济宁市地下水资源的开发利用与环境地质问题

地下水是济宁市的主要供水水源。近年来,由于开发利用中存在的问题,造成某些地区出现地下水位下降、水资源供求矛盾加剧以及地面沉降、地裂缝、水质污染、土壤盐碱化等现象。本文分析了济宁市由于地下水开发利用不当所造成的环境地质问题,探讨了合理利用及保护地下水资源的对策。     

铁岭市地下水污染防治区划体系构建初探

由于受到人类活动的影响,地下水的污染问题日趋严重,地下水污染防治迫在眉睫。根据铁岭市地下水现状调查监测与评价结果,从水文地质单元因素、自然和人为因素、水资源量和行政分区因素以及地下水水质因素4个方面,初步构建了铁岭市地下水污染防治区划体系,进而提出了地下水污染的预防、治理和管理措施。     

浅谈地下水污染调查方法

地下水污染调查,是环境水文地质工作的一个中心内容。调查的主要目的是:以保护地下水供水水源为前提,查明地下水的污染状况,有害物质污染类别,污染过程和污染规律;确定地下水的污染源,判断地下水污染发展的趋势;为控制和消除污染,保护水源提出治理规划和防治措施;为完善水源地卫生防护带,为工业布局合理性提供依据,所以调查方法的科学性、综合性和逻辑性,是正确认识和查明地下水遭受各种因质污染的重要手段,是制定地下水水质改良方案,采取防御污染措施的先行步骤。鉴于地     

锦州市典型危险废物处置场地下水基础环境调查与评估

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,水量稳定、水质好,是农业灌溉、工矿和城市的重要水源之一。地下水污染是由于人为因素造成地下水水质恶化的现象,人为因素是造成地下水污染的重要原因。减少污染源的数量、污染物的排放量和加强对地下水的保护是控制地下水污染的有效途径。按照国家环保部要求,通过污染源筛选以及对典型危险废物处置场周边地下水基础环境状况调查和监测,掌握了大量的第一手数据,掌握了背景、常规、特征污染因子污染状况及污染物分布时空规律,来判断周边地下水是否受到污染和影响,为制定相应配套的污染控制方案提供科学的依据。     

安徽沿江地下水资源的开发与保护

本文对安徽沿江地下水资源的开发利用与保护进行了论述;把地下水分为地下热水、饮用矿泉水和一般地下水.该文进一步展示了开发利用地下水有利于开发性农业的发展,同时提出了保护地下水资源的对策.     

加强天水市地下水环境保护

地下水对天水经济社会发展有着十分重要的作用，但由于自然和人为因素影响，流域内水环境日益恶化，严重制约着经济社会的全面发展。本文在分析天水市地下水资源的主要特点及地下水环境状况的基础上，对地下水资源的开发利用现状进行了评价，提出了地下水开发利用与保护的具体措施。     

张家口市中心城区饮用水安全的探讨

饮用水与人民群众的生活与健康休戚相关，因此保护饮用水水源地尤其重要。张家口市中心城区的饮用水水源地为地下水水源地，市区共有南北五个集中式供水水源地。近年来，由于农业污染、生活污染、个别企业超标排污以及上游来水不达标等原因，水源地水质下降。本文主要从5个水源地的水质、水量现状出发，探讨了影响水源地安全的因素，并提出相应的水源地保护措施：切实落实《饮用水水源地保护规划》、加强监管和立法以及提高公民环境意识。     

河南粮食核心区建设规划地下水环境影响评价

研究了实施河南粮食核心区规划对地下水环境的影响问题，提出了科学合理利用地下水资源的对策。河南粮食核心区北部区域已出现地下水超采情况，南部区域地下水开采潜力较大。超采区应采用井灌、渠灌联合运行方式，以及雨洪补源、引黄补源、地表水与地下水联合调蓄利用、节水灌溉等措施，控制地下水水位的下降。严格控制氮肥施用强度等措施可减轻地下水硝酸盐污染负荷。在规划实施中深入研究、跟踪评价农业面源对地下水的影响程度和范围，及时采取控制措施，保护地下水水质。     

柴达木盆地地下水环境质量评价

文章根据地下水调查的水质分析和动态监测资料，参照地下水质量标准和生活饮用水卫生标准，对柴达木盆地地下水水质状况进行了综合评价。结果表明，柴达木盆地地下水质量状况总体较好，但在一些局部地区地下水已受到污染。其中，可直接利用的地下水主要富集于盆地戈壁砾石带前缘地区，不可直接利用的地下水（咸卤水）主要分布于盆地中心地带，地下水污染呈点状或线状分布于人口密集的城镇及与工矿企业排污相关的地区。     

