纳滤在工业废水处理中的应用研究进展

纳滤膜技术是一种高效、低能耗和易操作的液体分离技术,同传统水处理方法相比具有处理效果好、可实现废水的循环利用和对有用物质进行回收等优点.简要介绍了纳滤膜分离的特点及其在重金属废水、纺织印染业废水、食品加工业废水、垃圾渗滤液和其它工业废水领域应用的研究进展状况,并讨论了纳滤膜技术在工业废水处理应用方面的发展前景及方向.     

不同操作条件对纳滤膜去除水中五价砷的研究

采用纳滤膜（NF90）过滤自配含砷水,研究在不同操作条件下纳滤膜对水中砷去除效果的影响。本实验探讨膜进水浓度、水的pH值、膜进水温度、操作压力、水中天然有机物浓度等对膜除砷效率的影响。结果表明：纳滤膜对水中五价砷（As（Ⅴ））的去除率很高,最高去除率能达到99%,在实验的前2.5个小时内,砷的去除率均在90%以上。但是,纳滤膜除砷效率随着时间变化,去除率会降低。不同的操作条件对纳滤膜除砷的影响很大,研究不同条件的影响对应用很有意义。     

用纳滤膜分离技术处理发电厂循环冷却水

简要介绍了纳滤膜的定义和原理，并且对用纳滤膜处理厂循环冷却水进行工艺和经济技术分析。     

纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药化合物研究进展

如何有效去除水中内分泌干扰物、医药活性化合物等有机微污染物的研究逐渐增加,其中,纳滤膜由于其较高的去除率得到了广泛关注。但由于纳滤膜去除这些物质的分离机理较为复杂,有时并不明确,给实验带来较大困难。文章总结了纳滤膜去除水中内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的典型应用及其三种分离机理——筛分作用、电荷作用、吸附作用,并对去除过程中所产生的问题和解决方案加以总结。为今后纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的研究提供参考依据。     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

微滤膜技术及应用研究*

随着膜制造技术的发展,微滤膜在油田采出水处理中具有越来越大的优势。文章对微滤膜的特点和过滤分离原理进行了阐述,对比分析了有机高分子微滤膜、无机陶瓷微滤膜和复合微滤膜各自的优缺点、制备工艺以及在油田中的应用情况,针对微滤膜在采油污水处理中膜通量下降快,使用周期短等弱点提出了防止膜污染和膜清洗的措施,并对微滤膜的发展及今后在油田中的应用提出了建议和展望。     

以微波为核心的软用水处理技术

超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）堪称综合性能最好的工程塑料，它制成的管式微滤膜是性价比最好的微滤膜，可广泛用于各种水的过滤处理，也可用于油类、酒类、饮料等其他液体的过滤和气体的过滤。过滤精度可达０．０５～０．１μm。它的使用寿命可与陶瓷膜相比，且富有抗冲击性能；价格可与中空纤维有机膜相比，而更加耐用和易于清洗。现以饮用水处理技术为例说明微滤的优越性。对于合格的饮用水地表水源，简单的“微絮凝＋微滤”工艺就可生产出优于传统工艺的自来水；对于遭受轻微污染的水源，微滤也为高级处理工艺创造更为有利的条件，从而…     

提高水中氨氮测定精准度的研究

纳氏试剂光度法是污水中氨氮测定广泛采用的方法,文章通过实验分析讨论实验室环境、水样预处理、酒石酸钾钠和显色温度、显色时间、pH值等实验条件对氨氮测定精准度的影响。实验结果表明:改善实验室环境,在20²5℃、显色15min、显色后pH值为13的条件下,用滤膜代替滤纸,向酒石酸钾钠中加入NaOH煮沸浓缩定容能显著提高氨氮测定的精准度。     

用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术

由北京伊普国际水务有限公司开发的用于工业废水回用的MBR成套技术,适用于有机工业废水的回用。主要技术内容一、基本原理膜生物反应器技术是将膜分离技术与生物处理技术结合起来而开发的一种新型水处理技术,它由微滤膜组件和生物反应器组成。在分离膜生物反应器中,活性污泥对污染物进行高效降解处理,膜组件的作用相当于常规生物处理中的二沉池,用以将污泥混合液和已净化的水通过微滤膜过滤实现固液分离,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用     

影响纳滤膜分离性能的因素研究综述

本文对纳滤膜进行了简要介绍,综合国内外研究结果表明,操作压力的提高会逐步提高产水通量和盐通量并最终趋于稳定、进水盐浓度越大脱盐率越低、p H的增加会导致脱盐率先升高后降低、温度对纳滤膜分离性能的影响比较复杂,需综合考虑。最后对纳滤膜的应用进行了展望。     

Groundwater purification by membrane technology

Hyperfiltration and nanofiltration membranes were tested with different water matrices for the removal of excess fluoride from underground water. Initially, the experiments were done with synthetic samples prepared by adding known amounts of sodium fluoride and calcium chloride in distilled water. The effect of feed water composition, pH, temperature of feed water, operating pressure, and feed water flow rate on separation efficiency of both types of membrane was studied by varying one parameter at a time and keeping all other parameters constant. Thus, the optimum operating conditions for the process were determined and after that ground water samples collected from three villages of district Gurgaon, Haryana, India (Farukhnagar, Wazirpur, and Mevka) were treated under optimum operational conditions. The mass transfer coefficient and membrane parameters were estimated for each data point using two-parameter model (Film theory and Solution-diffusion model) to study the concentration polarization on membrane surface. The nanofiltration membrane showed high percentage rejection of bivalent ions when compared to monovalent ions in a binary system. But in multicomponent system, when fluoride and calcium coexisted, the removal of fluoride was comparable to calcium removal because of the low solubility product of calcium fluoride. The results with RO membrane revealed that it removes practically all the ions present in water at high pressure, which need to be passed through a lime column to remineralize the water, to make it suitable for drinking purposes, whereas by running the system at low pressure which will further reduce the cost of operation, rejection percentage goes down to get permeate of required quality.     

