zn的浸出随盐度变化较小;尾矿A中Zn和Pb的浸出随粒径减小而增大,铅锌尾矿样品粒径变化对Cr、Ni、Cu的浸出浓度影响不大。     

小麦氮素营养效率的研究进展

植物氮营养效率的高低决定着植物氮素吸收利用能力的大小,设法提高作物氮素营养效率是提高氮肥利用率、减少养分资源浪费的重要途径之一.对近年来有关小麦氮素营养效率方面的研究进行了综述,展望了今后开展小麦氮素营养效率方面的研究工作.     

杨粮复合系统内生态因子的变化及对小麦产量的影响

通过对徐淮平原杨粮复合系统内不同物候期生态因子的变化规律研究发现，在杨树展叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化不明显，能满足小麦生长需要；在杨树展叶后，从全叶期到盛叶期，不同株行距生态因子变化有明显差异，并对小麦生长有一定影响。同时探讨了不同复合模式小麦产量的高低，从小麦产量的高低得出最佳的复合模式。     

壳聚糖对小麦发芽及生根效应的研究

利用壳聚糖浸泡小麦种子,通过考察小麦的出芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、生根数量和根的长度等各项指标的变化,探讨壳聚糖对小麦发芽和生根生理效应的影响.结果表明,当pH值6.5、壳聚糖浓度为4-6mg/mL时能显著提高小麦种子活力,促进幼苗生长;当壳聚糖浓度低于8mg/mL时,小麦的出芽率、发芽指数、活力指数随壳聚糖处理浓度的增大而明显提高;当壳聚糖浓度为4mg/mL、浸泡时间为10h时,小麦种子生根效应最为明显.     

壳聚糖对小麦期叶中营养物质含量的影响

在不同壳聚糖浓度和时间条件下对小麦种子进行处理,通过小麦萌发后期叶中游离氨基酸、蛋白质、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量的变化,从而得出壳聚糖处理小麦种子的最佳条件为:浓度8g/L、浸种时间10h,其结果将对小麦生产提供理论基础.     

Yield and Water Productivity of Winter Wheat under Various Irrigation Capacities

The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator model validated in a prior study for winter wheat was used to simulate yield, aboveground crop biomass (BM), transpiration (T), and evapotranspiration under four irrigation capacities (ICs) (0, 1.7, 2.5, and 5 mm/day) with two nitrogen (N) application rates (N1, 94 kg N/ha; N2, 160 kg N/ha) to (1) understand the performance of winter wheat under different ICs and (2) develop crop water production function under various ICs and N rates. Evaluation was based on yield, aboveground crop BM, transpiration productivity (TP), crop water productivity (WP), and irrigation WP (IWP). Simulation results showed winter wheat yield increased with increase in N application rate and IC. However, the rate of yield increase gradually reduced with additional irrigation beyond 2.5 mm/day. A 5 mm/day IC required a total of 190 mm irrigation and produced a 5%–16% yield advantage over 2.5 mm/day. This indicates it is possible to reduce groundwater use for wheat by 50% incurring only 5%–16% yield loss relative to 5 mm/day. The TP and IWP for grain were slightly higher under IC of 1.7 mm/day (15.2–16.1 kg/ha/mm and 0.98–1.6 kg/m³) when compared to 5 mm/day (14.7–15.5 kg/ha/mm and 0.6–1.06 kg/m³), respectively. Since TP and IWPs are relatively higher under lower ICs, winter wheat could be a suitable crop under lower ICs in the region. Relationship between yield–T and yield–ET was linear with a slope of 15–16 and 9.5–10 kg/ha/mm, respectively. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

The Evaluation of Mesoporous Materials as Catalyst in Fast Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw

In this study, wheat straw was chosen as a biomass sample and the fast pyrolysis of this sample was carried out with or without catalyst at different conditions in a well-swept fixed-bed reactor. Experiments were carried out in a well-swept tubular fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 300°C/min, between pyrolysis temperature ranges 300–800°C in the nitrogen atmosphere. The results indicated that a maximum oil yield of 31.9% was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C in non-catalytic procedure. Siliceous and Al-MCM-41 materials were evaluated as potential catalysts in the pyrolysis experiments. Mesoporous materials have large pore dimensions with strong acid sites. These acidic sites catalyze some reactions in pyrolysis. The product yields and the quality of bio-oil were influenced with using MCM-41 materials. The bio-oil yield was reduced, whereas the gas yield increased with using a catalyst in the experiments. An increase in the fractions of pure phenol, alkyl phenols, alkenes+alkanes, carbonyls, aromatic, and cyclic compounds and a decrease in the fractions of methoxy phenols, acids+esters, furans, and alcohols were observed in the presence of Al-MCM-41 material. According to all results, the use of Al-MCM-41 materials as catalyst in the pyrolysis can be suggested to obtain both quality fuels and valuable chemicals.     

水解-气浮-接触氧化处理草浆造纸废水

本文介绍了采用水解-气浮-接触氧化法对某草浆造纸废水原有废水处理工艺改造，经过一年多的运行监测，结果表明：处理后出水COD、BODs、SS等各项指标均优于《造纸工业污染物排放标准》（GWPB2-199）的要求。     

麦秸造纸下脚废料栽培食用菌

麦秸下脚废料是造纸厂丢弃的废物质，其中部分被当地菜农堆沤发酵后用作肥料，其余则任其腐烂而污染周围环境。将麦秸造纸下脚废料配制成6种不同组合的培养料栽培食用菌(平菇)，结果以70％的麦秸下脚废料、20％棉籽壳、10％的麸皮培养料组合的效果最佳。这种废料比麦秸秆营养成分丰富，不需要加工处理就能达到变废为宝、减少环境污染的目的。     

当涂民歌：自由的风掠过麦田

第一次听当涂民歌是在民歌会上，五河民歌《摘石榴》唱得人旖旎婉转的当儿，当涂民歌《勤嫂子》、《打麦歌》登场了，明快的旋律阳光般地袭过来，让人耳朵一亮。不知怎么的，就想起电影《九九艳阳天》的一些画面：翻滚的麦浪、和煦的春风，快乐的劳动者在阳光下欢畅地笑闹……     

Effects of Stonewalled Terracing Techniques on Soil-Water Conservation and Wheat Production Under Mediterranean Conditions

A field plot experiment was conducted in the Palestinian Autonomous Areas to study the effect of stonewalled terracing on soil and water conservation as compared to the nonterraced areas. Effects of the wheat canopy were considered as a second treatment. The experiment was undertaken over a period of two seasons (2000 and 2001). The results of the experiment found that the mean soil erosion was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the terraced plots than in those that were nonterraced (182 kg/ha and 3525 kg/ha during the first season, 1769 kg/ha and 5057 kg/ha during the second season for terraced and nonterraced plots, respectively). A similar trend was observed with respect to runoff in areas under the same treatments. The wheat canopy showed lower, but not significant runoff and erosion in most of the cases for both seasons. Due to better soil and water conservation, the terraced plots obtained significantly higher total plant dry matter than nonterraced plots (1570 and 630 kg/ha in 2000, 2545 and 889 kg/ha in 2001 for terraced and nonterraced treatment, respectively). The runoff coefficient was 20% and 4% for the nonterraced and terraced plots, respectively. Rainstorms with intensity ≥4 mm/hand rainfall ≥10 mm are more likely to cause runoff and erosion.