转换断面及其移动方程在保护地下水资源中的应用

问题的提出近年来,西宁市随着工业的高速发展和城市规模的扩大,多种类型的排污,给湟水带来严重的污染.据监测资料和有关调查表明,湟水流经市区后,水质由于污染而严重恶化,非但不宜饮用,甚至农灌也不适合.地下水的部分地段也已遭受不同程度的污染.面对西宁地区水质严重恶化和不断加剧的污染,如何从环境水文地质角度出发,充分利用水环境的自然特性,探寻某些简单而有效的工程措施保护地下水资     

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1

There are four groundwater resources to be managed: yield, storage capacity, water-in-storage, and transmissivity. Management concepts have changed over the years, with today's concept which covers comprehensive integrated use of the four groundwater resources with surface water resources to provide the most efficient water service for an area in terms of quantity, quality, and cost. Complete geologic and hydrologic understanding provides a base for formulation of plans which can utilize the techniques of artificial recharge, control of sea water intrusion, and variation of pumping patterns while protecting the resources through proper well construction and abandonment, placement of sanitary landfills, and liquid waste disposal. Plan formulation involves varying recharge and extraction amounts while maintaining the total of pumped groundwater and developed surface water equal to the projected and future demand. Physical limitations of the system must be recognized to assure reality of the plans. Legal constraints should not be placed on the plan formulation process. A present worth or other technique is used to provide an economic comparison among plans. Implementation will entail development of legal and organizational structure, with the most difficult problems relating to the management organization in terms of boundaries and powers.     

地震对城乡地表水水质长期影响分析——以四川省宝兴县为例

为研究地震前后地表水水质变化规律,以2013年4月20日雅安地震重灾区—宝兴县地表水水质变化为例,对2012 ～2019年宝兴县赵家坝断面地表水水质监测数据收集整理,单因子评价法、污染指数法(单项污染指数、综合污染指数和有机污染综合指数)和水质指数模式优化法对地震前后地表水质进行分析.结果 表明,此次地震引起水体中污染...     

章丘市地下水可持续利用研究

章丘市水资源储量丰富,但由于人工开采、工农业生产、矿坑排水等原因造成了严重的泉水断流,现已成为严重的资源型缺水地区。为了保证国民经济的持续发展,保护和改善生态环境,根据章丘市水文地质情况,提出了合理开采地表水与地下水、节水与提高重复利用率、加强地下水资源污染的防治与保护等措施。这些措施可以从根本上解决章丘市水资源短缺和水环境质量恶化的问题,并最终实现以水资源的可持续利用来支撑整个国民经济可持续发展的目的。     

A screening model for fate and transport of biodegradable polyesters in soil

A numerical model for predicting the fate and transport of biodegradable polyester residues in soil, following successive applications of mulch film, was developed and applied. The polymer, applied on surface soil, was assumed to be converted into by-products (monomers), according to a first order kinetics with constant K(1deg). The monomers released were assumed to sorb on soil organic matter (according to a first-order kinetics with constant K(s)), to be leached with the seepage water, through vertical advection and hydrodynamic dispersion, and biodegraded (according to a first-order kinetics with constant K(b)). Results suggested that, to assess a possible build-up of mulch film (as a polymer) on the surface soil, the degradation constant K(1deg) relating the polymer conversion to by-products should be known, whereas the biodegradation constant K(b) indicates there is no danger of groundwater pollution. Likewise, on the basis of by-product concentration in deep soil, soil pollution should not occur.     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

Water Quality Functions of Riparian Forest Buffers in Chesapeake Bay Watersheds

/ Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, USA, have agreed to reduce nutrient loadings to Chesapeake Bay by 40% by the year 2000. This requires control of nonpoint sources of nutrients, much of which comes from agriculture. Riparian forest buffer systems (RFBS) provide effective control of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in some types of agricultural watersheds. Control of NPS pollution is dependent on the type of pollutant and the hydrologic connection between pollution sources, the RFBS, and the stream. Water quality improvements are most likely in areas of where most of the excess precipitation moves across, in, or near the root zone of the RFBS. In areas such as the Inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont watersheds with thin soils, RFBS should retain 50%-90% of the total loading of nitrate in shallow groundwater, sediment in surface runoff, and total N in both surface runoff and groundwater. Retention of phosphorus is generally much less. In regions with deeper soils and/or greater regional groundwater recharge (such as parts of the Piedmont and the Valley and Ridge), RFBS water quality improvements are probably much less. The expected levels of pollutant control by RFBS are identified for each of nine physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Issues related to of establishment, sustainability, and management are also discussed.KEY WORDS: Riparian forest buffers; Chesapeake Bay; Nonpoint source pollution; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Sediment     

