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1.
Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Green space plays an important role in complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services with environmental,
aesthetic, recreational and economic benefits. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a large population of about 15.81
million. Construction of green spaces is an important part of sustainable development in Beijing. To attain the sustainable
development of Beijing as a capital city, an international city, a historical cultural city, and a living amenity city, this
article attempts to develop a comprehensive plan of green space development both at the municipal and regional levels. At
the municipal level of Beijing, based on the study of green space changes, and taking physical geographic conditions and historical
context into account, we propose to establish green barriers in the mountainous area, and plan a comprehensive green space
pattern composed of one city, two rings, three networks, eight water areas, nine fields, and several patches in the plain
area. At the regional level of the Capital Circle Region, integrating the characteristics and causes of main environmental
issues, we design a macroscopic pattern—“barriers by mountains in the northwest,” “seaward open spaces in the southeast,”
“grassland-forest-field-coast zones,” and “green-blue symphony”—for ecological restoration and green space construction. Finally,
we discuss the principles necessary to implement green space planning considering adaptation to local conditions, composite
function exploitation, interregional equity and integrated planning. 相似文献
2.
Benjamin Hale 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(4):337-366
The term moral considerability refers to the question of whether a being or set of beings is worthy of moral consideration. Moral considerability is most readily afforded to those beings that demonstrate the clearest relationship to rational humans, though many have also argued for and against the moral considerability of species, ecosystems, and “lesser” animals. Among these arguments there are at least two positions: “environmentalist” positions that tend to emphasize the systemic relations between species, and “liberationist” positions that tend to emphasize the attributes or welfare of a particular individual organism. Already, this classic conflict provides for some challenging theoretical clashes between environmentalists and animal liberationists. The question of moral considerability is complicated, however, by recent developments in genetic engineering. Some animals, like pigs and fish, have been genetically modified by humans to grow organs that can then be transplanted into humans. If environmental arguments for the moral consideration of species are correct, then we are released from our obligations to morally consider those animals that we have genetically modified, since they are by their nature always an “invader species.” If, instead, the welfare of the animal is of penultimate importance, then there is a case for strengthening the moral considerability of GM animals over “naturally-occurring” animals, since they bear a closer relationship to humans. This would appear to be an intractable problem, a “bad marriage,” as Mark Sagoff once proposed. This paper argues that the case of invasive transgenic animals exposes weaknesses in this classic conflict, and particularly, in the framing of this conflict. To remedy this framing problem, this paper argues for a reconceptualization of the term “moral considerability,” instead urging a strong distinction between moral considerability, moral relevance, and moral significance. 相似文献
3.
Jordan M. West Susan H. Julius Peter Kareiva Carolyn Enquist Joshua J. Lawler Brian Petersen Ayana E. Johnson M. Rebecca Shaw 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1001-1021
Public lands and waters in the United States traditionally have been managed using frameworks and objectives that were established
under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected climatic changes render this assumption invalid.
Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review. These general
principles cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts to ecosystem processes that are key to management
goals; (2) using management practices to support ecosystem resilience; (3) converting barriers that may inhibit management
responses into opportunities for successful implementation; and (4) promoting flexible decision making that takes into account
challenges of scale and thresholds. To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused
on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states. Yet in the longer term, it is
anticipated that climate change will push certain ecosystems and species beyond their capacity to recover. When managing to
support resilience becomes infeasible, adaptation may require more than simply changing management practices—it may require
changing management goals and managing transitions to new ecosystem states. After transitions have occurred, management will
again support resilience—this time for a new ecosystem state. Thus, successful management of natural resources in the context
of climate change will require recognition on the part of managers and decisions makers of the need to cycle between “managing
for resilience” and “managing for change.” 相似文献
4.
Linda A. Joyce Geoffrey M. Blate Steven G. McNulty Constance I. Millar Susanne Moser Ronald P. Neilson David L. Peterson 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1022-1032
This study explores potential adaptation approaches in planning and management that the United States Forest Service might
adopt to help achieve its goals and objectives in the face of climate change. Availability of information, vulnerability of
ecological and socio-economic systems, and uncertainties associated with climate change, as well as the interacting non-climatic
changes, influence selection of the adaptation approach. Resource assessments are opportunities to develop strategic information
that could be used to identify and link adaptation strategies across planning levels. Within a National Forest, planning must
incorporate the opportunity to identify vulnerabilities to climate change as well as incorporate approaches that allow management
adjustments as the effects of climate change become apparent. The nature of environmental variability, the inevitability of
novelty and surprise, and the range of management objectives and situations across the National Forest System implies that
no single approach will fit all situations. A toolbox of management options would include practices focused on forestalling
climate change effects by building resistance and resilience into current ecosystems, and on managing for change by enabling
plants, animals, and ecosystems to adapt to climate change. Better and more widespread implementation of already known practices
that reduce the impact of existing stressors represents an important “no regrets” strategy. These management opportunities
will require agency consideration of its adaptive capacity, and ways to overcome potential barriers to these adaptation options. 相似文献
5.
