灰色关联和逐步回归分析在环境试验研究中的应用

用灰色关联分析方法,分析了贮存在漠河,海南,江津的GD3545,GD3537两种硅橡胶的拉伸强度随时间变化的关联度,得到了三地两种硅橡胶的拉伸性能顺序。用逐步回归法找出了影响硅橡胶拉伸强度的主要因素是时间,其次是温度,湿度。     

半导体器件失效案例统计与综合分析

电子元器件是电子产品最基本的组成部分,而半导体器件通常又是关键与核心器件;半导体器件失效数占电子元器件总失效数的一半以上。本文针对半导体器件的失效案例进行筛选、汇总,按照失效类别、失效模式和失效原因进行分类统计,并对统计数据进行分析;其结果可以为从事元器件质量管理、元器件研制、采购和整机设计人员在元器件研制、采购、试验、选用和使用等全过程控制半导体器件失效提供重要的参考数据。     

半导体器件扭矩试验失效分析及如何提高抗扭能力问题

本文指出,螺栓紧固式半导体器件在抗矩试验中发生机械性能及电性能失效的原因,量器件底盘金属材料的强度不够;解决办法是选择强度较大的金属材料,采用有助于保持和提高金属材料机械强度的制作工艺。     

过应力试验改善TSPC603RMG8LC芯片CBGA焊点疲劳失效中的应用

CBGA(Ceramic welding ball array package)芯片焊点疲劳失效情况是电子产品经常出现的一种故障现象。如何改善并验证CBGA芯片焊点疲劳失效工艺的有效性是目前仍没有完整的较好的方法。本文介绍了基于不同工艺的试验样品,通过对CBGA芯片焊点不同工艺情况进行过应力加速温度循环试验情况,实现了CBGA芯片焊点疲劳失效改善工艺的验证试验,提出了过应力加速试验是验证工艺改善的可行性的有效途径。     

GaAs微波小功率晶体管加速退化试验数据分析

本文以GaAs微波小功率晶体管为研究对象,分别开展不同温度应力的直流稳态、射频动态加速退化试验。通过分析不同温度应力下同种类型加速退化试验结果,揭示GaAs微波小功率晶体管的退化失效时间与开尔文温度的倒数呈指数变化规律;通过比对相同温度应力下直流稳态、射频动态加速退化试验,发现同温度应力下,直流稳态较射频动态工作造成的GaAs微波小功率晶体管饱和漏电流的变化更为剧烈。     

风机性能对服务器散热特性影响的数值研究

本文利用热仿真软件,研究了系统风机旋转特性对整机散热影响、设备内不同类型风机转速设置对整机散热及噪音影响、同时对比了CPU散热器有无风机对散热影响。研究表明：(1)设备内各发热芯片节点温度随系统风机转速的提高而降低。当芯片靠近风机布置时,风机的旋转方向对芯片节温影响不大,而当芯片远离风机布置时,尤其是芯片靠板边布置时,要充分考虑风机的旋转方向对芯片节温的影响。(2)在兼顾考虑整机散热和噪音指标时,需要合理设置系统风机和CPU散热器风机转速,尤其是对CPU散热风机转速的控制,相比高转速系统和低转速CPU散热器风机,低转速系统风机和高转速CPU散热风机,不仅使整机噪音更低,CPU芯片(S2500-1&S2500-2)散热也更好。(3)在相同外形尺寸下,相比于CPU散热器（拉长翅片）而言,相同系统风机转速下,CPU散热器（新增风机）所对应的CPU节点温度要更低,但随着系统风机转速的提高,CPU散热器风机对芯片节点温度的影响逐渐减小。     

COTS器件序贯加速温度循环评估试验方法研究

商业现货(COTS)器件以其高性能、低成本的特点,在航天领域应用越来越广。目前国内还没有公开的COTS器件可靠性保证标准规范,通常是按照军用标准做升级筛选后使用,试验时间长、成本高,并且还存在欠试验和过试验的风险。本文针对元器件评估试验中的温度循环项目,结合加速试验和序贯概率比试验,形成COTS器件序贯加速温度循环评估试验方法。首先分析比较国外COTS器件温度循环评估规范,其次介绍指数分布场合序贯试验方案,再次提出序贯加速温度循环评估方法,最后对某型DC/DC变换器开展了温度循环评估试验,对其可靠性指标进行了验证,说明了本方法的可行性与优越性。     