Sustaining Asia's groundwater boom: An overview of issues and evidence

This article suggests that Asia’s groundwater socio‐ecology is at an impasse. Rapid growth in groundwater irrigation in South Asia and the North China plains during the period 1970–95 has been the main driver of the agrarian boom in these regions. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China account for the bulk of the world’s use of groundwater in agriculture. On the plus side, groundwater development has provided sustenance to agrarian economies and millions of rural livelihoods. On the downside, it has created chronic problems of resource depletion and quality deterioration. While problems of groundwater depletion, pollution and quality deterioration are indeed serious, so are the consequences of the degradation of the resource for those that have come to precariously depend upon groundwater irrigation. Three problems currently afflict groundwater use: depletion due to overdraft; water logging and salinization; and pollution due to agricultural, industrial and other human activity. The pathology of the decline in groundwater socio‐ecology reflects a remarkably similar pattern across regions. The critical issue for Asia now is: what might be done to sustain and revive these groundwater socio‐ecologies vital to the region’s economy? This article reviews a variety of techno‐institutional approaches. However, transposing lessons from the industrialized world uncritically in the Asian context may not work. A more nuanced understanding of the peculiarities of Asia’s groundwater socio‐ecology is needed.     

城市化对水源系统的影响--以南京市为例

随着城市化进程的推进,人类对自然的干扰日益加剧,城市水源系统也因此受到影响,带来了诸如地表水质恶化、地面蒸散发减少、径流系数增大、地下水质变差和地面沉降等一系列问题.城市化发展通过影响水量平衡中的一个或多个因子,进而影响到整个水源系统.通过对南京市域多年水质、降水量等数据的分析可见,南京自城市化发展以来,地表水质下降明显、降水量和暴雨频率有增大的趋势、地下水也受到较大程度污染.为尽可能减轻城市化带来的负面影响,保护、恢复和重建城市水源系统是南京城市可持续发展的一个重要课题,应建立健全城市湿地有效保护机制,建立市区雨污分流和有效的雨水收集机制,尽可能地实现中水回用.在秦淮河的治理中,应在减少源头污染的同时,利用水体的自然净化能力,生态治污.     

Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS

The 1991 EU Nitrate Directive was designed to reduce water pollution from agriculturally derived nitrates. England and Wales implemented this Directive by controlling agricultural activities within their most vulnerable areas termed Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. These were designated by identifying drinking water catchments (surface and groundwater), at risk from nitrate pollution. However, this method contravened the Nitrate Directive because it only protected drinking water and not all waters. In this paper, a GIS was used to identify all areas of groundwater vulnerable to nitrate pollution. This was achieved by constructing a model containing data on four characteristics: the quality of the water leaving the root zone of a piece of land; soil information; presence of low permeability superficial (drift) material; and aquifer properties. These were combined in a GIS and the various combinations converted into a measure of vulnerability using expert knowledge. Several model variants were produced using different estimates of the quality of the water leaving the root zone and contrasting methods of weighting the input data. When the final models were assessed all produced similar spatial patterns and, when verified by comparison with trend data derived from monitored nitrate concentrations, all the models were statistically significant predictors of groundwater nitrate concentrations. The best predictive model contained a model of nitrate leaching but no land use information, implying that changes in land use will not affect designations based upon this model. The relationship between nitrate levels and borehole intake depths was investigated since there was concern that the observed contrasts in nitrate levels between vulnerability categories might be reflecting differences in borehole intake depths and not actual vulnerability. However, this was not found to be statistically important. Our preferred model provides the basis for developing a new set of groundwater Nitrate Vulnerable Zones that should help England and Wales to comply with the EU Nitrate Directive.     

Groundwater Exploitation Management Under Land Subsidence Constraint: Empirical Evidence from the Hangzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou Plain, China

Land subsidence caused by extensive groundwater pumping has become a factor which cannot be ignored in the sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources. The Hangzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou Plain is one of the locations with China’s most severe land subsidence problems; the region has experienced dramatic land subsidence since the 1960s. Historical records of groundwater extraction, hydraulic head, and land subsidence show the latter to be the result of continual and excessive extraction of groundwater from deep confined aquifers. This study reconstructs land subsidence using an integrated regional groundwater flow and land subsidence model. The model is calibrated using land subsidence and groundwater level measurements from 1996 to 2007. Simulation results reproduce the cones of depression for groundwater heads and nadirs of land subsidence reasonably well. The calibrated model is used to evaluate the efficacy of land subsidence prevention plans from 2008 to 2010, and to predict future land subsidence over the next decade considering several groundwater exploitation scenarios. The results show the main cause of land subsidence to be inelastic compaction of the aquifer system resulting from continuously declining water levels. The model reveals that while the area of land subsidence will continue to extend, the rate of this extension may be significantly decreased by reduction of groundwater extraction. If the current land subsidence prevention and reclamation plans are continued and surface water diversion projects implemented, though land subsidence cannot be halted, the rate at which it is occurring can be effectively reduced.