For the last 20 years, human–wildlife conflicts have been rapidly increasing in towns. Although people want “greener” cities,
the expansion of disliked species causes problems that are difficult to manage and to reduce. The complexity of the numerous
factors involved in these human–wildlife relations needs the development of a comprehensive tool for urban planners. Today,
with the development of computers and geographical information systems, it is easier to analyze and combine different spatial
data as methods used for the management of risks in studies of natural hazards. Here we present a method for assessing and
mapping the risk in cases of human–wildlife conflict. An application to starling management in a town in western France will
show the efficiency of our methods to combine information given by a network of experts and to highlight higher risk sites.
The map of risk provides a spatial result useful for comprehension, communication between people and agencies, and public
education. 相似文献
6.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
7.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
8.
Kyle A. Young 《Environmental management》2000,26(2):131-144
Oncorhynchus sp.), regional governments now restrict timber harvest in riparian forests. I summarize and assess the riparian zone management
guidelines of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington (USA) and the province of British Columbia (Canada). Only Oregon
and British Columbia protect fish-bearing streams with “no-harvest” zones, and only the wider (20–50 m) no-harvest zones for
larger fish-bearing streams in British Columbia are likely to maintain near-natural linkages between riparian and stream ecosystems.
All four jurisdictions protect most streams with “management zones” of variable width, in which timber harvest activities
are restricted. All the management zone guidelines permit the harvest of the largest conifers from riparian forests and will,
if applied over a series of timber harvest rotations (60–80 years), result in the continued removal of potential sources of
large woody debris from the region's watersheds. All four jurisdictions require additional protection for streams and watersheds
that are severely degraded or (in the United States) contain threatened or endangered species. The governments of the PNW
have taken a “manage until degraded, then protect” approach to riparian forest management that is unlikely to maintain or
restore the full suite of riparian-stream linkages necessary for lotic ecosystems to function naturally at the stream, watershed,
basin, or regional scale. 相似文献
9.
10.
This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional
postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework
of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and
magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on
Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework
of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications
and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of
his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development. 相似文献
11.
Environmental indicator systems are a fundamental tool in quantifying the environmental component of sustainable development.
They are useful because they quantify the status and trends of key environmental parameters and provide information on the
environment that allows authorities and communities to make informed decisions. This article analyzes the basic framework
for Chinese environmental indicator systems and presents a “core” set of environmental indicators. In our research, we used
a theme approach to develop the environmental indicator systems. We performed two case studies of selected indicators. In
the first, we used an urban ambient air pollution composite index and an urban ambient air pollution indicator for three main
pollutants to examine trends in urban air pollution in China from 1990 to 2000 at regional and national levels. The results
indicate that China has made some progress towards controlling urban air pollution, but must do more in order to reach acceptable
pollution levels. We think that an aggregated index and disaggregated indicators have important complementary roles in the
policy-making processes. In the second case study, we developed and constructed a grassland degradation index that aggregates
information on the extent and severity of grassland degradation. Taking the Xilinhaote region of Inner Mongolia as the study
area, we calculated this index by combining remote-sensing data, a geographical information system (GIS), and field investigation.
Based on these results, we provide recommendations regarding further development and measurement of environmental indicators
in China. 相似文献
12.
Kishor Atreya Bishal K. Sitaula Fred H. Johnsen Roshan M. Bajracharya 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(1):49-62
The rationale for pesticide use in agriculture is that costs associated with pesticide pollution are to be justified by its
benefits, but this is not so obvious. Valuing the benefits by simple economic analysis has increased pesticide use in agriculture
and consequently produced pesticide-induced “public ills.” This paper attempts to explore the research gaps of the economic
and social consequences of pesticide use in developing countries, particularly with an example of Nepal. We argue that although
the negative sides of agricultural development, for example- soil, water, and air pollution; pest resistance and resurgence;
bioaccumulation, bio-magnification; and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience caused by the use of pesticides in agriculture,
are “developmental problems” and are “unintentional,” the magnitude may be increased by undervaluing the problems in the analysis
of its economic returns. Despite continuous effort for holistic system analyses for studying complex phenomena like pesticides
impacts, the development within the academic science has proceeded in the opposite direction that might have accelerated marginalization
of the third world subsistence agricultural communities. We hypothesize that, if these adversities are realized and accounted
for, the benefits from the current use of pesticides could be outweighed by the costs of pollution and ill human health. This
paper also illustrates different pathways and mechanisms for marginalization. In view of potential and overall negative impacts
of pesticide use, we recommend alternative ways of controlling pests such as community integrated pest management (IPM) along
with education and training activities. Such measures are likely to reduce the health and environmental costs of pesticide
pollution, and also enhance the capabilities of third world agricultural communities in terms of knowledge, decision making,
innovation, and policy change. 相似文献
13.