NO对PPS滤料影响的实验研究

PPS滤料是燃煤电厂最常用的烟气过滤材料，研究烟气中组分对PPS滤料的影响对降低除尘系统运行成本、提高设备可靠性有极其重要的实际意义。通过系统的实验方案和手段，研究了NO的浓度、作用时间和温度三个因素对PPS滤料强度的影响。结果表明，随着这三个因素数量的增大，PPS强度呈下降趋势；红外光谱和DSC/TG差热分析表明，PPS经过NO作用后，化学成分发生了轻微变化。     

聚酰亚胺薄膜疲劳寿命分析和可靠性增长措施

针对某涡扇发动机加力燃油分布器内有机材料聚酰亚胺薄膜过早失效的问题,基于聚酰亚胺薄膜的材料参数以及薄膜使用时的温度和波动幅值,通过在ANSYS软件中建立了聚酰亚胺薄膜有限元仿真模型,研究薄膜发生以断裂为主要形式的失效时,薄膜的Mises应力分布情况以及薄膜的薄弱区分布情况。基于概率断裂力学的疲劳寿命计算理论得到了不同可靠度下薄膜的疲劳寿命循环次数及其变化规律。结果表明：薄膜存在应力集中,且薄膜的应力集中部位与薄弱区均发生在薄膜夹持外沿;计算得到了不同可靠度下薄膜的疲劳寿命循环次数,且疲劳寿命循环次数随可靠度的提升而不断降低。     

带缺陷动车底部悬挂控制台剩余强度分析

基于仿真分析找出悬挂控制台薄弱环节,对比各运行里程的产品薄弱环节的强度变化,评估其完整件剩余寿命.此外针对带有不同缺陷类型动车组控制台,通过仿真分析,推测其剩余强度的变化情况,并对缺陷的最大阈值进行了分析研究.     

Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties

Several types of industrial byproducts are generated. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, utilization of industrial byproducts has become an attractive alternative to disposal. One such by-product is silica fume (SF), which is a byproduct of the smelting process in the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. Silica fume is very effective in the design and development of high strength high performance concrete.This paper covers the physical, chemical properties of silica fume, and its reaction mechanism. It deals with the effect of silica fume on the workability, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, creep and shrinkage of concrete.     

Study on the damage statistical strength criterion of backfill with crack under thermo-mechanical coupling

ABSTRACT

Aiming at backfill with crack under the thermo-mechanical (TM) coupling, the concepts of crack macro-damage, loading meso-damage, thermal meso-damage, and total damage of backfill were proposed. Based on the statistical damage theory, considering the coupling effects of temperature, load and initial crack, a damage evolution model of backfill with crack under TM coupling effects was established. Based on this, the strength criterion of backfill with crack considering the effects of thermal and mechanical coupling was constructed by multivariate function full differential method. The research shows that: (1) The theoretical curves of damage evolution model and strength criterion of backfill with crack under TM coupling are in good agreement with the test curves, which verifies the rationality of the model. (2) The initial thermal damage decreases first and then increases with increasing temperature, reaches a minimum value at 40°C, and generally shows a “V” -shaped distribution law. The coupling effect of temperature and crack aggravates the total damage of the backfill. (3) The strength criterion can reflect the relationship between the stress and strain of each limit state and the parameters of backfill with crack under different temperature conditions and can provide a certain reference for the evaluation of the stability of backfill with geological defects such as joints and crack in deep high temperature mines.     