膜分离技术在电镀废水处理中的应用现状

膜分离技术作为一种新型分离技术，具有分离效率高、过程能耗低等特点，被广泛应用于废水处理领域。由于电镀废水污染物种．是多样，纳滤、反渗透、聚合物强化超滤、电渗析等膜分离过程作为电镀废水的处理与资源化技术被深入研究，纳滤、反渗透及其组合工艺等被应用于电镀废水的处理及其资源化，有着良好的应用前景。     

Process analysis and economics of drinking water production from coastal aquifers containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter and bromide using nanofiltration and ozonation

In regions characterized by water scarcity, such as coastal Southern California, groundwater containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter is a viable source of water supply. In the coastal aquifer of Orange County in California, seawater intrusion driven by coastal groundwater pumping increased the concentration of bromide in extracted groundwater from 0.4 mg l?1 in 2000 to over 0.8 mg l?1 in 2004. Bromide, a precursor to bromate formation is regulated by USEPA and the California Department of Health as a potential carcinogen and therefore must be reduced to a level below 10 μg l?1. This paper compares two processes for treatment of highly coloured groundwater: nanofiltration and ozone injection coupled with biologically activated carbon. The requirement for bromate removal decreased the water production in the ozonation process to compensate for increased maintenance requirements, and required the adoption of catalytic carbon with associated increase in capital and operating costs per unit volume. However, due to the absence of oxidant addition in nanofiltration processes, this process is not affected by bromide. We performed a process analysis and a comparative economic analysis of capital and operating costs for both technologies. Our results show that for the case studied in coastal Southern California, nanofiltration has higher throughput and lower specific capital and operating cost, when compared to ozone injection with biologically activate carbon. Ozone injection with biologically activated carbon, compared to nanofiltration, has 14% higher capital cost and 12% higher operating costs per unit water produced while operating at the initial throughput. Due to reduced ozone concentration required to accommodate for bromate reduction, the ozonation process throughput is reduced and the actual cost increase (per unit water produced) is 68% higher for capital cost and 30% higher for operations.     

改性PVDF中空纤维膜处理压裂返排液研究

针对中空纤维膜应用于水力压裂返排液处理时存在的膜污染严重、通量衰减快、影响处理效率等问题,研究了PVDF固含量、凝固浴温度等因素对PVDF膜性能的影响,通过非溶剂致相分离法制备了PVDF中空纤维膜,并采用表面接枝技术,对PVDF中空纤维膜进行了表面亲水化改性。压裂返排液吸附实验结果表明,表面接枝降低了PVDF的接触角,提高了膜的亲水性。与未接枝改性的PVDF膜相比,亲水改性后的PVDF膜表面吸附的压裂返排液更少。将亲水性中空纤维膜用于页岩气水力压裂返排液的过滤处理,应用结果表明其对压裂返排液中的总铁、SS、浊度、细菌去除率达到90%以上,长时间运行后的通量保持率高,有较好的抗膜污染性。     

Optimization of "Serpa" cheese whey nanofiltration for effluent minimization and by-products recovery

Second cheese whey (SCW) is a by-product of cheese and curd cheese production that is usually not recovered and therefore substantially contributes to the negative environmental impact of the cheese manufacture plants. Membrane technology, namely nanofiltration (NF), is used in this work for the recovery of SCW organic nutrients, resulting from "Serpa" cheese and curd production. The SCW is processed by NF to recover a rich lactose fraction in the concentrate and a process water with a high salt content in the permeate. The permeation experiments were carried out in a plate & frame NF unit, where two NF membranes (NFT50 and HR-95-PP) were characterized and tested. The NF permeation experiments were performed accordingly with two different operation modes: total recirculation and concentration. In order to select the best membrane and operating pressure for the SCW fractionation, total recirculation experiments were carried out. The NF modeling was also performed, in terms of permeate fluxes and rejection coefficients using the resistances-in-series model and the solution-diffusion model, respectively. After the membrane selection, the concentration experiments showed that the selected membrane (NFT50) at 3.0MPa allows a water recovery of approximately 80%, concentrating the SCW nutrients approximately 5 times. Therefore, the NF operation can successfully reduce the wastewater organic load and simultaneously contributes to the valorization of the cheese and curd cheese manufacture by-products.     

消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究进展

饮用水中存在着不同种类的病原微生物，这些病原微生物给人体健康带来危害。本文简要介绍常规消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究现状；常规消毒剂仍然是现代饮用水处理工艺使用的主要消毒剂；近些年来，对常规消毒剂联合消毒的协同作用和联合消毒剂的概念提出了探讨，认为联合消毒荆是今后饮用水去除病原微生物的发展趋势；膜技术这种物理消毒技术，由于其高效性而得到广泛关注，膜消毒去除病原微生物也成为当今消毒技术研究的热点。     

反渗透膜法海水淡化技术在大连石化公司的应用

大连石化公司采用反渗透膜法海水淡化工艺为生产装置提供淡水资源,其用水取自炼化装置冷却换热后的海水,不额外增加海水的取用量,降低了成本。装置采用常规预处理加三级反渗透膜分离技术,同时配备了能量回收装置,将反渗透高压"浓水"的能量转换到低压的原海水中,使得能耗大大降低。文章介绍了该工艺的流程及其技术特点,该装置节能、节水,其产品水质量达到甚至超过了中压锅炉补给水的要求。工程运行稳定,对沿海同类企业有借鉴意义。