The reintroduction and reinterpretation of the wild 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eileen O’Rourke 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):145-165
This paper is concerned with changing social representations of the “wild,” in particular wild animals. We argue that within
a contemporary Western context the old agricultural perception of wild animals as adversarial and as a threat to domestication,
is being replaced by an essentially urban fascination with certain emblematic wild animals, who are seen to embody symbols
of naturalness and freedom. On closer examination that carefully mediatized “naturalness” may be but another form of domestication.
After an historical overview of the human-animal, domestic-wild construction, an anthropological approach is used to interpret
the social representation of wild animals held by different social actors — farmers, hunters, and tourists — within the context
of an inhabited National Park, that of the Cévennes in south east France. Within the Park, the domestic and the wild, along
with agriculture, hunting, conservation, re-introduced wild animals, and tourists cohabit. It is argued that changes in the
representation of “wildness” may well be an important indicator of changes in the social representation of nature. 相似文献
14.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
15.
Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selva N Kreft S Kati V Schluck M Jonsson BG Mihok B Okarma H Ibisch PL 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):865-877
With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European
biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural
habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity,
barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic
disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of
their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal
instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity,
ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines
this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are
highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for
the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining
roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried,
included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation
targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change. 相似文献
16.
Rapid Assessment of Urban Wetlands: Do Hydrogeomorphic Classification and Reference Criteria Work? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment method is predicated on the ability of hydrogeomorphic wetland classification
and visual assessment of alteration to provide reference standards against which functions in individual wetlands can be evaluated.
The effectiveness of this approach was tested by measuring nitrogen cycling functions in forested wetlands in an urbanized
region in New Jersey, USA. Fourteen sites represented three HGM classes and were characterized as “least disturbed reference”
or “non-reference” based on initial visual assessment. Water table levels and in situ rates of net nitrogen mineralization,
net nitrification, and denitrification were measured over one year in each site. Hydrological alterations, resulting in consistently
low or flashy water table levels, were not correlated with a priori designations as reference and non-reference. Although
the flat-riverine wetland class had lower net nitrification and higher denitrification rates than riverine or mineral flat
wetland classes, this difference was attributable to the lack of hydrologically-altered wetlands in the flat-riverine class,
and thus more consistently wet conditions. Within all HGM classes, a classification based on the long-term hydrological record
that separated sites with “normal,” saturated hydrology from those with “altered,” drier hydrology, clearly distinguished
sites with different nitrogen cycling function. Based on these findings, current practices for designating reference standard
sites to judge wetland functions, at least in urbanized regions, are ineffective and potentially misleading. At least one
year of hydrological monitoring data is suggested to classify wetlands into groups that have different nutrient cycling functions,
particularly in urban landscapes. 相似文献
17.
Impediments to Integrated Urban Stormwater Management: The Need for Institutional Reform 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
Brown RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(3):455-468
It is now well established that the traditional practice of urban stormwater management contributes to the degradation of
receiving waterways, and this practice was more recently critiqued for facilitating the wastage of a valuable water resource.
However, despite significant advances in alternative “integrated urban stormwater management” techniques and processes over
the last 20 years, wide-scale implementation has been limited. This problem is indicative of broader institutional impediments
that are beyond current concerns of strengthening technological and planning process expertise. Presented here is an analysis
of the institutionalization of urban stormwater management across Sydney with the objective of scoping institutional impediments
to more sustainable management approaches. The analysis reveals that the inertia with the public administration of urban stormwater
inherently privileges and perpetuates traditional stormwater management practices at implementation. This inertia is characterized
by historically entrained forms of technocratic institutional power and expertise, values and leadership, and structure and
jurisdiction posing significant impediments to change and the realization of integrated urban stormwater management. These
insights strongly point to the need for institutional change specifically directed at fostering horizontal integration of
the various functions of the existing administrative regime. This would need to be underpinned with capacity-building interventions
targeted at enabling a learning culture that values integration and participatory decision making. These insights also provide
guideposts for assessing the institutional and capacity development needs for improving urban water management practices in
other contexts. 相似文献
18.
Animal production, especially pork production, is facing growing international criticism. The greatest concerns relate to
the environment, the animals’ living conditions, and the occupational diseases. But human and animal conditions are rarely
considered together. Yet the living conditions at work and the emotional bond that inevitably forms bring the farm workers
and the animals to live very close, which leads to shared suffering. Suffering does spread from animals to human beings and
can cause workers physical, mental, and also moral suffering, which is all the more harmful due to the fact that it is concealed.
The conceptual tools used to conceal suffering (“animal welfare,” stress, pain) suggest that the industrial system can be
improved, whereas for farmers it is by definition incompatible with animal husbandry. 相似文献
19.
城市可持续发展及其在我国的现状 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
城市可持续发展是一个值得研究的问题。它是指城市的发展必须满足目前的需要又满足未来的需要。城市可持续发展包括经济、社会、环境、资源和技术的可持续发展。中国的城市在可持续发展方面存在着许多问题,如环境污染严重。所以我们必须立即采取措施来改变这种局面。 相似文献
20.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献