Effects of ionic strength, temperature, and pH on degradation of selected antibiotics

Aqueous degradation rates, which include hydrolysis and epimerization, for chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TET), lincomycin (LNC), sulfachlorpyridazine (SCP), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfathiazole (STZ), trimethoprim (TRM), and tylosin A (TYL) were studied as a function of ionic strength (0.0015, 0.050, or 0.084 mg/L as Na(2)HPO(4)), temperature (7, 22, and 35 degrees C), and pH (2, 5, 7, 9, and 11). Multiple linear regression revealed that ionic strength did not significantly affect (alpha = 0.05) degradation rates for all compounds, but temperature and pH affected rates for CTC, OTC, and TET significantly (alpha = 0.05). Degradation also was observed for TYL at pH 2 and 11. No significant degradation was observed for LNC, SCP, SDM, STZ, TRM, and TYL (pH 5, 7, and 9) under study conditions. Pseudo first-order rate constants, half-lives, and Arrhenius coefficients were calculated where appropriate. In general, hydrolysis rates for CTC, OTC, and TET increased as pH and temperature increased following Arrhenius relationships. Known degradation products were used to confirm that degradation had occurred, but these products were not quantified. Half-lives ranged from less than 6 h up to 9.7 wk for the tetracyclines and for TYL (pH 2 and 11), but no degradation of LIN, the sulfonamides, or TRM was observed during the study period. These results indicate that tetracyclines and TYL at pH 2 and 11 are prone to pH-mediated transformation and hydrolysis in some cases, but not the sulfonamides, LIN nor TRM are inclined to degrade under study conditions. This indicates that with the exception of CTC, OTC, and TET, pH-mediated reactions such as hydrolysis and epimerization are not likely removal mechanisms in surface water, anaerobic swine lagoons, wastewater, and ground water.     

Optimal heat rejection pressure for transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an expander

Heat rejection pressure plays an important role in designing a transcritical CO₂ refrigeration system, and it has an optimal value to maximize the system’s coefficient of performance (COP). With a thermodynamic simulation model, the optimal heat rejection pressure is studied in the paper for an expander cycle, as well as conventional throttle valve cycle. The effects of compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, gas cooler outlet temperature, and evaporation temperature on the optimal heat rejection pressure are analyzed. It is the first time for a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle that the optimal heat rejection pressure is correlated with the gas cooler outlet temperature and the evaporation temperature at given compressor efficiency and expander efficiency. The average deviation from the correlation to simulation results is less than 1.0%. The correlation provides a guideline to system development and performance optimization of a transcritical CO₂ expander cycle.     

Energy and exergy analysis of a combined Brayton/Brayton power cycle with humidification

ABSTRACT

First and second law approaches have been used to analyze the performance of a humidified Brayton/Brayton power cycle. The energy efficiency and exergy destruction rates consistently improved when the combustion temperature was increased. Both performance indicators improved, reached an optimum, and then deteriorated when the topping cycle pressure ratio increased, while their sensitivity to the bottoming cycle pressure ratio depended on the humidification rate used at the bottoming cycle. Upon increasing the mass flowrate of air through the bottoming cycle, the energy efficiency of the power cycle increased linearly, while the irreversibility generation had a non-monotonic variation. In all cases, a higher degree of humidification always resulted in greater first and second law performances.     

Soft subgrades’ stabilization by using various fly ashes

This publication presents the results of research involving different types of self-cementing fly ashes (without any other activators) for the stabilization of four different types of soft subgrades from various road sites in Wisconsin, USA. The strength approaches were applied to estimate the optimum mixture design and to determine the thickness of the stabilized layer. The stabilized soil samples were prepared by mixing fly ash at different contents at varying water contents. The performance of fly ash stabilized subbase depends both on the specific source of fly ash and the engineering properties of soils. It is suggested that the performance analysis of fly ash should be based upon the laboratory tests such as index properties, compaction, unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests of a specific site. This is suggested rather than using the study of the physical properties and chemical composition of fly ash and soil. As disclosed in the literature, the strength gain due to stabilization depends mainly upon three factors; ash content, molding water content and compaction delay. The samples were subjected to unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests after 7 days curing time to develop water content–strength relationship. To evaluate the impact of compaction delay that commonly occurs in the field during construction, the sets of samples were compacted 2 h later after mixing with water. The unconfined compression strength and CBR tests were performed and used to determine the thickness of the stabilized layer in pavement design. All of these factors were taken into account throughout this research.     

Degradation of endosulfan in a clay soil from cotton farms of western Queensland.

The persistence and degradation of endosulfan isomers and their primary degradation product, endosulfan-sulfate, were studied in a clay soil from cotton farms of western Queensland. Endosulfan degradation in relation to soil moisture, temperature, day and night temperature fluctuation, waterlogging and re-application were studied. The results show that the degradation rates of both endosulfan isomers were greatly affected by changes in soil water content and temperature. Under a high water content-high temperature regime the concentration of alpha-endosulfan in the soil fell rapidly during the first 4 weeks of application, followed by a prolonged period of slower rate of degradation. Alpha endosulfan showed a bi-exponential form of degradation for all water content-temperature experiments except for extremes in both these two factors. In the submerged soils (and also in low-water content, low temperature, non-submerged experiments) no such rapid initial degradation of alpha-endosulfan was observed, and a single first-order rate equation describes the data. Degradation of beta-endosulfan was significantly slower than for the alpha-isomer under all conditions studied. A half-life of more than a year was recorded for the beta-isomer when both water content and temperature were low. The degradation of beta-endosulfan showed no sign of the bi-exponential function observed for alpha-isomer, and a single first order rate equation described the data obtained for each factor studied. Endosulfan-sulfate was the major degradation product in all non-submerged experiments. Its build up in the soil very closely followed the disappearance of alpha-endosulfan. Its highest build-up was in the high water content-low temperature experiments, but its persistence was primarily influenced by soil temperature. Both alpha and beta-isomers, and endosulfan sulfate, persisted longer in the submerged soil. Re-application of endosulfan, and day and night fluctuation of temperature had contrasting effects on the degradation of the two isomers. Both factors slowed down the degradation of alpha-endosulfan and enhanced that of beta-endosulfan, but their net effect was to prolong the overall persistence of this chemical in the soil. Submerged conditions reduced the net formation of endosulfan-sulfate and enhanced its degradation rate.     

基于备件分析的飞机最经济飞行强度选择

飞机作为航空产品,使用维护成本在全寿命周期费用中占据了相当大的比例。将使用维护成本折算为备件的采购和维修成本,在设计阶段通过基于备件的分析,分类计算在不同飞行强度下各种备件的采购和维修费用,从而确定飞机在满足用户需求的前提下所能执行的最经济的飞行强度。以某型飞机为例,提出了一种最经济飞行强度的计算方法,有助于在设计阶段规划飞机的使用和维护保障。     

基于矿渣的一种新型建筑材料试验研究

通过化学分析、抗压强度、抗折强度等试验，研究了一种以矿渣为主要成分的新型建筑材料。试验结果表明：该种新型建筑材料的抗压强度和抗折强度能够达到525水泥相关要求，可满足实际工程的需要。     

Degradation of greenhouse twines derived from natural fibers and biodegradable polymer during composting

Commercial composting operations generally do not accept organic wastes with plastic twines from the greenhouse vegetable industry and the bulk of the waste materials ends up in landfills. The objectives of this paper are to identify environmentally compatible substitutes that could replace the current use of petrochemically derived plastic twines in greenhouse vegetable production, thus diverting them from landfills, and to assess the extent of their degradation via composting. Physical properties of the twines, including linear density, percent weight loss and tensile strength were monitored for the biodegradation tests. A pilot-scale composting trial was conducted in an in-vessel composting system. Results showed that the three biodegradable twine materials (cotton, jute and EcoPLA) could degrade readily in a composting environment within a reasonable time frame. Specifically, at the end of 105 days of composting, 85.3%, 84.8% and 81.1% of weight loss was observed for cotton, jute and EcoPLA, respectively. Furthermore, EcoPLA exhibited a slower decline in tensile strength with time, when compared to jute and cotton.